CIVL5277 Lecture 12 - Timber Connections

Structural Rehabilitation and
Timber Design (CIVL5277)
TIMBER DESIGN
Timber Connections
Dr Ali Hadigheh
School of Civil Engineering | Faculty of Engineering
THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY
Email: ali.hadigheh@sydney.edu.au
The University of Sydney Page 1

COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA
Copyright Regulations 1969 warning
This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of

the University of Sydney pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 ( the
Act).
The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act.
Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the
subject of copyright protection under the Act.

Overview
1. Introduction to timber connections

2. Small (nailed and screwed) connections
3. Bolted connections
4. Summary


Type 1 connections
Shear on fastener
Bolt
Lateral loads
Side
grain
Fastener into side grain
Coach screw
End
grain
Fastener into end grain

Type 2 connections
Tension on fastener
Withdrawal loads
Bolt
Coach screw
Fastener into side grain

eg. batten or rafter joint
Fastener into end grain
Effective timber joint configurations

• Fasteners stronger into side grain than into end grain
• Minimise tension perpendicular to grain
• Unseasoned timber will shrink, allow for movement perpendicular to grain

Conventions for edge end and end distances, spacings

• Edge – always towards side of timber member
(across grain)
• End – always towards end of timber member

(parallel to grain)
• Centre to centre distances

Edge and end distances, spacings

Edge distance
Spacing perp to grain
End distance Spacing parallel to grain
Spacing parallel to grain End distance
Edge distance
Spacing perp to grain

Timber strength in connections
AS1720.1 – currently only includes design for

• small connectors - nails and screws
• large connectors - bolts and coach screws
• split-rings and shear-plates
Joint strength groups:
• related to timber density
• JD1 - JD6 (strongest to weakest) – seasoned
• J1 - J6 (strongest to weakest) – unseasoned
Joint configuration:
• Most fasteners stronger in side grain than in end grain.
• Minimise tension perpendicular to grain.
• Unseasoned timber shrinks with time - allow for movement
perpendicular to grain.
Fin-plate Connections
Bolted fin-plate connections

at beam/column joints
Teraxion Head Office, Quebec, Canada

Fin-plate Connections (cont.)

Fin-plate connections at nodes
Abraham Darby Sports and Learning Academy, Telford, UK

Hidden structural connection Structural connection

– small forces Rotating connection
– large forces
Connections displayed Connections hidden


Nails Screws
Large structures
Large structures
Domestic construction
Domestic construction

Nails
– Gun-driven
– Hand-driven
Screws
– Self-drilling
– Huge range lengths, diameters, profiles
Geometry
– Wood to wood
– Wood to steel plate

Connection capacity
Shear (Type 1 connection) capacity of screwed joints only marginally better than nailed
connections. (AS1720.1 4.3.3.2) Nail or screw
Nails do not cut fibres. They spread them apart

and therefore do not reduce strength of timber.
Nail or screw
Screws have about three times the withdrawal strength (Type 2
connections) of similar sized nails. (AS1720.1 4.3.3.4)

Design capacity
AS1720.1 (2010) Cl 4.2.3.2 (Nails) & Cl 4.3.3.2 (Screws) Nd,j=Ø k1 k13 k14 k16 k17 n Qk
Ø Capacity factor for connections - Table 2.2

Still a function of connection type, and structural use
k1 Duration of load (for connections) - Table 2.3 right hand column
(Often different to k1 for members) Nail or screw
k13 Grain orientation factor - nail 4.2.3.2, screw 4.3.3.2

k14 Shear plane factor - nail 4.2.3.2, screw 4.3.3.2
k16 Head fixity factor - nail 4.2.3.2, screw 4.3.3.2
k17 Factor for multiple nails (rows) - Table 4.3(A)
n Number of fasteners in connection
Qk Capacity of single nail in shear (N) - nail Table 4.1, screw Table 4.5

Design capacity – nails in shear (type 1 joint)
AS1720.1 (2010) Cl 4.2.3.2 Nd,j=Ø k1 k13 k14 k16 k17 n Qk
Grain Orientation factor k13

=1 for nails embedded in side grain
= 0.6 for nails embedded in end grain
Note: Nailing into end grain reduces capacity of connection.


Shear Plane Factor k14
=1 for connections with nails in single shear
=2 for connections with nails in double shear
Note: Nails in double shear have twice the capacity of nails in single shear.


Head fixity factor k16
= 1.2 for thick steel side plates with close fitting holes
= 1.1 for plywood gussets
= 1.0 for all other cases
Note: Wood side plates

Nail head fixed in
particularly place - double
important for curvature in nail
Rotation of nail head
gusseted Steel side plates increases strength
connections
and splice
No rotation of nail head
plates

Multiple nail row factor k17
Load sharing between nails in a multiple nail connection is not uniform. Nails on a perimeter
carry higher loads.
k17 reduces the characteristic capacity of the entire connection depending upon number of ROWS
of connectors.
Connection A has 4 rows, B has 6 rows.
A B
A row of nails is perpendicular to the line of force.


Multiple nail row factor k17
k17 reduces the capacity of long connections by up to 25% for unseasoned timber and up to 15%
for seasoned timber.
e.g. Connection A (4 rows) has k17 = 1.0 (hence design capacity) 10% greater than connection B
(6 rows) and k17 = 0.88 with same number of nails.
A B


Capacity of single nail in shear Qk
Use Joint Strength Group of timber (J or JD) - Table H2.3 and H2.4 and diameter of nail Qk from
Table 4.1:
Details - depth of
penetration, spacing,
edge, end distances

Design capacity – type 2 joint

AS1720.1 (2010) Cl 4.2.3.4 (Nail) & 4.3.3.4 (Screw) Nd,j=Ø k13 lp n Qk
• Nd,j in N
• Grain Orientation factor k13 (Note difference to Type 1):
k13 = 1.0 for nails embedded in side grain
k13 = 0.25 for nails embedded in end grain (Cl 4.2.3.2) Nail or screw
• Qk in N/mm (Table 4.2 nails, Table 4.6 screws)
• n is number of effective nails/screws in withdrawal – (prying action may
make some ineffective)
• Spacing, edge, end distances still apply
• Profiled shank nails may perform better than plain nails
No k1 factor & No k17 factor


• lp is depth of penetration (mm) of nail shank into innermost element in the connection.
• Select length of nail carefully to ensure depth of penetration is adequate to meet required
capacity.
Into side grain Into end grain

k13 = 1 k13 nails = 0.25
k13 screws = 0.6
lp lp

• Characteristic capacity Qk
Use Joint Strength Group of timber (J or JD) (Tables H2.3 and H2.4)
Use diameter of nail Qk from Table 4.2.
Note: Characteristic capacity is “N per mm” penetration of nail.
To achieve Qk - must have the right details
• Depth of penetration
• Spacing
• Edge and end distances

Length of nails
Nail length and timber thickness
The characteristic capacities given in Tables 4.1(A) and 4.1(B) shall be applicable, where timber
thicknesses and nail length are as follows:
Two-member joints (nails in single shear):

• Thickness of first member, tl >10D;
• depth of penetration of nail into second member, tp >10D
Three-member joints (nails in double shear):

• thickness of central member, tm >10D;
• thickness to outer member, to >7.5D;
• depth of penetration of nail into outer member, tp >7.5D
D is nail diameter
Spacing of nails
AS1720.1 (2010) Table 4.4 (Nail) & Table 4.8 (Screw)
Pre-boring - hole is 80% diameter of nail shank:

• Used whenever splitting is likely.
• Used with some seasoned hardwoods.
• Tendency to split index (tricky to calculate).
• Same capacity , different spacings.
Nailplate connections
Nail plates - engineered products e.g. trusses
Require special presses to install.
Close spacing, but rigidity of plate gives confinement - prevents splitting

Other types of nail connections

Nail gusset connections – e.g. portals:
• Moment carrying connections
• Many nails in rings around outside of joint
Skew nails
• Nails cross in the centre of the connection.
• Better holding power than nails driven directly into end grain.
• Useful for holding members in place.
• Not a high capacity connection.

Screwed connections
Philosophy and equations for capacity very similar to that used for nailed connections.
Even self-drilling screws are much more expensive to install than nailed connections.
Strength data applies to:
• Taper threaded wood screws.

• Type 17 self-drilling self-tapping screws.
Shear (Type 1 connection) capacity of screwed joints only marginally better than nailed
connections (AS1720.1 Cl 4.3.3.2)
Screws have about three times the withdrawal strength (Type 2 connection) of similar sized nails.
(AS1720.1 Cl 4.3.3.4)

Example 1
A timber mill roof has a number of secondary roof trusses of F14 unseasoned Messmate timber.
The central 150 x 38 member is nailed to two outer plates of 150 x 38 timber by eight rows of
three 2.5mm nails.
Find the capacity of the connection to resist permanent loads.

Example 1 - Solution
f = 0.85 Secondary element, normal structure – <Table

<Table 2.6> 2.2>
k1 = 0.57 permanent load – <Table
(joint column in <Table 2.7>2.3>
k13 = 1.0 nails embedded in side grain – <4.2.3.2>
<4.2.3.2>
k14 = 2.0 nails in double shear – <4.2.3.2>
<4.2.3.2>
k16 = 1.0 nails driven through wood – <4.2.3.2>
<4.2.3.2>
na = 8 Number of rows of nails
k17 = 0.84 unseasoned timber – <Table
(interpolation in <Table 4.3>)4.3.(A)>
n = 24 Unseas. Messmate in Joint Group J3 <Table 2.2>
Qk = 545 N Unseasoned J3 timber, 2.5 mm nails – <Table
<Table 4.1.(A)>
4.1(A)>
f N j = f k 1 k 13 k 14 k 16 k 17 n Qk
Nd,j = Ø k k k k k n Q
= 0.85 ´10.57 ´131.0 ´142.0 ´161.0 ´ 170.84 ´ 24 ´k545
= 0.85 x 0.57 x 1.0 x 2.0 x 1.0 x 0.84 x 24 x 545 N = 10.6 kN
= 10.6kN

Example 1 – Solution (cont.)
spacing along grain edge distance
spacing across grain end distance
Now min depth of embedment in three-member joints (double shear)

= 7.5D = 18.8 mm
ie. min nail length = 38 + 38 + 18.8 = 94.8 mm
and max nail length = 38 + 38 + 38 = 114 mm
a 100 mm nail would be appropriate (if available)

spacing along grain edge distance
Min edge distance = 5D = 12.5 mm spacing across grain end distance

Min spacing across grain = 10D = 25 mm
ie for three per row width= 12.5 + 25 + 25 + 12.5
= 75 < 150 mm ü
The edge distances and spacings can be increased so that they
all fitted into the width of the section.
Spacing across grain = 45 mm
Edge distance = 30 mm
Sum to 150 mm
Min end distance = 20D = 50 mm

Min spacing along grain = 20D = 50 mm
ie overlap for eight rows = 50 + 7x50 + 50 = 450 mm

Connection has a long-term capacity of 10.6 kN, and can accommodate 3 nails per row easily. If
necessary, at least 5 nails could be used per row.
With the current configuration the length of overlap of the connection must be at LEAST 450 mm
to give an end distance of at least 50 mm, and spacing of at least 50 mm between rows of nails.


Behaviour of nails vs bolts
Nailed connections Bolted connections

– Nails part fibres – no discontinuity of – Holes drilled – break wood fibres
fibres – Large diameter fastener – rigidity
– Small diameter fastener – flexibility – Force transfer by bearing only
– Force transfer by bearing and friction – A few large fasteners – high load per
– Many small fasteners – low load per unit area
unit area – Smaller area – stress concentration
– Over large area – less stress
concentration

Bolts connection
Timber member
National Portrait Gallery, Canberra, ACT Steel connection

plate
Bolts connection
Timber member
Hidden steel
connection plate
Hidden bolts

Bolts connection
• Type 1 – shear in the bolt
• Type 2 – tension in the bolt (rare)
Bolt


AS1720.1 (2010) Cl 4.4.3.2 N d,j = φ k1k16 k17 nQsk
Ø Capacity factor for connections. Still a function of connection type, and structural use-
Table 2.2
k1 Duration of load (for connections) - Table 2.3 (Often different to k1 for members)
k16 Side plate factor, stiff side-plates and close-fitting holes can prevent rotation of bolt
– Cl 4.4.3.2
k17 Factor for multiple bolts (rows), seasoned/unseasoned - Table 4.12
n Number of bolts in joint
Qsk Capacity of single bolt in shear (N) - Table 4.9 or 4.10

Multiple bolt factor (cont.)

Unseasoned timber
v Unrestrained - bolts and bolt holes allow shrinkage
• eg use slotted holes in one member,
• or use identical members - same shrinkage Transverse
• or use one bolt per row restraint
v Transverse restraint - one member can shrink perp to grain and other
member can’t
Timber bolted
• eg for timber to metal plate
to steel (behind)
• or for timber to timber in other direction
• or for unseasoned timber to seasoned timber
Connections should be detailed so that unseasoned timber can shrink and will be free of
transverse restraint
Characteristic system capacity of a single joint

q Qskl System capacity parallel to grain – sum of all Qkl for shear planes on one bolt in the
connection.
Qkl Capacity of a single bolt, single shear plane with force parallel to grain.
q Qskp System capacity perpendicular to grain – sum of all Qkp (load to grain) for the shear
planes on one bolt in the connection.
Qkp Capacity of a single bolt, single shear plane, with force perpendicular to grain.
Used to find Qskq for q not 0° or 90°

Characteristic system capacity of a single joint (cont.)

Direction of force: Qkl
• Parallel to grain - Table 4.9
Qkp
• Perpendicular to grain - Table 4.10
• Force in both members parallel to grain - use only Qkl

• Force in one member perpendicular to grain - use only Qkp for that member.
• For all other cases find both Qkl and Qkp
– Qskq – system capacity at an angle (q )to grain Qkq

q
Qskl Qskp
Qskq =
Qskl sin 2 q + Qskp cos2 q


Use diagrams to find beff for each shear plane in connection:
• For Qkl use Table 4.9(A) - thinnest timber element.

• For Qkp use Table 4.10(A) thickness of timber element with force perpendicular to grain.
• Diameter of bolt D and beff used with Joint Strength Group in Tables 4.9 and 4.10 to find Qkl
or Qkp.
• Capacity of connection across each shear plane summed to give system capacity for a single
bolt (see Table 4.9(A) and Table 4.10(A)).


Table 4.9(A) Table 4.10(A)
t1 t1 t1
Note:this is a
single member
beff = thickness of
beff = thickness of member
thinnest member with
t2 with load perp to grain
load parallel to grain t2
be
ff
beff = min(t2, 2t1) beff = t2

TABLE 4.9(C)
CHARACTERISTIC CAPACITY FOR SINGLE BOLTS
Direction of PARALLEL TO GRAIN - SEASONED TIMBER
force Effect Characteristic capacity, Q kl, N
Species timber Bolt diameter

Group thickness
Species Joint b eff, mm
M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M30 M36
Strength Group JD1 25 4 100 6 900 8 600 10 400 13 800 17 300 20 700 25 900 31 100
35 4 100 7 300 11 400 1414500
500 19 300 24 200 29 000 36 200 43 500
40 4 100 7 300 11 400 16 400 22 100 27 600 33 100 41 400 49 700
Timber 45 4 100 7 300 11 400 16 400 24 800 31 100 37 300 46 600 55 900
thickness beff 70 4 100 7 300 11 400 16 400 29 100 45 500 58 000 72 500 86 900
90 4 100 7 300 11 400 16 400 29 100 45 500 65 600 93 200 111 800
105 4 100 7 300 11 400 16 400 29 100 45 500 65 600 102 500 130 400
120 4 100 7 300 11 400 16 400 29 100 45 500 65 600 102 500 147 500
Bolt Size JD2-JD5
JD6 25 1700 2 200 2 800 3 300 4 400 5 500 6 600 8 300 9 900
35 1900 3 100 3 900 4 600 6 200 7 700 9 200 11 600 13 900
40 1900 3 400 4 400 5 300 7 000 8 800 10 600 13 200 15 800

105 1900 3 400 5 300 7 600 13 500 21 100 27 700 34 700 41 600

AS1720.1 (2010) Cl 4.4.3.3
Capacity is lesser of
• Bolt failure N d,j = n N d,tb
• Wood crush failure N d,j = φ k1k7 n f 'pj Aw
Serviceability failure rather than a separation of the members

k7 – bearing area factor
f 'pj – crushing strength under fasteners (confined bearing strength) larger than f 'p
(unconfined bearing strength)

Geometry of bolted connections

ü All bolts must have washers that comply with Cl 4.4.5 - otherwise strength may be reduced
ü Min spacing of bolts is a function of angle of force to grain direction:

End distance - always measured parallel to grain between CL of bolt and cut end of timber
Edge distance - always measured perpendicular to grain between CL of bolt and side of
timber
Spacing - measured CL to CL both parallel and perpendicular to grain
ü Tendency to split is greater normal to grain – detail to minimise direct tension applied normal
to the grain.

Geometry of bolted connections (cont.)

Be aware of all possible load directions
Spacing parallel to grain, End dist. Load
load parallel to grain parallel to grain
Edge dist.
Spacing perp to grain,
load parallel to grain
Spacing parallel to grain, End dist. Load

load perpendicular to grain perpendicular to grain
Edge dist.
Spacing perp to grain,
load perp to grain

Geometry of bolted connections (cont.)

Some minimum spacings are a function of angle of force to grain direction:
• End distance – greater for forces parallel to grain.
– Poisson effect gives tension normal to grain.
• Edge distance – greater for forces normal to grain.

– Forces normal to grain cause tension normal to grain.
• Spacing between bolts parallel to load direction – 5D.
• Spacing between bolts normal to load direction:

– 2.5D to 5D for load normal to grain, but spacing parallel to grain.
– 4D for load parallel to grain, but spacing perpendicular to grain.

Example 2
A hospital in Wodonga (Vic) has a number of widely spaced exposed parallel primary roof trusses
of F14 seasoned mountain ash truss with bolted connections of two M16 bolts.
For the connection between a horizontal 125 x 35 member that bears on top of a wall and an
inclined 175 x 35 member:
• Find the capacity of the connection for permanent actions.
• Detail appropriate locations for the bolts in the connection.

Example 2 - solution
Trusses are a primary structural element in a building with a post-disaster function.

Wide spacing of the trusses means that there is limited load sharing between them.
6 kN
inclined member 6 kN
30°
6 kN
30°
horizontal member

f = 0.75 M16 bolt (Table 2.2)

k1 = 0.57 50+ year duration load / joint (Table 2.3)
k16 = 1.0 Bolts not through metal side plates (4.4.3.2)
k17 = 1.0 Two rows of bolts in group (Table 4.12)
n =2 Two bolts in group
Qsk Function of the angle of the force to the grain.
For the inclined member: For the Horizontal member:

• 6 kN load acts parallel to the grain. • Same 6 kN force is loaded through the bolts.
• Bolts are loaded parallel to the grain. • Force is 30°to the grain direction.

Seasoned mountain ash timber is in Joint Group JD3 (Table H2.3).

For components of load parallel to grain:
•beff = b of thinnest piece = 35 mm
•Qkl = 12300 N (Table 4.9(C))
For components of load perpendicular to grain:

•beff = 2 ´ b of thinnest piece = 2 ´ 35 = 70mm
•Qkp = 9520 N (Table 4.10(C))
Qsk at q = 30°
Qs k l Qs k p 12.3 ´ 9.52
Qs kq = = =11.5kN
Qs k l sin 2 q +Qs k p cos 2 q 12.3 sin 2 30 ! + 9.52 cos 2 30 !
In the inclined member (force parallel to grain)

N d,j = φ k1k16 k17 nQsk
= 0.75 × 0.57 × 1.0 ×1.0 × 2 ×12300
= 10 500 N
In the horizontal member (force at 30° to grain)
N d,j = φ k1k16 k17 nQsk

= 0.75 × 0.57 × 1.0 ×1.0 × 2 ×11500
= 9830 N
In both cases, Nd,j > N*

For minimum edge distances, end distances and spacings the Standard has different values for
loads parallel or perpendicular to the grain. For q = 0 to 30° the “Parallel to Grain” limits apply
to both pieces (AS 1720.1 4.4.4.2)
Min. edge distance: 2D = 32mm

Min. spacing across grain: 4D = 64mm (load parallel to grain)
Width with two per row: 2D + 4D + 2D = 8D = 128mm < 140mm
Min end distance (horizontal member) = 7D = 112mm (Tension)

Min end distance (inclined member) = 5D = 80mm (Compression) (Use 112mm to allow for load
reversal - makes both members “tension” structures).
Min spacing along grain = 5D = 80mm.

Spacing parallel to grain,
Edgedistance
edge distance
32 load parallel to grain
> 80
End distance, load- Edge distance
edge distance 32
horizontal member
perp.
end to grain
distance 112
Connection Edgedistance
distance
edge 32
overlap
Area within edge and

end distances
> 80
End inclined
distance, load -
member
end distance 112 Spacing parallel to
parallel to grain
grain, load parallel to
grain

The diagram shows that there is easily enough room to accommodate the two bolts.
The long-term capacity of the connection is more than the 6 kN permanent action in the inclined
member.

3. Summary

4. Summary
– Range of different types of connections

– Type 1 connections – shear in fastener
– Type 2 connections – withdrawal of fastener
– Fasteners stronger into side grain
– Minimise tension perpendicular to grain
– Allow for shrinkage perp to grain in unseasoned timber
– Limitations on edge and end distances, spacings

4. Summary
- Nails and screws used in large numbers can connect large timber members
- Type 2 connection (withdrawal) capacity of screws > nails
- Capacity of connector is a function of:
• Diameter and length of fastener (Types 1 and 2)
• Joint strength group of timber (Types 1 and 2)
• Depth of penetration into timber (Type 2)
- Prevent splitting of timber
• Comply with minimum edge and end distances, spacings
• Pre-bore holes in seasoned hardwoods

4. Summary
• Bolts often used to connect large timber elements

• Type 1 connections (bolt in shear) more common
• Restraint of bolted connections and k17
• Capacity dependent on direction of load with respect to grain
• End and edge distances, and spacings different for loads parallel and perpendicular to grain

Plan for Next Session

Plan for Next Session
– Durability and service life

– Review and wrap-up

References
– AS1720.1-2010, Timber Structures- Part 1: Design Methods

– WoodSolution design and build resources

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Structural Rehabilitation and

Timber Design (CIVL5277)

The University of Sydney Page 1

Copyright Regulations 1969 warning

This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of

The University of Sydney Page 2

1. Introduction to timber connections

The University of Sydney Page 3

The University of Sydney Page 4

The University of Sydney Page 5

Fastener into side grain

Effective timber joint configurations

• Minimise tension perpendicular to grain

• Unseasoned timber will shrink, allow for movement perpendicular to grain

The University of Sydney Page 7

Conventions for edge end and end distances, spacings

• End – always towards end of timber member

• Centre to centre distances

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Edge and end distances, spacings

End distance Spacing parallel to grain

Spacing parallel to grain End distance

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Timber strength in connections

AS1720.1 – currently only includes design for

Bolted fin-plate connections

Teraxion Head Office, Quebec, Canada

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Fin-plate Connections (cont.)

Abraham Darby Sports and Learning Academy, Telford, UK

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Hidden structural connection Structural connection

Connections displayed Connections hidden

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The University of Sydney Page 15

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Nails do not cut fibres. They spread them apart

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Ø Capacity factor for connections - Table 2.2

k13 Grain orientation factor - nail 4.2.3.2, screw 4.3.3.2

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Design capacity – nails in shear (type 1 joint)

AS1720.1 (2010) Cl 4.2.3.2 Nd,j=Ø k1 k13 k14 k16 k17 n Qk

Grain Orientation factor k13

= 0.6 for nails embedded in end grain

Note: Nailing into end grain reduces capacity of connection.

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Design capacity – nails in shear (type 1 joint)

Shear Plane Factor k14

=1 for connections with nails in single shear

=2 for connections with nails in double shear

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Design capacity – nails in shear (type 1 joint)

= 1.1 for plywood gussets

= 1.0 for all other cases

Note: Wood side plates

Design capacity – nails in shear (type 1 joint)

Connection A has 4 rows, B has 6 rows.

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Design capacity – nails in shear (type 1 joint)

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Design capacity – nails in shear (type 1 joint)