LOGO

MACHINE
ELEMENT DESIGN
MEC 331
Chapter 2:
Power Screws, Fasteners and Other Connections
Sub- Chapter 2.3 : Fastener
By:
Nur Aini Sabrin Binti Manssor
Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal
UiTM Cawangan Johor
 Topics

2.1 Introduction, Terminology and Standards

2.2 Power Screws
2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and Screws
Design Criteria for Different Types of
Loading
2.4 Rivets: Design of Riveted Joints for Different Modes
of Loading and Rivets Failures
 Power Screws, Fasteners and Other Connections

2.3 THREADED FASTENERS:

BOLTS AND SCREWS DESIGN
CRITERIA FOR DIFFERENT TYPES
OF LOADING
2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Introduction
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Fasteners

❖Fasteners is a device to connect or join TWO

or more members
❖Threaded fasteners used to fasten the
various parts of assembly together
❖Example:
▪ Machine screw, bolt and nut, stud
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
❖Screws and bolts are most common threaded
fastener.
▪ Bolt; needs a nut
▪ Screws; threaded into a tapped hole.
▪ Stud; headless and threaded on both ends.
▪ Various head styles: hexagon, round, square,
oval.
❖Design of the fastener
▪ Less weight
▪ Anti-corrosion
▪ Resilient to loosening under vibration.
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
❖Plain washers
▪ to increase the area of contact between the bolt
head and clamped part
▪ to prevent stress concentration
❖Lock washers
▪ prevent spontaneous loosing of nuts.
❖Split lock washer
▪ act as a spring under the nut.
❖Lock nuts
▪ prevent too-spontaneous loosening of nuts.
▪ Two nuts jammed together on the bolt act as a lock
nut.
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Advantages of Treaded Fasteners

❖Ease in assembling and dissembling

❖Reliability because of self locking effects
❖Manufacturing

Disadvantages

❖Large stress concentration

❖Wear and tear
2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Fasteners Categories
2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Head style
2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Drive Types
2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Washer Types
2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Nut Types
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Fastener Materials and Strength

❖Classified according to grade or property

class which define its strength and material.
❖Proof strength, Sp
▪ axial stress at which the screws begins to develop
permanent set.
▪ It can be found from table. (if the information is
not enough, can use this formula; Sp ≈ 0.9Sy)
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
❖The proof load,
Fp = SpAt
▪ At ; represent the minimum radial plane area for
fracture through the threaded part.

❖Threads are formed by rolling and

cutting/grinding.
▪ Rolling is stronger; because of cold working.
▪ Rolling is done subsequently after hardening.

❖Washers -> hardened steel.

 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Bolt Tightening and Pre-load

❖ Bolt tightening is prestressing at assembly.

❖ Bolted joints should be tightened to produce
initial tensile force
▪ called preload, Fi.
❖ Fi is given by;
▪ Fi = 0.75Fp (for reused connections)
▪ Fi = 0.9Fp (for permanent connections)
▪ Proof load, Fp ;
• load that a bolt carry without developing a permanent
deformation.
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
❖Tightening torque,
T = KdFi
▪ K = torque cofficient
• 0.2 for unlubricated or average condition
• 0.15 for lubricated condition
▪ d = nominal bolt diameter
▪ Fi = preload
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Tension Joint

❖Practically, bolt and nut used in clamping a

part together.
▪ Thus, bolt is in tensile mode.
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
❖ Two plates fastened with a bolt and subjected to
an external load.
❖ The preload is applied to the bolt by tightening
the nut prior to the load P.
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
❖The total force on bolt and parts are:

(total force on the

bolt)
(total force on the
part)

Important notes
(1) Force on the bolt must be always in tension
(2) Force on the part must always be in compression
(3) Please be noted that force on the part, Fp as above is
different than proof load, Fp!!
▪ The term C is called, joint’s stiffness factor or joint
constant, where by;

• Kb = stiffness constant for bolt

• Kp = stiffness constant for parts
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Factor of Safety

❖Factor of safety for a joint, n;

▪ Sp = proof strength
 Supplementary Video (Bolt)

1) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-
gptqNildV4 (How tension work on bolt)
2) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kTwpA2
yJ81o (what is torque? Fastening theory pt
1)
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Stresses in Screw

❖Stress distribution of thread engagement is

non-uniform.
❖Large stress concentration occurs at the first
pair of contacting surface.
❖It is also occurs when the load is transferred
through the nut to the adjoining member.
❖For static loading, it is assumed that the load
carried by screw and nut are uniformly
distributed.
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Axial Stress

❖ Power screw
▪ Subjected to tensile or compressive stress.
❖ Threaded fastener
▪ Subjected to only tensile.
❖ The axial stress is given by,

▪ A = At (threaded fastener) or;

▪ =
(power screws)
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Torsional Stress

❖Power screws & threaded fasteners

▪ Subjected to torsion during tightening.
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Bearing stress

❖Bearing stress;
▪ Pressure between the surface of the screw thread
and the contacting surface of nut.

▪ P = load, dm=mean diameter, h=depth of the

thread, ne=number of threads in
engagement=Ln/p, Ln=nut length, p=pitch.
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Direct Shear Stress

❖Both threads on screw and nut experienced

transverse shear stress.
❖Shear stress for the screw,

❖Shear stress for the nut,

EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2