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Iae Reviewer
- Because a FR vehicle has a good This type of vehicle runs on an engine that
weight balance, it excels in uses gasoline fuel. Because gasoline engines
controllability and stability. produce high power yet come in a compact
package, they are widely used in passenger
MR (Midship-engine, Rear-drive) vehicles.
- Because a MR vehicle has a good EFI-ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION
weight balance on the front and rear
axles, it excels in controllability. An EFI system consists of a fuel pump, fuel
injectors, sensors and an Engine Control Unit
4WD (4-Wheels Drive) (ECU). Fuel gets pumped up from the tank
via a fuel pump out to a fuel injection rail,
- Because a 4WD vehicle drives with four
then into individual injectors which are
wheels, it can operate under poor
inserted directly into the intake manifold. The
conditions in a stable manner. Its
fuel injectors are controlled by the ECU.
weight is greater than that of other
types of vehicles. STOICHIOMETRIC RATIO
Engine Classification The stoichiometric mixture for a gasoline
engine is the ideal ratio of air to fuel that
Classification of Engines
burns all fuel with no excess air. For gasoline
Internal combustion engine- burns its fuel fuel, the stoichiometric air–fuel mixture
inside the engine in the combustion chamber. is about 14.7:1 i.e. for every one gram of fuel,
14.7 grams of air are required.
External combustion engine- fuel used is
burned in a separate compartment outside the Diesel engines
engine.
These are engines using diesel fuel oil or
Internal combustion engines can be crude oil as fuel which are more viscous than
classified into several groups using gasoline. This fuel is injected in atomized form
features as characteristic: to the combustion chamber inside the engine
by means of the injection pump and nozzle
1. Type of combustion fuel used
which is ignited by high compression pressure
2. Method of cooling and temperature of compressed air of about
500 psi and 1000 degrees Fahrenheit
respectively. There are no spark plugs but pre- has 3-cylinder engines while light cars and
heating devices called glow plugs. jeepneys usually have 4-cylinder engines.
There are also big automobiles with 6, 8, 10
Diesel engines are compression ignition
and 12 cylinder engines.
engines
Technical terms:
This type of vehicle runs on an engine that
uses diesel fuel. Because diesel engines 1. Cycle- this is a series of events repeated in
produce large torque and offer good fuel the same regular order. Events for instance
economy, they are widely used in trucks and that are completed in a cycle are Intake,
SUVs. Compression, Power and exhaust stroke.
Methods of Cooling 2. Stroke- This refers to the distance travelled
by the piston from top to bottom or bottom to
Common types of cooling system used in
top.
automotive engines:
3. Top Dead Center (TDC)- This refers to the
Indirect cooling system – a type of cooling
topmost part reached by the piston during its
system are also called water cooled engine.
upward motion.
Water serves as the coolant or the cooling
which circulates in the water jacket to absorb 4. Bottom Dead Center (BDC)- This refers to
the heat of the engine. the lowermost part reached by the piston its
downward motion.
- Thermostat
- Bypass 5. Combustion- This is a chemical reaction
- Radiator in which certain elements of the fuel combine
- Water pump with oxygen, causing an increase in
temperature of the gases.
Direct cooling system – a type of cooling
system are also called air cooled engine. Air is 6. Revolution- This refers to one complete
drawn by a blower leading to air metal fins or rotation at an axis as in the crankshaft and
shrouds around the cylinders through air camshaft equivalent to 360 degrees.
ducts.
7. Compression Ratio- is the measure of
Cylinder Arrangement how much the air-fuel mixture is compressed
during the compression stroke. Compression
1. Vertical or in line engines- These are
ratio is found by dividing the volume of the
engines with vertical center lines of the
cylinder and combustion chamber when the
cylinders.
piston is at BDC by the volume when the
2. Horizontal engines- These are engines piston is at TDC.
with horizontal center lines. Cylinder are
Since Petrol is very volatile, the
arranged horizontally opposing one another so
'Compression Ratio' for Petrol engines
that the pistons move toward and away from
is typically lower. Thus, it varies
each other during engine operation.
from 10:1 to 14:1. The petrol engine
3. V-type engine- the engine block resembles compresses the air & fuel with a ratio
the shape of letter “V”. These are engines between 10:1 to 14:1. The petrol
where the cylinder axes are located in two engine mixes petrol with air &
intersecting planes which permit the pistons of compresses this mixture in the
each cylinders to act upon the same crank. combustion chamber.
In the diesel engine, only air is initially
According to number of cylinders introduced into the combustion
Automotive engines may be either be chamber. The air is then compressed
single or multi-cylinder engines. A motorcycle with a compression ratio
usually has one or two cylinders. The minica typically between 15:1 and 23:1. This
high compression causes the 180 degrees from top dead center (TDC) to
temperature of the air to rise. bottom dead center (BDC) and the camshaft
rotates 90 degrees. Both valves closed.
8. Suction- This is the drawing in of fuel-air
mixture or air into the engine cylinder due to EXHAUST STROKE. The engine continues to
the downward movement of the piston and the rotate and the piston again moves upward in
vacuum created in the combustion chamber. the cylinder. The exhaust valve opens and the
piston forces the residual burned gases out of
9. Piston Displacement- This is the volume
the exhaust valve and into the exhaust
the piston displaces as it moves from BDC to
manifold and exhaust system. The crankshaft
TDC.
rotates 180 degrees from bottom dead center
The equation for calculating (BDC) to top dead center (TDC) and the
displacement is: Engine displacement camshaft rotates 90 degrees. Intake valve
= πx bore² x stroke number of closed.
cylinders. Displacement is usually
Graphing Four stroke cycle Gas and
measured in liters (L), cubic
Diesel engine
centimeters (CC), or cubic inches (CI).
- In graphing the engine cycle of
10. Firing Order- This is the sequential firing
operation, it would be helpful to review
or combustion of the fuel charge inside the
the four events, piston motion, valve
engine in the combustion chamber. 1-3-4-2
action and degrees of crankshaft
four cylinder 1-5-3-6-2-4 six cylinder 1-5-4-8-
rotation.
6-3-7-2 eight cylinder.
Also it is important to know the meaning
11. Running Mate- This refers to two pistons
of the following terms:
moving at the same time in the same direction
but performing different strokes. Firing Order- this is the sequential firing or
the combustion of the fuel charge inside the
Engine running mate:
engine in the combustion chamber.
1-4
Running Mate- this refers to two pistons
2-3 moving at the same time in the same
direction but performing different strokes.
FOUR STROKE CYCLE ENGINE
Overlapping Piston- this refers to pistons
INTAKE STROKE- The intake valve is open performing the same strokes being performed
and the piston inside the cylinder travels earlier by other pistons.
downward, drawing a mixture of air and fuel
into the cylinder. The crankshaft rotates 180
degrees from top dead center (TDC) to bottom
dead center (BDC).
COMPRESSION STROKE- as the engine
continues to rotate, the intake valve closes
and the piston moves upward in the cylinder,
compressing the air-fuel mixture. The
crankshaft rotates 180 degrees from bottom
dead center (BDC) to top dead center (TDC)
and the camshaft rotates 90 degrees. Exhaust
valve also closed.
POWER STROKE- When the piston gets near
the top of the cylinder, the spark at the spark
plug ignites the air-fuel mixture, which forces
the piston downward. The crankshaft rotates