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SUPRANATIONALISM

Supranationalism is the idea or practice of separate entities or governments voluntarily coming together
or forming associations to create policies that provide some mutual benefit to all involved. These
alliances often transcend national boundaries and involve decision-making related to legal and economic
policies, politics, conflict, and military issues. In a supranational system, decisions and policies are made
collectively by member states, and the authority of the regional institution supersedes the sovereignty of
individual countries. European Union (EU): The EU is one of the most prominent examples of
supranationalism. It was established with the aim of promoting economic and political integration
among its member states. The EU has its own institutions, such as the European Commission, European
Parliament, and European Court of Justice, which have powers to make decisions that affect member
states.

2. INTERGOVERNMENTALISM

Intergovernmentalism is a form of political cooperation and decision-making that involves multiple

governments or states working together on a specific issue or policy area. It emphasizes the
independence and sovereignty of individual governments while recognizing the need for collaboration
and coordination at the international or supranational level. Intergovernmentalism is often seen as a key
aspect of international relations and is commonly observed in organizations such as the United Nations,
European Union, and World Trade Organization.

Principles of Intergovernmentalism: Intergovernmentalism is based on certain fundamental principles.

These include the principle of sovereignty, which asserts that each government has the authority to
make decisions within its own jurisdiction. Another principle is the principle of equal representation,
which means that each government participating in intergovernmental cooperation has an equal voice
and influence in decision-making processes. Additionally, intergovernmentalism often operates on the
basis of consensus, with decisions requiring the agreement or consent of all participating governments.
Intergovernmentalism offers several advantages. It allows governments to maintain control over their
own policies and avoid excessive interference in domestic affairs. It also respects the diversity of national
interests and priorities, allowing governments to pursue their specific objectives while engaging in
broader international cooperation. Intergovernmentalism can foster dialogue and negotiation, enabling
governments to find common ground and reach agreements on complex issues. Furthermore, it can
promote transparency and accountability, as governments are directly involved in decision-making and
can be held responsible for their actions.

DRIVING FORCES OF REGIONALISM

1. Management of independence
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