Abenezer Abrham

etr/2521/08

EiABC
Chair of Architecture and
Building Science
Integrated Design Project III
MIXED USE
Literature review HIGH RISE BUILDING
Case study
Analysis
APRIL 2021G.C
 Chair of Architecture and Building Science

Abstract

This compiled project is part of Integrated Design Project III which

mainly focus on identyfying social, physical, economical, and cultural
context of the given site, and propose a mixed use high rise
building in the given parcel. This document contain literature review of
mixed use programs, site and parametre analysis, and case studies.

Aknowledgment
I would like to thank the chair of architectural and building science for giving
us this unique chance to explore and find out new information,experiance
and new way of making analysis, literature review and case studies.

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Literature review 1
Circulation/Access 1
Stairs 1
Escalator 2
Elevator 2
Residential 3
Kitchen 3
Dining area 4
Bed rooms 4
Bath room 4
Table of content
Balconies 5
Corridor 5
Measures of residents’ perceptions of comfort 6
Office 7
Light 8
Window Height 8
Commercials 9
Case studies 10
The Avery Mixed Use Building 10
Upstairs Mixed-Use Building 11

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Total site analysis 12

Road network 12
pedestrian Density 12
Existing sky line 12
Sun path and wind 13
Vegetation cover 13
Zoning 13
Parameter analysis 14
LITERATURE REVIEW 14
Vertical circulation 14
Table of content
core 14
Stair 15
Elevator 15
ESCALATORS 15
How to apply access/circulation to highrise building 16
how it applies to a neighborhood 16
of high rise buildings
Specific site analysis 17
Access 18
Waste disposal 18
Rain fall 18
Reference 19 Integrated Design Page III
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 Chair of Architecture and Building Science

Literature review

mixed-use building is a type of is atype of design that blends residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, or entertainment uses into one space,
where those functions are to some degree physically and functionally integrated, and that provides pedestrian connections. Mixed-use design
may be applied in new real estate development projects in a city or suburb, or may apply to a single building, existing or new neighborhood.

Commercial Mixed use design

Residential
Shop/Retail
entertainment Apartama
Hotel and restaurant Office
Institutional Penthouse

Fig 1. Point High-Rise Fig 2. Board High-Rise Fig 3. Group Type of High-Rise

Circulation/Access
Commercial Complex Commercial Complex Building Commercial Complex Building
Building

Stairs

Office building Stair Dimensions:

The total width of all stairs is based of the occupancy of
the largest floor of the building. Once this occupancy
number is figured out, a factor of .3 inches per occupant
is used to determine the total minimum clear width of all
stairs. The stair landing needs to have the same clear width
as the stairs themselves and any doors opening onto the
landing can only interfere with the clear width by 25%. So
in our example of the stairs needing to be 44 inches clear,
then the door swing can overlap the clear path on the
landing by 11 inches. The other critical dimensions when
laying out a stair in plan are the handrails. In office build-
ings the handrails need to extend 12 inches beyond the
top tread and on the bottom tread they need to slope for
an extra tread width and then an additional 12 inches
horizontly. In high rise buildings there is also the need for
stairs to be pressurized in order to keep the stairs smoke
free in case of fire. There is a dedicated shaft connected
to the stair for this purpose.

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Escalator Chair of Architecture and Building Science

60 cm wide

80 cm wide

1.0 m wide

Elevator

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Residential
Kitchen

Kitchen Types
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Dining area
Bed rooms

Bath room

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Balconies

A- Double-loaded corridor type

Many typical multi-residential buildings are derived from the “double-loaded corridor” model. In
this model, apartments are arranged on either side of an internal corridor, which, in its most per-
functory form, is dim, airless and inhospitable.

B - Single-loaded corridor type

An alternative to the double-loaded corridor type is the single-loaded type, which is often promot-
ed by architects for its potentialfor cross-ventilation
The “single-loaded” units are arranged on only one side of a corridor, which is often unenclosed.
One lift is provided in the centre of two wings, as well as two stairways at opposite ends of the
building. This type of layout is perceived as conducive to effective cross-ventilation because two
Corridor

or more walls of each apartment have external openings in them. The stairways are also availed
of natural light and ventilation due to their placement at the building edges.

C - Point access type

The “point access” type is a variation of the double-loaded corridor type, where one or more
apartments are arranged around a lift core. The difference is that fewer dwellings open on to the
lobby at each floor, and this is considered by some to offer social and practical advantages. For
example, fewer interactions are required in shared circulation spaces, and fewer people need to
use the lifts, thus reducing waiting and travel time.

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Residential...
Measures of residents’ perceptions
of comfort
Residents’ comfort is situated on a continuum where their physiological and
psychological needs are met . Evaluations of the environmental perfor-
mance of buildings that encompass a definition of occupant well-being
must integrate “health, comfort and happiness” . These interrelated aspects
lie on a wellbeing spectrum, where “health” parameters range from the
directly measurable (for example, physical indications such as body tem-
perature) to the immeasurable . “Comfort” is situated on the well-being
spectrum where parameters that comprise both quantifiable factors (for
example, temperature and luminance) and qualitative considerations (for
example,perception and beauty) are in balance.
Illumination
Most people prefer daylit spaces, and the liveability benefits of natural light in
the home relate to physical and psychological health . Lighting quality of
internal environments is critical for the performance of various tasks in the do-
mestic environment, but the aim of lighting design goes far beyond the provi-
sion of a given quantity of illumination . Lighting is essential to our perceptions
of colour, form, beauty and aesthetics, views, privacy or exposure, and so on
Acoustics and environmental noise (unwanted sound)
High levels of environmental noise are known to cause annoyance and sleep
disturbance, and may exacerbate other health effects . the maximum level
recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO 2004),above which
the risk of annoyance and negative effects on sleep increases. The most sen-
sitive time for environmental noise is between 10 p.m. and 7 a.m.Varying
tolerance to different noises may depend on whether the noise is constant or
intermittent, anonymous or identifiable, as well as the time of day that it
occurs.
Chair of Architecture and Building Science
Air Quality
Key interior air quality issues in dwellings are related to emissions derived from
both internally generated sources (for example, cooking fumes) and to external
pollution . According to Morawska (2009), over 60% of pollutants that are present
outside (for example, ultrafine particles in traffic exhaust) are also found indoors.
Rather than advocating alternative ventilation so that windows can be kept
closed, Morawska argues for natural ventilation to disperse pollutants (Morawska,
2009). Air-conditioned internal spaces are not recommended for healthy living,
particularly because the set point temperature of the air-conditioned air is likely
to be well below ambient conditions for warm climates and contribute to deteri-
oratingservices and finishes, and increased mould growth and Legionnaires
disease.
Thermal comfort
Human responses to the thermal environment depend primarily on the simulta-
neouseffects of four climatic variables: air temperature, humidity, radiation and
air movement ,Due to daily and seasonal variations associated with locations
and climates, and the everyday routines and rituals of living in a dwelling, there
is no single ideal condition that offers all the requirements of individual comfort
at one time; therefore, a welldesigned dwelling is one that provides a diverse
range of conditions that enables individuals to meet personal sensory require-
ments
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Office

There are two basic types of space:

• Staff Spaces are occupied by individual members of a group.
These spaces may be private offices, open workstations or screened
workstations.
• Support Spaces provide a required function to the staff but are not
part of the workstation. These are spaces such as meeting rooms, reception
areas, photocopy rooms, fax and printer areas, file and storage rooms, etc.

Office area requirements are calculated in two parts.

(1) People space is calculated as (standard individual space x number of
people) + allowances for immediate ancillary needs + a factor (usually 15%)
for primary circulation.

(2) Non-people space (e.g. machine rooms, and libraries and the like for which The following floor-to-ceiling up to 50m2 2.50 m
fittings and equipment sizes are more important than staff numbers in setting the heights are recommended for over 50m2 2.75 m
area requirement) should be calculated by informed estimates based on existing floor areas of over 100m2 3.00 m
good practice or comparable examples + an additional factor for primary
over 250 and up to 2000m 3.25 m
circulation.
Area Calculations:
Efficient use of area is an important aspect in the design of office buildings and
meeting the client’s needs. However, there are many different nuanced ways in
which area is calculated where certain parties use one method and others use a
different method. The method used by most developers and owners is outlined by
BOMA (building Owners and Managers Association) in “Standard Method for
Measuring Floor Area In Office Buildings.” These methods are outlined and clearly
diagrammed in the following pages. However, the most current official BOMA
document should be used to ensure the most accurate interpretation of their
method
Furniture Arrangement

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Light
Lighting is one of the most important factors affecting the interior spaces of an office and
the psyches of those who work there. The quality of a space’s lighting will affect the way
that space feels and is perceived by its occupants. An effective architect must realize the
influential and evocative power of lighting and understand the numerous factors that affect
a space’s quality of light. In addition to providing a more pleasant working environment, an
effective daylighting strategy can reduce an office’s electricity and heating costs, and thus
should play a key role in any environmentally responsible design.

Distance to Daylight:
The floorplate of a typical office building has been refined throughout history based on several
key factors affecting office use and construction. One of the most important such factors is the
access of the office’s occupants to natural light. Most office buildings maintain a critical
dimension of 45’ between the inside of the building’s exterior walls and the central core.

Window Height:
The dimension from the finished floor to the top of
the window (h) is the single most important factor
in determining the distance that daylight from that
window will penetrate into the building (d). A good
rule of thumb to use when trying to determine the
depth of daylight penetration is that d = 2.5h
Windows placed higher on the wall will
allow light entering the building to reflect off of the
ceiling and thus penetrate further into the room.
Raising the ceiling height in a room is one way
to take advantage of this principle
The size of a window will affect the intensity of the
light emitted into a room, but will not alter the depth Depth of Daylight Penetration:
of light penetration
The distance that daylight will penetrate into a
Rest room space depends on several factors. The geometry
of the space - its width and the angle of its walls
All office environments require the functions of rest rooms within the design of the building.
- will effect how far light is able penetrate. The
Low, mid and high rise office buildings all require adequate rest room functions. This means
reflectivity of a space’s materials is another
that the design has to comply with state and local codes and the American’s with Disabilities
important factor; spaces containing many highly
Act (ADA) requirements, as well as expressing interest in aesthetic quality and functionality.
reflective surfaces will allow light to penetrate
Knowing these requirements and having a basic knowledge of installation requirements can
much deeper that an identical space with matte
prevent redesigning a layout or having casework that cannot be installed properly due to a
finishes. However, the most important and
disregard for fixture layout. Redesigns can become costly and unless the architect pays
easily quantified factor effecting the depth of
particular attention to wall types and chase dimensions to accommodate piping and supports
daylight penetration is the positioning of a space’s
the architect will need to readjust the spaces to meet certain code requirements in space
windows.
allocation. In general, the rest rooms shall be located towards the center of the building, within
the boundaries of what is the core. This is the nearest point of access for all tenants single or
multi. In the case of multi tenancy the rest rooms become a public facility, unless a tenant to
occupy the space requests a private facility of, which is between the architect, developer Integrated Design Page 8
and tenants discretion Project III
Commercials
Consider
A building design cannot be replicated for all uses, an architect
should create unique and bespoke spaces for each individual proj-
ect. Some commercial buildings have clear users and designs that
reflect these; hospitals generally need multiple floors and designated
sections for departments to group services and employees. Office
buildings or retail tend to not fit the same mould, the design is less
restrictive, you can play with the space you create.
Chair of Architecture and Building Science
Building Envelope
The building envelope is one of the keys to both building energy use
and thermal comfort. A high-performance building envelope will
require a smaller mechanical system, provide natural lighting, and
shelter occupants from heat and glare. Building envelopes in a
modern building have four key elements that impact energy use.
These elements are
thermal performance
building orientation
permeability (air and moisture)
daylighting.
Lighting Systems
Lighting has a significant impact on building occupants, for better or
for worse. Lighting also is a significant energy user and is rich with po-
tential energy savings. For some time there has been a good deal of

Consider Surroundings attention and effort invested in mining the energy savings from light-
ing systems. Preliminary studies into the ancillary benefits of energy-ef-
ficient lighting show that quality lighting can have positive effects
A huge consideration for commercial building architecture is whether such as improved productivity, reduced health complaints, and
the building should stand out or adhere to surroundings. For a compa- reduced absenteeism.
ny seeking to attract customers or maintain its established style, energy efficiency
uniqueness may be a given. However, designing a commercial build- room surface brightness
Lighting is the most signifi- reduction of glare
ing in line with surroundings may be beneficial. Using the same stone cant energy expenditure in
for construction, for example, may prevent uproar and controversy adequate task illumination
a modern building. The key uniform light distribution
over straying too far qualities of an effective good color lamps
lighting system are visual interest
Layout & Spatial Form
lighting controls.
Orient and align the street-facing façade of buildings to the street to
help define and shape the street.

Orient primary entrances to streets and other public spaces, such as

plazas, courtyards, and pathways, that have higher levels of pedestri-
an activity.
Consolidate driveways and entrances to minimize the amount of
breaks, maximize safety and support the continuity of the streetscape
design.

Locate a landscaped parking strip between street and walkway to

provide a buffer from traffic. Parking strips are recommended be a
minimum of 6 feet wide. A width of 10 feet may be allowed to ac-
commodate a meandering style of walkway/sidewalk.

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Case studies

The Avery Mixed Use Building

While residential towers are typically closed off from the life of the city
around them, The Avery opens the site to the public by introducing a
new lane connecting Folsom Street―the neighborhood’s main boule-
SAN FRANCISCO, UNITED STATES vard—with Clementina―an intimate pedestrian corridor. Splitting the
podium in two, the lane activates the building’s base with an urban
living room lined with retail amenities, lush green walls and landscap-
Location SAN FRANCISCO, USA ing to provide a respite for the neighborhood
Client Related california
Area 906470 ft² At the west side of the site, a 56-story residential tower combines con-
Status Completed dominiums, market rate apartments and affordable housing with vari-
ous shared amenity spaces. The same urban gesture that creates the
Architects Fougeron Architecture, OMA
lane translates vertically up the lower half of the tower. At the 33rd
Program Residential, commercial
Floor, above the datum established by adjacent buildings, the south
Year 2004-2019 face of the building is sculpted to mirror the sloping façade on the
north below. As on the north face, the tapering façade on the north is
expressed as a series of stepped projections or crenellations.
Located four blocks from the San Francisco Bay, The Avery will be an
important anchor along the eastern end of Folsom Street. Comprised
of a 576-foot tower and two podium buildings,

Typical floor plan

The open space, or urban living room, is surrounded by
retail shops, a resident community room serving the
affordable housing population and residential lobbies.
These diverse program elements will create a blend of
users to activate the space day and night. Pedestrians
can pick up a bite to eat, read a book, meet friends, or
take a shortcut to pick up their two-wheelers at the bike
kitchen. The urban living room may transform into an out-
door cinema under the twinkling Tivoli lights. The paseo
might be filled with pop up market stalls to host a farmer’s
market or the Clementina pocket park might host a block
party

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The horizontal bands run all the way around the building. Cast in white

Upstairs Mixed-Use Building

concrete with subtle shadow edges, the bands designate the separate
storeys. Cantilevering balconies spring forth from these concrete
bands. Pilaster strips built with a soft-yellow double Waal-format bricks
NETHERLANDS form vertical frames with recessed brickwork penants positioned inside
them. These penants are masoned in a brick of the same colour, but
smaller in size, with a false joint that here allows for a finer stack bond to
Location NETHERLANDS
B.V. Ontwikkelingsmaatschappij
appear. Aluminium window frames and panels in a light bronze colour
Client Paleiskwartier, ‘s-Hertogenbosch fill in the openings. The use of high-quality materials and careful detail-
Area 28916 m² ing gives the building an outstanding character. The eleven-storey
Status Completed complex with the twisted tower has attained its contour in the new
Architects HILBERINKBOSCH Architecten
urban landscape of the Paleiskwartier.
Program Residential, commercial
Year 2020
Typical floor plan
and section

The commercial plinth, with its increased storey height, tightly follows
the plot’s boundaries. On top of this plinth a 10-storey residential block
has been designed, featuring a varied apartment programme of 7
sizes, ranging from small 49 m2 studios to large apartments of nearly 150
m2. The apartments follow the lines of the Vijverlaan and Bordeslaan,
creating space in the lee of the block for a community roof garden on
the first floor. The first four floors slowly fan out from the Vijverlaan to
hover over the Bordeslaan, eventually reaching a columnless cantile-
ver of over 10 meters. This provides the building with a prominent face
towards the Paleiskwartier. The entire façade of this 7-layer accent on
the Bordeslaan has been executed in a white concrete with large glass
fronts. The other façades manifest a subtle play of horizontal bands and
a grid with vertical fillings of brick, window frames and aluminium
panels.

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Total site analysis

pedestrian Density

Site location East Cherkos

Addis Ababa West AU
Kirkos s/city
Neighbourhoods South Qera
Area North Mexico

Road network

3M 2M

Local street (10m)

3M 3M 3M 3M 3M

Sub-arterial-SAS (15m)
High pedestrian movement

Low pedestrian movement

3M 3M 3M 0.6 M 3M 3M 3M 4M

Principal arterial PAS (30m) Existing sky line

Principal arterial PAS Partial express way PAS 30 M

Sub-arterial-SAS Collector street CS 30 M
Collector streets -CS Collector street CS 15 M
Local Streets- LS Collector street CS 10 M
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Sun path and wind

N
Zoning
E

wind
wind
W

Vegetation cover

Demolished land Government institutions and mixed

Residential Mixed use

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Parameter analysis

LITERATURE REVIEW

Horizontal circulation / Existing feature

1. 2. 3. 4.

Relatively less dense

spot by passengers and
vehicles
less access for market
1. Central core
2. Split core
Partial express way PAS
30M 3. End core
Collector street CS
4. Atrium core
20M core:
Local Streets LS
8-10M
a core is a vertical space used for circulation and services.
... A core may include staircases, elevators, electrical
Vertical circulation
cables, water pipes and risers. A core allows people to
Element of Vertical circulation move between the floors of a building, and distributes ser-
1. RAMP. vices efficiently to the floors.
2. STAIR.
3. ELEVATOR.
4. ESCALATOR. Integrated Design Page 14
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Stair Elevator
Medium of travel which connects two A n e le v a t o r is a h o is t in g a n d lo we r in g mecha-
n is m e qu ippe d wit h a c a r o r pla t f o r m thatmoves
consecutive horizontal surfaces.
a lo n g g u ide s in a s h a f t
a) Ev ery h i gh ri se b u ild ing H a v e m inim um 2 nu mb er 120M AND ABOVE
of S tai rc ase s.
90M
b) Wi dt h o f stai rc a s e s v a r ie s f r om 1 m . t o 2 m.
60M
Stairs should be safe and easy for everyone to use.
30M
• They should be clearly visible and easy to identify.
• Width of a stair (minimum 90 cm in residential use). 18M
• Length of flight (maximum 12 steps ).

Travel Height
9M

Telescopic
• Pitch of stair (should not exceed 40 degree and should

machine
roomless

elevonic
Gearless
High rise
Holesss
6M

Holesss

Roped

Holed
not be flatter than 25 degree).

Holess

Gen2
• Head room (should not less than 2.14m).
• Materials. Function lif capacity (Kg) Min. Speed (m/min) Building height(m)
• Balustrade to ensure safety. 900 30 0-22
• Landing (should not be less than the width of stair). Residential
1100
60 33-38

75-90
• Avoid winders and extra materials. Use optimum use 105-120
39-60
>60

of materials. Commercial
1500
1800
60
75-90
0-30
31-45
• Step proportional 2200
105-120
152
46-60
>60

According to building height

Things to consider...
• All step risers should be solid.
• Open risers can be a source of visual confusion
and are disconcerting for many people to use.
• Spiral stairs and stairs with tapered treads should
not be used, as they are much more likely to cause
tripping.
• Spiral stairs create problem as the force is more in
highrise .
A- Low-Rise buildings (1- 3 stories):-Buildings up to about (1 to 3)
stories typically use hydraulic elevators because of their
lower initial cost
B- Mid-Rise buildings (4 -11 stories):-Buildings up to about (4 to
11) stories typically use Geared Traction Elevators
C- High-Rise buildings (12 + stories):-Buildings up to about 12+
stories typically use Gear-Less Traction Elevators
• Considered as a requirement in all building over three storeys
• Minimum standards of service – one lift for every four storeys
with a maximum distance of 45m to the lift lobby
• Floor space estimates and car capacity can be based on an
area of 0.2m2 per person

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ESCALATORS
how it applies to a neighborhood
An elevator is a hoisting and lowering mechanism of high rise buildings
equipped with a car or platform that moves along guides in a shaft

A A
B
B
C Parallel Multiple parallel

A D D
B C Mixed use buildings would dominat
B E the number in the proposed site and
A users would have to share some
Walk Around communal spaces and parking areas
C F and by reconstructing and adding some
Cross-over horizontal circulation lines
Criss-cross we can enhance the movement

How to apply access/circulation to highrise building

Elements to be circulated throughout vertical space Basic utility line built with the core
make maintainance quick
Human enhance thea aesthetic value of the building
Integrated circulation ( building core) this may include
Object Water/drainage pipe line
telephone/electric line

External Fire scape/Vertical circulation In refering to the LDP the site would
building code/mandatory have three types of roads which
are the 30 m wide main PAS road
Object To move objectc vertically which link the site with surrounding
build and ntegrated with the core neighborhood and 20 m wide
to move tools and objects for maintainance collector street which divide the site
to discharge and some local streets as well.
Human
Elevators to transport users vertically
make the building easily accessable
enhance user experiance
reduce time and effort

main internal stair Horizontal circulation

for short distance flight between two high rise
back up circulation mechanism buildings/Bridge

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Specific site analysis

Landuse Map

SAS 30
m

40 % OFFICE
30 % COMMERCIAL
30 % APPARTMENT
0m
SAS 3

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Access / Road net.
Waste Disposal Rain fall Drainage

Legend Legend
Vehicular Access
Solid & Liquid Waste Dispoal
Pedestrian Access
Selected site is provided with on balance 1089 mm (42.9 in ) of
Parking Access Rainfall Drainage rainfall per year, or 90.8 mm (3.6 in) per month.
The driest weather is in November when an avearage of 9 mm
Adjacent Greenery Area = 803 sq meters (0.4 in) of rainfall (preciptation) occurs.

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Reference

Ernst & Peter Neufert - Architects' Data, Third edition

Thesis on Vertical Circulation & Services by Salim
Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University , Dinajpur-5200
Bangladesh
time saver standards for Architectural
Website/Arch daily

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