Primary sources – sources that are written by - Indexes

someone who’s present at the event - Almanac

- A first hand or contemporary account of - Directories
an event or topic - Abstracts
- Does not been subjected to evaluation - Indices
or assessment - Databases
Examples are: - History
- Diaries
- Poems Characteristics of good information
- Interviews 1. Accuracy – info must be reliable, useful,
- Letters free from errors, and high quality
- Autobiography 2. Completeness – info must provide all
- Court hearing the needed details. It should be able to
- SONA answers the W and how questions
- An article about the Philippine economy 3. Timeliness – info should be up to date,
- Ancient oil lamps recent or new
- Speeches 4. Consistency – info must be consistent
- Video recordings for it to be considered accurate and
- Government records useful
- Communication 5. Relevance – info should suit the
- News papers and magazines that demand, needs and interest of the
portray info for eye witnesses readers
6. Uniqueness – info must be distinct,
Secondary Sources – sources that are written by clear and definite
someone who’s not present at the event
- Anything that describes interprets, Textual Aids
evaluate, and analyze the info from Educational tools that SIMPLIFY comprehension
primary sources of texts that use graphical outlines or images to
Examples are: give general idea or a topic.
- Book review
- Movie review Bar Graph – chart that plots numerical data
- Commentary using bar or columns
- Critiques Pictograph – present data using images
- An article critiquing a painting Cause and Effect Diagram – emphasizes the
connection between the different concepts and
Tertiary Sources – collection of primary and is sometimes called as a beneficial organizers
secondary sources since it can be applied to all subject areas
- Index, summary, compilation - Known as the ISHIKAWA DIAGRAM
Examples are: - This were introduce by Kaoru Ishikawa
- Bibliography in 1968
- Dictionary - Used to diagnosis of product
- Encyclopedia malfunctions
- Almanac Flow Diagram / Chart – a sequence chart that
- Glossary shows series of events in order
Venn Diagram – used to identify , classify,
categorize similarities and differences of two or
more subjects
- Most common used textual aids
Graphic Organizer / Concept Map – graphic
organizers are visual displays that have key
content info.
- Provide learners with structure for
abstract concepts

Linear Text – a traditional type of text that is

read from beginning to end
- Educational texts
- Short Stories
- Novels
- Letters
Non-Linear Text – is not required to be read
from beginning to end since it is non sequential

Transcoding Linear to Non-linear

1. Read the text and get the main idea
2. Extract necessary info
3. Used keywords and phrases only
4. Classify info into categories
5. Used correct non-linear text to present
the info

Characters – a person that portrays a specific

role
- Protagonist and antagonist
Plot – arrangements or sequence of events
1. Exposition – introduces the story’s
setting, mood, characters, and time
2. Conflict -