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Classical Electromagnetism Course Outline
Classical Electromagnetism Course Outline
Classical Electromagnetism
1. Mathematical Preliminaries
a. Quantities, Dimensions, and Units
• Quantities and Measurements
* Mathematical Representation of Real World
* Uncertainties in Measurements
• Modeling Reality
* Modeling Process
* Conventional Terms
• Dimension, Scaling, and Units of Measurements
* Dimension
* Dependent and Independent Dimensions
* Scaling and Units
* Base and Derived Units
• Buckingham Pi Theorem
* Statement
* Dimensionless Quantities and Similarity
• Dimensional Analysis
* Solving Problems
• Unit Systems
* The International System of Units
* Planck Units
b. Vector and Scalar Quantities
• Scalar
• Vector Space
* Axioms
* Algebraic Definition of Vector
* Basis and Component
* Linear Independence
• Point in Space: Position Vector
* Distance
* Vector and Scalar Fields
* Source Point, Field Point and Separation Vector
• Vector Products
* Dot Product and Norm
* Cross Product
* Geometric Interpretation
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• Definition
* Physical Interpretation
* Del Operator Notation
• Divergence in Curvilinear Coordinates
* Cylindrical Polar Coordinates
* Spherical Polar Coordinates
(𝒓−𝒓′ )
• Problem in Evaluating 𝛁 · |𝒓−𝒓′|3
• Laplace Operator
* Geometric Interpretation
• Laplace Operator in Curvilinear Coordinates
* Cylindrical Polar Coordinates
* Spherical Polar Coordinates
i. Curl of a Vector Field
• Definition
* Physical Interpretation
* Del Operator Notation
• Curl in Curvilinear Coordinates
* Cylindrical Polar Coordinates
* Spherical Polar Coordinates
(𝒓−𝒓′ )
• 𝛁 × |𝒓−𝒓′|3 = 𝟎
j. Vector Operator Identities
• Identities in Cartesian Coordinates
• Vector Products in Component Form
* Dot Product and Kronecker Delta Symbol
* Cross Product and Levi-Cività Symbol
* Divergence and Curl in Component Form
• Kronecker Delta and Levi-Cività Identities
* Vector Operator Identities in Component Form
* Einstein Summation Convention
• Identities in Curvilinear Coordinates
k. Integral Theorems
• Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
* Statement and Proof
* Interpretation
• Green’s Theorem in Plane
* Statement and Proof
* Interpretation
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• Divergence Theorem
* Statement and Proof
* Interpretation
• Special Forms of Divergence Theorem
• Green’s Identities
• Stokes’ Theorem
* Statement and Proof
* Interpretation
• Special Forms of Stokes’ Theorem
• Time Derivative of a Flux Integral
* Interpretation
l. Dirac Delta Function
• Step Function
* Derivative of Step Function
• One-Dimensional Delta Function
* Definition
* Representations
* Properties
∞ ′
* ∫−∞ 𝑒 𝑖𝑘(𝑥−𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑘 = 2𝜋𝛿(𝑥 − 𝑥 ′ )
• Three-Dimensional Delta Function
* Definition and Notation
* Relation to One-Dimensional Delta Function
• Delta Function in Curvilinear Coordinates
* Cylindrical Polar Coordinates
* Spherical Polar Coordinates
• Delta Function Identities
(𝒓−𝒓′ )
* 𝛁 · |𝒓−𝒓′|3 = 4𝜋𝛿 3 (𝒓 − 𝒓′ )
m. Theory of Vector Fields
• The Helmholtz Theorem
* Statement
* Potential Representation of a Vector Field
* Proof of the Theorem
• Boundary Condition
* Uniqueness of a Vector Field
n. Linear Transformations
• Linear Transformations Between Vector Spaces
* Definition
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* Matrix Representation
* Invertible Linear Transformations
• Orthogonal Transformation
* Definition
* Reflection
* Inversion
* Two-Dimensional Rotation and Direction Cosines
• Rotation in Three Dimension
* Active and Passive Point of View
* Effect of Rotation on Vectors
* Direction Cosines in Three-Dimensional Rotation
* Finite Rotation of a Vector and Non-Commutativity
• Infinitesimal Rotation
* Matrix Representation
* Commutativity
* Vector Representation
* Angular Velocity Vector
* Operator Equation
• Eigenvalue Equation
* Eigenvector and Eigenvalue
* Eigenvalue Equation
* Characteristic Equation
* Finding Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
• Orthogonal Diagonalization
* Definition
* Existence of Orthogonal Diagonalizing Matrix
* Reality of Eigenvalues
* Change of Basis
* Similarity Transformation
* Recipe for Diagonalizing a Real Symmetric Matrix
* Simultaneous Diagonalization of Two Matrices
o. Cartesian Tensors
• Modern Definition of Scalar and Vector
* Pseudovector
* Pseudoscalar
• Definition of Tensor
* Dimension and Rank of a Tensor
* Zero and First Rank Tensors
* Isotropic Tensors
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* Pseudotensor
• Tensor Algebra
* Addition
* Direct Product
* Contraction and Kronecker Delta Tensor
* Generalization of Dot Product
* The Quotient Theorem
* Symmetry of a Tensor
* Wedge Product
* Hodge Star Operation and Levi-Cività Tensor
* Generalization of Cross Product
• Derivatives of Tensor Fields
* Gradient
* Divergence
* Curl
• Integral Theorems of Tensor Fields
* Divergence Theorem
* Stokes’ Theorem
• Force per Unit Area: Stress
* The Stress Tensor
* Elements of Stress Tensor
2. Electrostatics
a. Introduction
• History
* Timeline of Electrostatics
• The Scope of Electrostatics
b. Coulomb’s Law
• Electric Field of Point Charges
* Coulomb’s Law
• Electric Fields of Continuous Charge Distributions
* Line Charge Distribution
* Surface Charge Distribution
* Volume Charge Distribution: Generalized Coulomb’s Law
• Computing Electric Fields of Charge Configurations
* Uniformly Charged Rod
* Uniformly Charged Ring
* Uniformly Charged Disc
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* Traceless Multipoles
• Scope of Electric Multipole Expansion
b. Electric Primitive Multipole Expansion
• Expansion of Electrostatic Potential
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* Taylor Expansion of |𝒓−𝒓′|
* Multipole Potentials
* Primitive Multipole Moments
• Physical Multipoles
* Geometric Construction
c. Electric Traceless Multipole Expansion
• Expansion of Electrostatic Potential
1
* Binomial Expansion of |𝒓−𝒓′|
* Legendre Polynomials
* Multipole Potentials
* Traceless Multipole Moments
• Physical Multipoles
* Geometric Construction
d. Electric Monopole
• Electric Monopole Moment
e. Electric Dipole
• Electric Dipole Moment
* Electric Dipole Potential
* Electric Dipole Field
* Field Lines of an Electric Dipole
• Physical Electric Dipole
* Approximate Potential at a Large Distance
* Charge Density
• Point Electric Dipole
• Singularity at the Origin
• Dipole Force
• Dipole Torque
• Dipole Potential Energy
• Dipole-Dipole Interaction
f. Electric Dipole Layers
• The Potential of a Dipole Layer
• Matching Conditions at a Dipole Layer
g. The Electric Quadrupole
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5. Conducting Matter
a. Introduction
b. Electrostatic Induction
• Thomson’s Theorem of Electrostatics
• The Surface Charge Density
c. Screening and Shielding
d. Capacitance
• Self-capacitance
• What Does It Means to “Ground” a Conductor?
• The Capacitance Matrix
• The Two-Conductor Capacitor
e. The Energy of a System of Conductors
f. Force on Conductors
• Charges Held Constant
• Potentials Held Constant
• Why UE Differs from 𝑈̂𝐸
g. Real Conductors
• Debye-Hückel and Thomas-Fermi Screening
6. Dielectric Matter
a. Introduction
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b. Polarization
• The Volume Integral of 𝑃(𝑟)
• The Lorentz Method
• The Modern Theory of Polarization
c. The Field Produced by Polarized Matter
• Polarized Matter as a Superposition of Point Dipole
d. The Total Electric Field
• The Auxiliary Field 𝐷(𝑟)
• Matching Conditions
• Constitutive Relations
e. Simple Dielectric Matter
• Fields and Sources in Simple Dielectric Matter
• Simple Dielectric Response to Free Charge
• Polarization Charge of a Simple Interface
• Simple Dielectric Response to Fixed Fields
*A Parallel Plate Capacitor with Fixed Potential
• Potential Theory for a Simple Dielectric
f. The Physics of the Dielectric Constant
• The Electric Polarizability
• The Clausius-Masootti Formula
• Polar Liquids and Solids
• The Limit 𝑘 → ∞
g. The Energy of Dielectric Matter
• The Total Energy UE
• UE for a Simple Dielectric
• The Energy to Polarize Simple Matter
• The Physical Origin of ∆𝑈𝐸
• The Energy Functional 𝑈 ̂𝐸
h. Force on Dielectric Matter
• An Isolated Dielectric Body
• A Simple Dielectric Sub-Volume
• The Role of Short Range Force
• Force from Variation of Energy for a Simple Dielectric
• The Electric Stress Tensor for a Simple Dielectric
7. Laplace’s Equation
a. Introduction
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b. Potential Theory
c. Uniqueness
• Dirichlet Boundary
• Neumann Boundary
• Uniqueness When Conductors Are Present
d. Separation of Variable
• Complete and Orthogonal Sets of Function
e. Cartesian Symmetry
• Faraday’s Cage
• The Electrostatic Potential Has Zero Current
f. Azimuthal Symmetry
• A uniformly Charged Ring
g. Spherical Symmetry
h. Cylindrical Symmetry
• Bessel Function
• Fourier-Bessel Series
i. Polar Co-ordinate
• The Electric Field near A Sharp Cannon or Edge
j. The complex Potential
• A Uniform Electric Field
• A Qudrapole Potential
• A Conducting Strip in an External Field
• Conformal Mapping
• The Potential Inside a Split Cylinder
• The Fringing Field of a Capacitor
k. A Variational Principle
8. Poisson’s Equation
a. Introduction
b. The Key Idea Superposition
c. The Method of Image
• A Point Charge and A Conducting Plane
• Image Theory from Potential Theory
• Dielectric Boundaries
• Multiple Image
• A Point Outside A Conducting Sphere
• Other Sphere Problems
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9. Steady Current
a. Introduction
• The Steady Current Condition
b. Current in Vacuum
c. Current in Matter
• The Filament-Wire Limit
d. Potential Theory for Ohmic Matter
• Matching Conditions for Ohmic Matter
e. Electrical Resistance
f. Joule Heating
• The Current Density That Minimizes ????
g. Electromotive Force
• Voltage Difference
• The Physical Meaning of EMF
• Kirchhoff’s Laws
𝐽
• The charges that produce 𝐸 =
𝜎
h. Current Source
i. Diffusion Currents Fick’s law
10. Magnetostatics
a. Introduction
• The Scope of Magnetostatics
• Magnetostatics Fields ???? Steady Current
• Magnetic Monopole Do Not Exist
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a. Introduction
b. Magnetization
• Spin Magnetization
• Orbital Magnetization
• Total Magnetization
• The Volume Integral of 𝑀(𝑟)
• The Lorentz Model
• The Non-uniqueness of 𝑀(𝑟)
c. The Field Production by Magnetized Matter???
• Magnetized Matter As A Superposition of ???????
d. Fictitious Magnetic Charge
• Potential Theory for 𝐻𝑚 (𝑟)
• The Demagnetization Field
e. The Magnetic Field
• Matching Condition
• Constitutive Relations
f. Simple Magnetic Matter
• Fields and Sources in Simple Magnetic Matter
• Simple Magnetic Response to Free Current
• Simple Magnetic Response to A Fizxed Field
• Potential Theory for A Simple Magnet
• The Method of Image for Magnetic Matter
• Limiting Cases for The Permrability by µ
* The Perfect Ferromagnet
* The Superconductor
* The Perfect Conductor
g. The Energy of Magnetic Matter
• The Total Energy UB
• UB for A Simple Magnet
• The Energy to Magnetize Simple Matter
• The Potential Energy 𝑈 ̂𝐵
• The Potential Energy of A Simple Magnet
h. Forces on Magnetic Matter
• Coulomb’s Law for Magnetism
• An Isolated Magnetic Body
• A Simple Magnetic Sub-volume
• Force from Variation of Energy for A Simple Magnet
• The Magnetic Stress tensor for A Simple Magnet
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* Electromagnetic Units
• Heaviside–Lorentz Units
g. A Heuristic Derivation of Maxwell Equations
• An Educated Guess
c. Plane Wave
• Transverse Electromagnetic Waves
• Phase Velocity
• Mechanical Properties
• Monochromatic Plane Wave
• Wave Intensity
d. Polarization
• The Polarization Ellipse
• Linear Polarization
• Circular Polarization
• Stokes Parameters and The Poincare Sphere
• Elliptical Polarization
• Partially Polarized and Unpolarized Waves
e. Wave Packets
• The Total Energy
• Scaler Wave Packets
• Complementarity
• Group Velocity
• Free Space Diffraction
f. The Helmholtz Equation
• The Angular Spectrum of Plane Waves
g. Beam Like Waves
• The Paraxial Approximation
• The Gaussian beam
• The Meaning of The Paraxial Approximation
• Paraxial Electromagnetic Waves
• The Angular Momentum of A Paraxial Beam
• Orbital And Spin Angular Momentum
h. Spherical Waves
• TE And TM Vector Waves
• Scaler Waves
i. Hertz vectors
• The Magnetic Hertz vector
• The Electric Hertz vector
j. Force on Particles in Free Fields
• Charged particle motion in A Plane ???????
• The Pondermotive Force on A Charged Particle
• Optical Tweezers: The Force on A Polarizable Particle
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