Am Gov 2015 2016 4th Edition Losco Test Bank

AM GOV 2015 2016 4th Edition Losco
Test Bank
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Chapter 07 - Political Participation: Equal Opportunities and Unequal Voices
Chapter 07
Political Participation: Equal Opportunities and Unequal Voices
Multiple Choice Questions
1. (p. 147) Around what date did the major barriers to voting, such as property ownership, race
and gender, finally fall, allowing nearly all adult citizens to vote without fear or legal
restriction?
A. 1789
B. 1828
C. 1860
D. 1965
E. 2008
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2. (p. 147) Which of the following instances BEST exemplifies the concept of BUYcotting?
A. withholding federal income taxes to protest an unpopular war
B. demonstrating outside a local restaurant that hires illegal aliens paid "under the table"
C. refusing to purchase items from a company that benefits from sweatshop labor
D. forgoing commodities such as bananas and coffee that cannot be produced locally
E. walking several blocks out of one's way, past several other eateries, to dine at a café that
serves only eggs from free-range hens
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Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
3. (p. 148) According to the rational actor theory,

A. calculating the costs of political participation is important, but calculating the benefits is
not.
B. calculating the benefits of political participation is important, but calculating the costs is
not.
C. a rational actor will not engage in any type of political participation.
D. a rational actor would likely decide not to vote in a presidential race.
E. a rational actor will do everything possible to counteract free riders.
4. (p. 148) Which of the following instances BEST exemplifies the "free rider" problem?
A. unqualified candidates who are elected primarily because they share a ticket with a more
prominent and popular candidate
B. incumbent political officials who exploit the privileges of their office to give themselves an
advantage over their rivals
C. citizens who enjoy the benefits of a democratic system without actively participating in the
democratic process
D. prominent citizens who use their political connections to lobby for legislation that benefits
them personally
E. advocacy groups that pursue political goals through traditionally non-political means
5. (p. 149) Which of the following acts is generally the LEAST effective means by which
individual citizens can make their political views apparent to political officials?
A. voting
B. volunteering for an electoral campaign
C. contributing money to a candidate
D. participating in a political protest
E. writing a letter to an elected official
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6. (p. 149) Which of the following political activities has the highest capacity for a citizen to
convey political information?
A. voting
B. serving on a local board
C. contributing money to a political campaign
D. contributing money to a political cause
E. affiliating with a political organization
7. (p. 149) Which type of political participation is MOST likely to get the attention of a
politician?
A. liking a post on the politician's Facebook page
B. voting for the politician
C. a letter to the editor about the politician
D. a letter written directly to the politician
E. a large campaign contribution to the politician
8. (p. 149-150) What are the three conditions necessary for political participation?
A. resources to participate, interest in the political process, and membership in a party
B. interest in the political process, having been asked to participate, and membership in a
party
C. membership in a party, resources to participate, and having been asked to participate
D. resources to participate, interest in the political process, and having been asked to
participate
E. None of these answers is correct.
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9. (p. 150) Which of the following political activities requires access to the most varying types of
resources (i.e., time, money, skills)?
A. voting
B. campaign work
C. protesting
D. contributing to a political cause
E. affiliating with a political organization
10. (p. 151) Which of the following qualities is the best predictor of political participation?
A. religion
B. economic status
C. race
D. education
E. gender
11. (p. 151) Considering that places of worship can enhance civic skills, which of the following
might explain why Hispanics, who generally attend Catholic congregations, are less active in
civic life than are African American Protestants of similar economic means?
A. Catholic institutions attract less direct donations and thus are less able to invest in political
activities.
B. Catholic institutions offer less chance for their members to occupy leadership positions.
C. Catholic doctrine is less amenable to participation in secular political initiatives than are
Protestant organizations.
D. Catholic groups of worship tend to be smaller, offering members less chances to socialize
and learn civic skills or a sense of duty.
E. Protestant religious institutions are typically more connected to the community and more
involved in local political issues.
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12. (p. 151) Which of the following statements about race and political participation is MOST
accurate?
A. There is no significant correlation between race and political participation.
B. Education has no discernible impact on narrowing the gaps among members of different
racial groups.
C. White and Hispanic citizens both generally participate at higher levels than black citizens.
D. Black and white citizens both generally participate at higher levels than Hispanic citizens.
E. Hispanic and black citizens generally participate at the same level, which is notably less
than white citizens.
13. (p. 151) Which of the following is true regarding trends in political participation?
A. Women now vote at higher levels than men.
B. Men contribute significantly less money to political leaders than women.
C. Men contact political leaders less often than women.
D. Men contact political leaders less often than women, but women now vote at higher levels
than men.
14. (p. 151) In today's political climate, women are more likely than men to
A. run a political campaign.
B. vote.
C. contact political leaders.
D. contribute to political causes.
E. hold political office.
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15. (p. 152) Across most types of political activity, participation rates by Hispanics
A. are higher than blacks, but lower than whites.
B. are higher than both blacks and whites.
C. are higher than whites, but lower than blacks.
D. are lower than both blacks and whites.
E. are essentially the same as both blacks and whites.
16. (p. 152) Psychological predisposition toward or interest in politics defines

A. internal political efficacy.
B. external political efficacy.
C. political information.
D. political engagement.
E. political interest.
17. (p. 152) Cross-cultural studies show that political engagement is impacted by
A. the time of year an election is held.
B. the overall level of income inequality.
C. a voter's astrological sign.
D. the number of candidates in the election.
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18. (p. 152) ________ is an attribute of political participants that is measured by one's concern
for an election outcome and the positions of the candidates on the issues.
A. Internal political efficacy
B. External political efficacy
C. Political information
D. Political engagement
E. Political interest
19. (p. 152) ________ is an individual's confidence in his or her ability to understand and
participate in politics.
20. (p. 152) ________ is an individual's belief that his or her activities will influence what the
government will do or who will win an election.
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21. (p. 152) What are the four dimensions or elements of political engagement?
A. political efficacy, political mobilization, political information, and strength of party
identification
B. direct mobilization, political mobilization, political interest, and political information
C. political interest, political efficacy, political information, and strength of party
identification
D. political mobilization, political interest, political efficacy, and political information
E. direct mobilization, political mobilization, political interest, and political efficacy
22. (p. 152) The political knowledge an individual possesses concerning political issues, political
figures, and the workings of the political system is known as
A. internal political efficacy.
B. external political efficacy.
C. political information.
D. political engagement.
E. political interest.
23. (p. 152) The degree of loyalty that an individual feels toward a particular political party is
A. known as party politics.
B. directly inverse to the individual's education level.
C. known as external political imprinting.
D. known as strength of party identification.
E. known as political efficacy.
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24. (p. 153) What is the MOST common reason given for not getting involved in politics?
A. belief that individuals cannot make a difference
B. boringness of politics
C. distastefulness of politics
D. not enough time
E. belief that politics has no direct impact on an individual's life
25. (p. 153) ________ is the process whereby citizens are alerted to participatory opportunities
and encouraged to become involved.
A. List server notification
B. A call-to-arms
C. Direct mobilization
D. Voter rallying
E. Political mobilization
26. (p. 153) The process by which citizens are contacted personally to take part in political
activities is known as
A. getting out the vote.
B. direct mobilization.
C. energizing the base.
D. canvassing.
E. political solicitation.
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27. (p. 153) Examples of direct mobilization include all of the following EXCEPT
A. displaying yard signs.
B. door-to-door canvassing.
C. direct mail solicitation.
D. circulation of petitions.
E. letter-writing campaigns.
28. (p. 153) The traditional role of the political parties in mobilizing voters has been MOST
adversely impacted by
A. the rise of the mass media.
B. special interest groups.
C. social movements.
D. third parties.
29. (p. 154) Voter turnout in America peaked during the heyday of political parties at the turn of
the twentieth century. During this period, turnout was as high as ______ percent.
A. 55
B. 77
C. 59
D. 60
E. 80
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30. (p. 154) Many scholars believe that declining voter turnout can be attributed to the loss of
A. media contact with the public.
B. confidence in the electoral college.
C. personal contact in voter mobilization.
D. both media contact with the public and personal contact in voter mobilization.
31. (p. 154) ________ is the process by which political leaders use networks of friends and
acquaintances to activate political participation.
A. Bundling
B. The "old boys" network
C. Indirect mobilization
D. Support group activation
E. Direct mobilization
32. (p. 155) Which of the following is MOST likely to vote?

A. Asian female
B. black female
C. white male
D. black male
E. Asian male
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33. (p. 155) Which of the following is LEAST likely to vote?

A. Asian male
B. black male
C. Hispanic female
D. Asian female
E. black female
34. (p. 155) A person in which of the following education categories is MOST likely to vote?
A. a person with an 8th-grade education
B. a person with a high school diploma
C. a person with an associate's degree
D. a person with a bachelor's degree
E. a person with an advanced degree
35. (p. 155) A person in which of the following education categories is LEAST likely to vote?
A. a person with an 8th-grade education
B. a person with a high school diploma
C. a person with an associate's degree
D. a person with a bachelor's degree
E. a person with an advanced degree
36. (p. 155) Which region of the United States typically has the highest rate of voter turnout?
A. Northeast
B. West
C. South
D. Midwest
E. All regions have about the same rate of voter turnout.
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37. (p. 155) At which of the following ages is a person MOST likely to vote?
A. 18
B. 25
C. 30
D. 35
E. 48
38. (p. 156) Of the following, which is the second-most-common type of political engagement?
A. contacting a public official
B. volunteering
C. signing a petition
D. voting
E. boycotting
39. (p. 157) In which of the following presidential elections was voter turnout HIGHEST?
A. 1988
B. 1996
C. 2000
D. 2008
E. 2012
40. (p. 157) It would likely be easiest for people to vote on which one of the following days?
A. a national voting holiday
B. Monday
C. Tuesday
D. Wednesday
E. Thursday
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41. (p. 157) Which of the following Western European countries has had a lower average turnout
in national elections than the United States since 1945?
A. Ireland
B. Iceland
C. Spain
D. All of these countries have had lower average turnouts than the United States.
E. None of these countries has had lower average turnouts than the United States.
42. (p. 158) Which of the following is a key difference between Britain's Labour Party and the
Democratic Party of the United States?
A. The Labour Party has no chief organized opposition, while the Democratic Party must
compete directly with the Republican Party.
B. The Labour Party derives its success principally from mandatory voting, while the
Democratic Party must appeal directly to voters in order to encourage active support.
C. The Labour party is identified with the working class, while the Democratic Party seeks to
appeal to the vast middle of the economic and ideological spectrum.
D. The Labour Party is a minor party that must form a coalition with a larger British party,
while the Democratic Party is one of the dominant parties of a two-party system.
E. Both the Democratic and Labour parties try to target working-class voters specifically, but
the Labour Party takes much more extreme ideological stands.
43. (p. 158) Frequent elections can result in

A. higher voter turnout.
B. more highly trained poll workers.
C. lower use of "franking privileges" by congressional representatives.
D. lower voter turnout.
E. All of these answers are correct.
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44. (p. 158) A contributing factor in lower voter turnout in the United States may be the number
of opportunities to vote, a phenomenon known as
A. voter apathy.
B. over-voter syndrome.
C. ballot burnout.
D. voter fatigue.
E. poll pallor.
45. (p. 159) A person with this characteristic is more likely to vote Democrat than Republican:
A. attends church regularly.
B. lower income level.
C. white male.
D. married female.
E. high income level.
46. (p. 159) In the United States, which of the following forms of unconventional political
participation increased the MOST in the last quarter of the twentieth century?
A. occupation
B. strike
C. petition
D. boycott
E. demonstration
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47. (p. 159) In the United States, which of the following forms of unconventional political
participation increased the LEAST in the last quarter of the twentieth century?
A. occupation
B. strike
C. petition
D. boycott
E. demonstration
48. (p. 160) In the 2012 presidential election, independent voters

A. gave more support to Mitt Romney than to Barack Obama.
B. gave more support to Barack Obama than to Mitt Romney.
C. gave about equal support to Mitt Romney and Barack Obama.
D. supported third-party candidates, primarily Gary Johnson of the Libertarian Party.
E. mostly chose not to participate in the election.
49. (p. 160) Since the early 1990s

A. the Republicans have had the overall edge in party identification.
B. the Democrats have had the overall edge in party identification.
C. party identification has been essentially equal for the two parties.
D. the edge in party identification has seesawed back and forth between the two main parties
on an annual basis.
E. party identification measurements have been unreliable.
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50. (p. 160) Candidates' views on the issues are MOST important in determining voting choice
for this type of voter:
A. strongly committed Republican.
B. moderately committed Republican.
C. independent.
D. strongly committed Democrat.
E. moderately committed Democrat.
51. (p. 160) A voter who gauges a candidate based on her or his past performance is engaging in
A. retrospective voting.
B. prospective voting.
C. fatigued voting.
D. party identification voting.
E. irrational voting.
52. (p. 161) Which issue was MOST important to voters in 2012?
A. education
B. federal deficit
C. economy
D. immigration
E. terrorism and national security
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53. (p. 163-164) In addition to education, another path to gain the skills needed to become
politically active is
A. through activities in a labor union.
B. participation in leadership roles in one's church.
C. family wealth.
D. All of these are correct: activities in a labor union, participation in church leadership roles,
and family wealth.
E. None of these is correct.
54. (p. 164) In 2008, the Obama campaign demonstrated that large amounts of money could be
raised through
A. public financing.
B. campaign fundraising events.
C. the use of the Internet.
D. campaign mailings.
55. (p. 165) The Supreme Court's 2010 Citizens United and SpeechNow.org v FEC rulings
A. greatly expanded the ability of money to influence elections.
B. put strict caps on individual campaign contributions.
C. put strict caps on corporate campaign contributions.
D. require public funding of all federal elections.
E. outlawed political action committees.
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56. (p. 165) The practice of making a political or social statement with one's buying power is
known as
A. checkbook democracy.
B. consumer activism.
C. direct mobilization.
D. indirect mobilization.
E. political engagement.
57. (p. 166) Which group is far less likely to write letters, take part in community activities,
contact political leaders, protest, or contribute time or money to a political campaign?
A. blue collar non-union workers
B. college students
C. military veterans
D. those on government assistance
E. unskilled minimum wage workers
58. (p. 167) What did Larry Bartels find in a study of Senate roll call votes?
A. Senators are much more responsive to the opinions of affluent constituents.
B. Senators seem to be most responsive to the opinions of middle-class constituents.
C. Senators on the whole display a remarkable lack of interest in public opinion as a driver of
their voting policy choices.
D. Senators' voting patterns most strongly correlate with the choices of the president in office.
E. Senators make voting choices primarily based on the opinions of the economic or ethnic
class that is most populous in their state.
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59. (p. 167) Voter fraud in the United States is

A. on par with the amount of voter fraud in other developed nations.
B. believed by most to be negligible.
C. rampant among the states where "machine politics" is still strong.
D. not a concern where voter ID laws have been strengthened in recent years.
E. only a problem concerning provisional ballots.
60. (p. 168) The vastly higher voting rates for citizens of Australia, Belgium, and Greece versus
the United States can be attributed in large part to what factor?
A. better education
B. long traditions of democratic governance
C. compulsory voting laws
D. an older and thus more duty-bound citizenship
E. the lack of voter registration requirements
Essay Questions
61. Rational actor theory states that actions taken by the individual will be in his or her self-
interest, yet voting has the lowest direct benefit of all political activities. What are some of the
reasons that individuals vote? Why do some individuals find voting so satisfying? Do you
find it satisfying yourself?
Answers will vary.
62. There are forms of political participation other than voting. What are they? How do they
differ from voting? Which activity do you believe has the greatest impact for the individual's
time, effort, or money? Should there be limits on an individual's contributions to these other
forms of political participation, and why?
Answers will vary.
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63. Voting is a hallmark of a democratic society, yet not everyone votes. Which groups are
most likely to vote? Which groups are least likely? Some industrial democracies have
mandatory voting laws. Is this a good idea? How might one reconcile mandatory voting and a
free society? Would mandatory voting work in the United States?
Answers will vary.
64. Education is the most important factor in predicting a person's tendency toward being
politically active. What other paths are there to political involvement? Are they equally
available to both the working class and the affluent? How might society encourage those
groups that are less politically inclined to commit to greater activity?
Answers will vary.
65. Free riders receive the benefits of a politically active and vibrant society, yet they do not
contribute. Do you believe free riders are a problem? If so, in what ways? What social
strategies might be employed to encourage active participation and discourage free riders?
Answers will vary.
66. What strategies have been taken to reduce voter turnout? Which segments of the
population are the primary targets of these strategies? Are these strategies democratic?
Answers will vary.
67. What are the various factors that influence how a voter will vote?
Answers will vary.
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Multiple Choice Questions

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3. (p. 148) According to the rational actor theory,

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16. (p. 152) Psychological predisposition toward or interest in politics defines

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32. (p. 155) Which of the following is MOST likely to vote?

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33. (p. 155) Which of the following is LEAST likely to vote?

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43. (p. 158) Frequent elections can result in

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48. (p. 160) In the 2012 presidential election, independent voters

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49. (p. 160) Since the early 1990s

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