Subject: Fluid Mechanics -II

Dr. Mustafa B. Al-hadithi

Lecture-Four
Laminar Flow in Pipe of Circular Cross-Section.
1- Hagen-Poiseuille Flow.
Consider fully developed laminar flow through a straight tube of circular cross – section as in Fig.(1).
Rotational symmetry is considered to make the flow two – dimensional axisymmetry. Let us take x-axis
as the axial of the tube along which all the fluid particles travel, i.e.
𝑉𝑥 ≠ 0, 𝑉𝑟 = 0, 𝑉𝜃 = 0
Now from continuity equation, we obtain
𝜕𝑉𝑟 𝑉𝑟 𝜕𝑉𝑥 1 𝜕𝑣𝜃
𝜕𝑟
+ 𝑟
+ 𝜕𝑥
= 0 [𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦, 𝑟 . 𝜃
= 0]
This means 𝑉𝑥 = 𝑉𝑥 (𝑟, 𝑡)
𝜕𝑉 𝜕
Invoking [𝑉𝑟 = 0, 𝑉𝜃 = 0 𝜕𝑥𝑥 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜕𝜃 ( 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑛𝑔) = 0]
With Navier–Stokes equation, we obtain in the x-direction
𝜕𝑉𝑥 1 𝜕𝑝 𝜕2 𝑉 1 𝜕𝑉𝑥
= − 𝜌 . 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜈 ( 𝜕𝑟 2𝑥 + 𝑟 . ) (1)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟
For steady flow, the governing equation becomes
𝜕2 𝑉𝑥 1 𝜕𝑉𝑥 1 𝑑𝑝
+𝑟. = 𝜇 𝑑𝑥 (2)
𝜕𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟
The boundary conditions are
𝜕𝑉
i) At 𝑟 = 0 , 𝑉𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡 & 𝜕𝑟𝑥 = 0
ii) At r = R, Vx=0 yield Eq.(2) can be written after multiplying by r
𝑑2 𝑉𝑥 𝑑𝑉𝑥 1 𝑑𝑝
𝑟 + = 𝜇 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑟
𝑑𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟
𝑑 𝑑𝑉𝑥 1 𝑑𝑝
𝑜𝑟 (𝑟 ) = 𝜇 𝑑𝑥 𝑟 by integration
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑉𝑥 1 𝑑𝑝
𝑟 = 2𝜇 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑟 2 + 𝐴
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑉𝑥 1 𝑑𝑝 𝐴
= 2𝜇 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑟 + 𝑟 by integration
𝑑𝑟
1 𝑑𝑝
𝑉𝑥 = 4𝜇 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑟 2 + 𝐴 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 + 𝐵
𝑑𝑉𝑥
At 𝑟 = 0 𝑉𝑥 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 & =0→𝐴=0
𝑑𝑟
𝑎𝑡 𝑟 = 𝑅 , 𝑉𝑥 = 0
1 𝑑𝑝
𝐵 = − 4𝜇 . 𝑑𝑥 . 𝑅 2
𝑅2 𝑑𝑝 𝑟2
∴ 𝑉𝑥 = 4𝜇 (− 𝑑𝑥 ) [1 − 𝑅2 ] (3)
This shows that the axial velocity profile in a fully developed laminar pipe flow is having parabolic
variation along r.
At 𝑟 = 0 , 𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ , 𝑉𝑥 = 𝑉𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑅2 𝑑𝑝
𝑉𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4𝜇 (− 𝑑𝑥 ) (4)

r R
x Vmax

Figure 1: Flow in circular

1 pipe.
 Subject: Fluid Mechanics -II
Dr. Mustafa B. Al-hadithi

2- Volumetric Flow Rate.

The average velocity in pipe is
𝑹
𝑄 ∫𝟎 2πr Vx (r)dr
𝑉𝑎𝑣. = 𝜋𝑅2 = substitute Eq. 3
πR2
2𝜋𝑅2 𝑑𝑝 𝑅2 𝑅4
(− )[ − 2 ]
4𝜇 𝑑𝑥 2 4𝑅
𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑣 . = πR2

𝑅2 𝑑𝑝 1
𝑉𝑎𝑣. = 8𝜇 (− 𝑑𝑥 ) = 2 𝑉𝑥 max → 𝑉𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑉𝑎𝑣 (5)
Now, the discharge Q through a pipe is given by
𝑄 = 𝜋𝑅 2 𝑉𝑎𝑣 (6)
𝑅2 𝑑𝑝
𝑄= 𝜋𝑅 2 8𝜇 (− 𝑑𝑥 )
𝜋𝑑4 𝑑𝑝
𝑜𝑟 𝑄 = − 128𝜇 (𝑑𝑥 ) (7)
From Eq's 4 & 5
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 𝜇 𝑉
= 4 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑅2 = 32𝜇 𝑑𝑎𝑣2 (8)
𝐿
Eq. 8 is known as the Hagen- Poiseuille equation.

Ex.1
Oil mass density is 800 kg/m3 and dynamic viscosity is 0.002 kg/m.s flow through 50mm diameter,
pipe length is 500 m and the discharge flow rate is 0.19*10-3 m3/s determine
i) Reynolds number of flow.
ii) Center line velocity.
iii) Loss of pressure in 500 m length.
iv) Pressure gradient.
v) Wall shear stress.
Sol.
4𝑄 4∗0.19∗10−3 𝑚
𝑉𝑎𝑣. = 𝜋𝑑2 = = 0.0968
𝜋∗(0.05)2 𝑠
𝑉𝑑𝜌 0.0968∗0.05∗800
i) 𝑅𝑒 = = = 1936.0
𝜇 0.002
𝑚
ii) 𝑉𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑉𝑎𝑣. = 2 ∗ 0.0968 = 0.1936 𝑠
iii) From Eq. 7.26
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 𝜇 𝑉𝑎𝑣
= 4 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 2
= 32𝜇
𝐿 𝑅 𝑑2
32𝜇𝑉𝑎𝑣 𝐿 32∗0.002∗0.0968∗ 500 𝑁
∴ 𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = = = 1239.04 𝑚2
𝑑2 (0.05)2
𝑁
𝑑𝑝 𝑝1 −𝑝2 1239.04 2.478 2
iv) = = = 𝑚
= 2.478 𝑃𝑎/𝑚
𝑑𝐿 𝐿 500 𝑚
(𝑝1 −𝑝2 )𝑑 0.05 𝑁
v) 𝜏0 = = (1239.04) ∗ 4∗500 = 0.03098 𝑚2 , 𝐸𝑞. 10
4𝐿

3- Shear Stress in Horizontal Pipe.

A force balance for steady flow in horizontal pipe as in Fig. 2 yields
𝑝1 (𝜋𝑟 2 ) − 𝑝2 (𝜋𝑟 2 ) − 𝜏(2𝜋𝑟𝐿) = 0
(𝑝 −𝑝 )𝑟
𝑜𝑟 𝜏 = 1 2𝐿 2 (9)
From Eq. 9
2
 Subject: Fluid Mechanics -II
Dr. Mustafa B. Al-hadithi

𝑎𝑡 𝑟 = 0 𝜏 = 0
𝑟 = 𝑅 𝜏 = 𝜏0
(𝑝 −𝑝 )𝑑
𝜏0 = 1 4𝐿 2 (10)
Eq. 9 is valid for laminar & turbulent flow.
𝑝 −𝑝
( 1𝜌𝑔 2 ) Represent the energy drop per unit weight (ℎ𝐿 ) multiply Eq.9 by (g/g) yields
𝜌𝑔𝑟 𝑝1 −𝑝2 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝐿
𝜏= ( )= 𝑟 (11)
2𝐿 𝜌𝑔 2𝐿
2𝜏0 𝐿 4𝜏0 𝐿
∴ ℎ𝐿 = = (12)
𝜌𝑔𝑅 𝜌𝑔𝑑
𝜏 = 𝜏0 𝑎𝑡 𝑟 = 𝑅

τo
τAs R
r
p1A p2A Vmax

Figure 2: Forces on element in horizontal pipe.

4- Shear Stress in Inclined Pipe.

The energy equation may be written in pipe when related the loss to available energy reduction as
in Fig.(a)
𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + ℎ𝑓
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 1−2
Figure (a)
𝑉2
Since the velocity head (2𝑔) is the same

𝑝1 −𝑝2
ℎ𝑓 = + 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 (13)
𝜌𝑔
∆𝑝
∴ ℎ𝑓 = 𝜌𝑔 + ∆𝑧 (14)
Applying the linear – momentum eqn. in the L-direction
∑ 𝐹𝑙 = 0 = (𝑝1 − 𝑝2 )𝐴 + 𝛾𝐴𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝜏0 𝐿𝑃 = 𝑚̇(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) = 0
(P) is the wetted perimeter of the conduit ,i.e , the portion of the perimeter where the wall is in contact
with the fluid when the conduit not circular pipe.
𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑧1 − 𝑧2
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 τ0 𝐿𝑃
+ 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝜌𝑔𝐴 (15)
𝜌𝑔
From Eq. 13& 15
𝜏0 𝐿𝑃
ℎ𝑓 = 𝜌𝑔𝐴 (16)
From experiment
𝜌
𝜏0 =  2 𝑉 2 (17)

3
 Subject: Fluid Mechanics -II
Dr. Mustafa B. Al-hadithi

𝜌 𝐿𝑃 𝐿 𝑉2
∴ ℎ𝑓 =  2 𝑉 2 𝛾𝐴 =  𝑅 2𝑔 (18)
Rh=A/P
Rh= hydraulic Radius of the conduit
For a pipe Rh=d/4 ; =f/4
Where  is the non-dimensional factor, the ℎ𝑓 head loss due to friction can be written as follows,
𝑓 𝐿 4 𝑉2 𝐿 𝑉2
∴ ℎ𝑓 = 4 = 𝑓 𝑑 2𝑔 (19)
𝑑 2𝑔
Eq. 19 is the Darcy – Weisbach equation, valid for duct flows of any cross-section and for laminar and
turbulent flow, f is the friction factor f=4 
By equating Eq's 12 & 19
4𝜏0 𝐿 𝐿 𝑉2
= 𝑓 𝑑 2𝑔
𝜌𝑔𝑑
𝑓𝜌𝑉 2
∴ 𝜏0 = 8 (20)
In Hagen-Poiseuille eqn.
∆𝑝𝑑2
𝑉𝑎𝑣 = From Eq. 8
32𝜇𝐿
∆𝑝
∆𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔 ℎ𝑓 − −−→ ℎ𝑓 = 𝜌𝑔
𝜌𝑔 ℎ𝑓 𝑑2
∴ 𝑉𝑎𝑣 = 32𝜇𝐿
32𝑉𝑎𝑣 𝜇𝐿 𝐿 𝑉2
ℎ𝑓 = = 𝑓 𝑑 2𝑔
𝜌𝑔𝑑2
64
64𝑉𝑎𝑣 𝜇𝐿 𝜌𝑑𝑉𝑎𝑣 𝐿 𝑉𝑎𝑣 2 64 𝐿 𝑉𝑎𝑣 2
=( )= =𝑅
2𝜌𝑔𝑑2 𝜇 𝑑 2𝑔 𝑒 𝑑 2𝑔
𝐿 𝑉𝑎𝑣 2 64 𝐿 𝑉𝑎𝑣 2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓 𝑑 =𝑅 (21)
2𝑔 𝑒 𝑑 2𝑔
64
∴ 𝑓 = 𝑅𝑒 (22)
It applies to all roughness and may be used for the solution of laminar flow problems in pipes.
From above equations the laminar head loss as followes
2
64 𝐿 𝑉𝑎𝑣 32𝜇𝐿𝑉𝑎𝑣 128𝜇𝐿𝑄
ℎ𝑓(𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟) = 𝑅𝑒 = = (23)
𝑑 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔𝑑2 𝜋𝜌𝑔𝑑4
From Eq. 4
4𝑉 𝜇𝐿 32𝑉 𝜇𝐿
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑑𝑎𝑣2
𝑅2
Pressure drop per unit weight
∆𝑝 32𝜇𝐿𝑉
ℎ𝑓 = 𝜌𝑔 = 𝜌𝑔 𝑑2𝑎𝑣 for laminar flow (24)

Ex.2
An oil of viscosity 0.9 𝑁𝑠/𝑚2 and S.G. 0.9 is flowing through a horizontal pipe of 60 mm diameter.
If the pressure drop in 100 m length of the pipe is 1800𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 , determine:

(i) The rate of flow of oil.

(ii) The center-line velocity.
(iii) The total friction drags over 100 m length.
(iv) The power required to maintain the flow.
(v) The velocity gradient at the pipe wall.

4
 Subject: Fluid Mechanics -II
Dr. Mustafa B. Al-hadithi

(vi) the velocity and shear stress at 8 mm from the wall

Sol.
Area of the pipe,
𝜋
𝐴 = 4 ∗ (0,06)2 = 2.827 ∗ 10−3 (𝑚2 ) Pressure drop in (100m) length of the pipe, ∆𝑝 = 1800 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
i) the rate of flow,Q
32𝜇𝑉 𝐿
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = ∆𝑝 = 𝑑2𝑎𝑣
∆𝑝 𝑑2
𝑉𝑎𝑣 = 32𝜇𝐿
1800∗103 ∗(0.06)2 𝑚
∴ 𝑉𝑎𝑣 = = 2.25
32∗0.9∗100 𝑠
𝜌𝑉𝑑 0.9∗1000∗2.25∗ 0.06
Reynolds number, 𝑅𝑒 = = = 135
𝜇 0.9
As Re is less than 2000, the flow is laminar and the rate of flow is,
𝑚3 𝑙𝑖𝑡
𝑄 = 𝐴 ∗ 𝑉𝑎𝑣 = 2.827 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 2.25 = 6.36 ∗ 10−3 = 6.36
𝑆 𝑠
ii) the center-line velocity , 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑚
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑉𝑎𝑣 = 2 ∗ 2.25 = 4.5 𝑠
iii) the total frictional drag over (100m) length
(𝑝 −𝑝 )𝑑
From 𝜏0 = 1 4𝐿 2
0.06
∴ 𝜏0 = 1800 ∗ 103 ∗ 4∗100 = 270 𝑁/𝑚2
∴ Friction drag for (100m) length
𝐹𝑑 = 𝜏0 ∗ 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜏0 ∗ 𝜋𝑑𝐿 = 270 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 0.06 ∗ 100
𝐹𝑑 = 5089 𝑁
(iv) The power required to maintain the flow, P,
𝑃 = 𝐹𝑑 ∗ 𝑉𝑎𝑣 = 5089 ∗ 2.25 = 11451 𝑊
= 15.35 h.p
Alternatively,
𝑃 = 𝑄. ∆𝑝 = 0.00636 ∗ 1800 ∗ 103 = 11448 𝑊
𝑑𝑢
(v) The velocity gradient at the pipe wall, (𝑑𝑦) ;
𝑦=0
𝜕𝑢
𝜏0 = 𝜇. (𝜕𝑦)
𝑦=0
𝜕𝑢 𝜏0 270
𝑜𝑟 (𝜕𝑦) = = = 300 𝑠 −1
𝑦=0 𝜇 0.9
(vi) the velocity and shear stress at (8mm) from the wall,
𝑅2 𝜕𝑝 𝑟2
𝑉 = 4𝜇 (− 𝜕𝑥 ) (1 − 𝑅2 )
1 𝜕𝑝
Or 𝑉 = − 4𝜇 . 𝜕𝑥 (𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 )
Here, 𝑦 = 8𝑚𝑚 = 0.008𝑚
But y = R-r
∴ 0.008 = 0.03 − 𝑟 − −−→ 𝑟 = 0.022𝑚
1 1800∗ 103 𝑚
∴ 𝑉(8𝑚𝑚) = + 4∗0.9 ∗ (0.032 − 0.0222 ) = 2.08
100 𝑠

5
 Subject: Fluid Mechanics -II
Dr. Mustafa B. Al-hadithi

𝜏 𝜏0 𝜏0 270
For linear relation = − −−→ 𝜏(8𝑚𝑚) = 𝑟 ∗ = 0.022 ∗ 0.03 = 198 𝑁/𝑚2
𝑟 𝑅 𝑅
∆𝑝
Or 𝜏 = ∗ 𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸𝑞. 7.27
2𝐿
0.022 𝑁
𝜏 = 1800 ∗ 103 ∗ 2∗100 = 198 𝑚2

Table 1: Summary of used equations in pipe

𝑅2 𝜕𝑝 𝑟2
Velocity in circular pipe. 𝑉𝑥 = (− ) [1 − 2 ]
4𝜇 𝜕𝑥 𝑅

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 (max. velocity) 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑉𝑎𝑣

𝑅2 𝑑𝑝 1
𝑉𝑎𝑣 (Average velocity) 𝑉𝑎𝑣 = (− ) = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
8𝜇 𝑑𝑥 2
∆𝑝 𝜇 32𝜇𝑉𝑎𝑣
Pressure loss along pipe = 4𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 =
𝐿 𝑅 𝑑2
(𝑝1 − 𝑝2 )𝑑
Wall shear stress 𝜏0 =
4𝐿
(𝑝1 − 𝑝2 )𝑟
Shear stress at any r 𝜏=
2𝐿
4𝜏0 𝐿
Energy losses ℎ𝑓 =
𝜌𝑔𝑑

Energy loss by friction 𝐿 𝑉2

ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓
factor 𝑑 2𝑔
4 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
Hydraulic diameter 𝑑ℎ =
𝑤𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
2
64 𝐿 𝑉𝑎𝑣 32𝜇𝐿𝑉
Energy loss in Laminar ℎ𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 = =
𝑅𝑒 𝑑 2𝑔 𝛾𝑑 2
flow
= 128𝜇𝐿𝑄/𝜋𝜌𝑔𝑑 4