HIMACHAL PRADESH NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, SHIMLA

LAW OF CONTRACT

TITLE- BREACH OF CONTRACT AND REMEDIES UNDER INDIAN

LAW

SUBMITTED TO- Dr. Ambika Assistant Professor of Law

SUBMITTED BY
NAMAN AGRAWAL
1ST YEAR BBA-LLB 1120220069

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S. No. Particulars Page No.

1. Acknowledgement 3
Introduction
2. 4

3. Breach Of Contract 5
Remedies for Breach of Contract
4. 11
5. Conclusion 15
6. Bibliography 16

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Every project, however big or small it may be and however important it is, is successful
largely due to the efforts and dedication of a number of persons who have helped in whatever
way they can, by providing information related to it or by giving advice that is essential in the
completion of the project. I sincerely appreciate the assistance of these people and thank
them for their support and guidance that was instrumental in making this project a success.

I, Naman Agrawal, a student of Himachal Pradesh National Law University (Shimla), am

grateful to the University for the confidence bestowed in me and entrusting my ability. I also
appreciate and extend my thanks to my project guide, - Dr. Ambika who mentored me while
compiling the project. His insight has been extremely valuable in the completion of this
project.

I would like to extend my last word of gratitude to everyone else involved in helping me with
the assignment.

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 INTRODUCTION

Contract is a set of promises, may be oral or written in nature, which is legally enforceable is
known as contract. It is a binding agreement between two or more parties. A contract
includes variety of subjects such as exchange of goods, services, capital or promises of any of
those. Contracts are part and parcel of our life. Contracts can be of various types depending
on the terms and conditions. A contract creates mutual obligation on the contracting parties.

Definitions of Contract

 According to Pollock, every agreement and promise enforceable by law is a contract.

 According to Salmond, A contract is an agreement creating and defining obligation
between two or more persons by which rights are acquired by one or more to act or
forbearance on the part of others.
 According to Anson, the law of contract is that branch of law which determines the
circumstances in which a promise shall be legally binding on the person making it.

According to Section 2(h) of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 1, An agreement enforceable by
law is a contract.

From this definition, we find that a contract essentially consists of two elements i.e., an
agreement and legal obligation i.e., a duty enforceable by law.

Essential Elements of Contract (Section 10 of Indian Contract Act, 18722,)

 Offer (Section 2 (a))

 Acceptance (Section 2 (b))
 Mutual Agreement
 Lawful Consideration
 Capacity of Parties to Contract (Section 11 of the Act,)
 Legality of Contract
 Free Consent

Breach of contract

Breach of Contract' can be defined as a situation when one or more of the parties to the
contract dishonour terms and conditions of a contract by non-performance or interference
with the other party's performance.

1
Anand, Akshat. "A Critical Appraisal of Section 2 (h) of the Indian Contract Act 1872." Issue 3 Int'l JL Mgmt.
& Human. 5 (2022): 2160.
2
Lalsangliani. "Analysis of Section 10 of the Indian Contract Act in Relation to E-Contracts." Issue 6 Int'l JL
Mgmt. & Human. 4 (2021): 1293.
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 BREACH OF CONTRACT

Definition: - Contract Act defines a Contract as “An agreement which is enforceable by

Law”. An Agreement is a settlement between two parties, which contains obligations or
promises which both parties need to fulfil. When such an agreement is made binding by Law
it becomes a Contract.

Meaning: - In simple terms, a contract means when two parties put into writing an agreement
which contains certain obligations (promises) which are to be performed by such parties, and
when such written agreement becomes enforceable by law, it becomes a Contract.
Enforceable by law means when the agreement has acquired the force of law only for those
who are a party to it and a violation of those obligations would attract legal action, including
repudiation of the entire contract.

Essential elements of contract

As per Section 10 of Indian Contract Act, 1872 3, All agreements are contracts if they are
made by the free consent of parties competent to contract for a lawful consideration and with
a lawful object and are not hereby expressly declared to be void.

The essential elements of a valid contract are as follows

Offer

An offer is also termed as proposal. An offer is a proposal by one person, whereby he

expresses his willingness to enter into a contractual obligation in return for a promise, act or
forbearance.

As per Section 2 (a) of the Indian Contract Act, when one person signifies to another his
willingness to do or abstain from doing anything with a view to obtaining the assent of that
other to such act or abstinence, he is said to make a proposal or offer.

The person making the proposal/offer is called the proposer or offeror and the person to
whom the proposal is made, is called the offeree.

Acceptance

A contract emerges from the acceptance of an offer. Acceptance is the act of assenting by the
offeree to an offer. Under Section 2 (b) of the Contract Act 4, when a person to whom the
proposal is made, signifies his assent thereto, the proposal is said to be accepted.

Mutual Agreement

3
Lalsangliani. "Analysis of Section 10 of the Indian Contract Act in Relation to E-Contracts." Issue 6
Int'l JL Mgmt. & Human. 4 (2021): 1293.
4
Patra, Atul Chandra, and Atul Chandra Patra. The Indian Contract Act, 1872. Vol. 1. Asia Publishing House,
1966.
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A situation is referred to as meeting of mind, when both the parties have recognised the
contract and both give consent for entering into its obligations.
Lawful Consideration

The term lawful consideration' simply means something in return (quid pro quo). Any
contract to be enforceable by law must have legal consideration.

According to Section 2(d), consideration is defined When at the desire of the promisor, the
promisee or other person has done or abstained from doing, or does, abstains from doing, or
promises to do or abstain from doing something, such act or abstinence or promise is called
consideration for the promise.

Capacity of Parties to Contract

For a contract to be valid, the parties of a contract must have capacity, i.e., competence to
enter into a contract. Every person is presumed to have capacity to contract but there is
certain person whose age, condition of mental status renders them incapable of binding
themselves by a contract. This incapacity must be proved by the party claiming the benefit of
it.

As per Section 11 of the Act5, it deals with the competency of parties and provides that: every
person is competent to contract who is of the age of majority according to the law to which
he is subject and who is of sound mind and is not disqualified from contracting by any law to
which he is subject.

Therefore, the following persons are incompetent to contract:

Minor, Person of unsound mind and person disqualified by any law to which they are subject.
Thus, any contract entered into by the persons mentioned above, are void.

Legality of Contract

Legality of contract is the basis for its future and performance of obligation by the parties. A
contract can be made only for the legal product or services; legality of contract, vary from
one jurisdiction to another. For instance, an arm smuggler's contract with its buyers cannot be
entertained into court of law.

Free Consent

For a contract to be valid, the consent of the parties must be genuine i.e., free. The principle
of consensus-ad-idem is followed which means that the parties entering into contract, must
mean the same thing in the same sense. The parties to the contract must have the same
understanding regards to subject matter of the contract.

As per the Act, free consent is consent, i.e., free from coercion, undue influence, fraud,
misrepresentation or mistake. When the given consent is affected by these elements, it calls
into question whether the consent given was free and voluntary.
5
Swaminathan, Shivprasad, and Ragini Surana. "Minors’ contracts: a major problem with the indian contract
act, 1872." Statute Law Review 42.1 (2021): 101-115.
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What Is a Breach of Contract?

A breach of contract is a violation of any of the agreed-upon terms and conditions of a

binding contract. The breach could be anything from a late payment to a more serious
violation, such as the failure to deliver a promised asset.

A contract is binding and will hold weight if taken to court. If it can be proved that a contract
was breached, the remedy would generally be to give the victim what they were initially
promised. A breach of contract is not considered a crime or even a tort, and punitive damages
are rarely awarded for failing to perform promised obligations.

Breach of contract is a legal cause of action and a type of civil wrong, in which a binding
agreement or bargained-for exchange is not honoured by one or more of the parties to the
contract by non-performance or interference with the other party's performance. Breach
occurs when a party to a contract fails to fulfil its obligation(s), whether partially or wholly,
as described in the contract, or communicates an intent to fail the obligation or otherwise
appears not to be able to perform its obligation under the contract. Where there is breach of
contract, the resulting damages have to be paid to the aggrieved party by the party breaching
the contract.
If a contract is rescinded, parties are legally allowed to undo the work unless doing so would
directly charge the other party at that exact time.
It is important to bear in mind that contract law is not the same from country to country. Each
country has its own independent, freestanding law of contract. Therefore, it makes sense to
examine the laws of the country to which the contract is governed before deciding how the
law of contract (of that country) applies to any particular contractual relationship.

There exist two elementary forms of breach of contract.

 The first is actual failure to perform the contract as and when specified constitutes
the first and most obvious type of breach. A contract lays down what must be done,
what cannot be done, and when it must be done. If what was prescribed has not been
done within the stipulated or reasonable period, there has been a breach of contract.
 Second further form of breach of contract is conduct indicating an unwillingness or
inability to perform an obligation arising from that contract.

These forms of breach of contract overlap, and an actual failure to perform may manifest an
unwillingness or inability to perform. This is not always the case: an individual may fail to
perform a contractual obligation even when willing or able.

These classifications describe only how a contract can be breached; not how serious the
breach is. A judge will make a decision on whether a contract was breached based on the
claims of both parties.

The first type above is an actual breach of contract. The two other types are breaches as to the
future performance of the contract and are technically known as renunciatory breaches. The
defaulting party renunciates the contract in advance of when it is required to performs its
obligations. Renunciatory breach is more commonly known as "anticipatory breach."

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Key takeaways

 A breach of contract occurs when one party in a binding agreement fails to deliver
according to the terms of the agreement.

 A breach of contract can happen in both a written contract and an oral contract.

 The parties involved in a breach of contract may resolve the issue among themselves
or in a court of law.

 There are different types of contract breaches, including a minor or material breach
and an actual or anticipatory breach.

 A breach of contract is not considered a crime or even tort and rarely results in extra
monetary compensation.

Types of Contract Breaches

The general law has three categories of breaches of contract, which measure of the
seriousness of the breach. In the absence of a contractual or statutory provision, any breach of
contract is categorized:

 Breach of warranty;
 Breach of condition; or
 Breach of an innominate term, otherwise known as an intermediate term.

There is no “internal rating system” within each of these categories (such as “a serious breach
of warranty”). Any breach of contract is of a breach of warranty, condition or innominate
term.

In terms of priority of classification of these terms, a term of a contract is an innominate term

unless it is clear that it is intended to be a condition or a warrant.

Minor breach: A minor breach happens when you don’t receive an item or service by the
due date. For example, you bring a suit to your tailor to be custom fit. The tailor promises (an
oral contract) that they will deliver the adjusted garment in time for your important
presentation but, in fact, they deliver it a day later.

Material breach: A material breach is when you receive something different from what was
stated in the agreement. Say, for example, that your firm contracts with a vendor to deliver
200 copies of a bound manual for an auto industry conference. But when the boxes arrive at
the conference site, they contain gardening brochures instead.

Further, a breach of contract generally falls under one of two categories:

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Actual breach: When one party refuses to fully perform the terms of the contract.

Anticipatory breach: When a party states in advance that they will not be delivering on the
terms of the contract.
Legal Issues Concerning a Breach of Contract

A plaintiff, the person who brings a lawsuit to court claiming that there has been a breach of
contract, must first establish that a contract existed between the parties. The plaintiff also
must demonstrate how the defendant—the one against whom a claim or charge is brought in
a court—failed to meet the requirements of the contract.

Is the Contract Valid?

The simplest way to prove that a contract exists is to have a written document that is signed
by both parties. It’s also possible to enforce an oral contract, though certain types of
agreements still would require a written contract to carry any legal weight. These kinds of
contracts include the sale of goods for more than $500, the sale or transfer of land, and
contracts that remain in effect for more than one year after the date when the parties sign the
agreement.
Courts will review the responsibilities of each party of the contract to determine whether they
have fulfilled their obligations. Courts also will examine the contract to see if it contains any
modifications that could have triggered the alleged breach. Typically, the plaintiff must
notify a defendant that they are in breach of contract before advancing to legal proceedings.

Possible Reasons for the Breach

The court will assess whether or not there was a legal reason for the breach. For example, the
defendant might claim that the contract was fraudulent because the plaintiff either
misrepresented or concealed material facts.
The defendant could alternatively argue that the contract was signed under duress, adding that
the plaintiff compelled them to sign the agreement by applying threats or using physical
force. In other cases, there might have been errors made by both the plaintiff and the
defendant that contributed to the breach.

How to Avoid a Breach of Contract

To avoid a breach of contract lawsuit, you should check any contract you sign for three things
.
Clarity: The language of the contract should be clear and precise. If the other party is not a
native speaker of the language the contract is in, it may be worthwhile to hire an interpreter to
ensure that everyone understands their roles and expectations under the contract.
Expectations: You and any other parties signing the contract should understand the
expectations it outlines and already know that you are able to fulfil them. Your ability to
meet those expectations should not rely on future amendments because those may not
happen.
Legality: In order to be binding, your contract needs to be legal where it is signed. If you are
not sure, work with a lawyer who specializes in contract law before anyone commits to
signing.
You can also avoid breach of contract lawsuits by carefully selecting the people or companies
that you work with. Take time to research their professional reputations and legal history. If
they have previously been involved in breach of contract lawsuits, you may not wish to do
business with them.

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What Is Considered a Breach of Contract?

A breach of contract occurs when one party fails to fulfil its obligations as outlined in the
contract. That could include something relatively minor, such as being a couple of days late
on a payment, or something more serious.

Can I Sue for Breach of Contract?

If you have a contract with another person or entity and they fail to fulfil the contract as
agreed, you can file a lawsuit to recover any damages that you lost as a result. Before filing a
lawsuit, though, you will want to speak with a lawyer who specializes in contracts to ensure
that your case has a possibility of success.

Is Breaching a Contract a Crime?

Breaching a contract is generally not considered a criminal offense unless it involves
something like fraud. It is considered a matter between private parties, rather than something
that affects society as a whole.

What Are the Consequences of Breaching a Contract?

That depends. Generally speaking, if it can be proved that there was a contract and that it was
breached, then the party wronged should be left in the same economic position that they
would have been in had no breach occurred.

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 Remedies for Breach of Contract

When a promise or agreement is broken by any of the parties, we call it a breach of contract. So,
when either of the parties does not keep their end of the agreement or does not fulfil their
obligation as per the terms of the contract, it is a breach of contract. There are a few remedies for
breach of contract available to the wronged party.

Parties to a contract are legally expected to perform their respective obligations, so naturally,
the law frowns upon a breach by either party. Therefore, as soon as one party commits a
breach of the contract, the law grants to the other party three remedies. He may seek to
obtain:

 Damages for the loss sustained, or

 A decree for specific performance, or
 An injunction.

The laws relating to damages are governed by the Contract Act, whereas the laws relating to
injunctions and specific performance are governed by the Specific Relief Act, 19636.

Damages for the loss sustained

Section 73 of the Indian Contract Act 18727 lays down four important rules governing the
measure of damages.

First Rule: Section 73(1)

When a contract has been broken, the party who suffers by such breach is entitled to receive
from the party who has broken the contract, compensation for any loss or damage caused to
him:
Which naturally arose in the usual course of things from such breach, or
Which the parties knew, when they made the contract, to be likely to result from the breach
of the contract.

An uncommonly known fact is that Section 73 is based on a case law, i.e.,

HADLEY V. BAXENDALE (1854)8 9 EX. 354

The well-known rule in this case was stated by the Court as follows:
6
Behari, Avadh. "The Law of Specific Relief." (1965): 561-563.
7
Yechuri, Sumangali Naga. "Damages and Penalty as Held under Section 73 and 74 of the Indian Contract Act,
1872." Available at SSRN 1724542 (2010).
8
Eisenberg, Melvin Aron. "The principle of Hadley v. Baxendale." Calif. L. Rev. 80 (1992): 563.
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“Where two parties have made a contract which one of them has broken, the damages which
the other party ought to receive in respect of such breach of contract should be either such as
may reasonably and fairly be considered as arising naturally, i.e., according to usual course
of things, from such breach of contract itself, or such as may reasonably be supposed to have
been in the contemplation of both parties at the time they made the contract as the probable
result of the breach of it.”

Second Rule: Section 73(3)

The second rule of measuring damages deals with remoteness of damage. It states,
“Such compensation is not to be given for any remote and indirect loss or damage sustained
by the reason of the breach.”
Damages are measured by the loss actually suffered by the party. The loss must naturally
arise in the usual course of things from the breach; or it must be such as the parties knew,
when they made the contract, to be likely to result from the breach of it. Therefore, it follows
that a party is not liable for a loss too remote, i.e., which is not the natural or probable
consequence of the breach of the contract.

In MADRAS RAILWAY COMPANY V. GOVINDA (1898) 9 21 MAD. 172, the Plaintiff,

who was a tailor, delivered a sewing machine and some clothes to the defendant railway
company, to be sent to a place where he expected to carry on his business in an upcoming
festival. Due to mistakes made by the company’s employees, the goods were delayed and
were not delivered until some days after the festival was over. The plaintiff had not given any
notice to the railway company that the goods were required to be delivered within a fixed
time for any special purpose. On a suit by the plaintiff to recover a sum of his estimated
profits, the Court held that the damages claimed were too remote.

Third rule: Explanation to Section 73

The third rule is to be found in the Explanation to Section 73, which provides as follows:
“In estimating the loss or damage arising from a breach or contract, the means which
existed of remedying the inconvenience caused by the non-performance of the contract must
be taken into account.”
Therefore, if a railway company, having contracted with a passenger to take him to a
particular station fails to do so, the passenger is entitled to damages for the inconvenience of
having to walk and any reasonable expense which he incurs, like staying at a motel, and he
may get some other conveyance, and charge the railways with that expense if it is a
reasonable thing to do so in that particular circumstance. What is not reasonable is for him to
charter a special train to save himself for waiting and charge the railway company with the
expenses.

Fourth Rule: Section 73

It is to be noted finally, that damages payable for the breach of a quasi-contract are exactly
the same as those payable for any other contract. To rephrase, all the above rules apply to
quasi-contracts in the same manner.
It should be noted that when no loss arises from the breach of contract, only nominal
damages are awarded. Damages are given by way of restitution and compensation only, and
not by way of punishment. The aggrieved party can therefore recover the actual loss caused
to him as compensation.

9
Madras Railway Company v. Govinda Rau, 1898 SCC OnLine Mad 4
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 A decree for Specific Performance

According to Section 10 of the Specific Relief Act, 196310, there are seven cases when
specific performance of a contract may be allowed by the Court. They are:

When there is no standard for ascertaining actual damage

When it is impossible to quantify the actual damage caused by the non-performance of the act
agreed to be done, the Court may, in its discretion, grant a decree of Specific Performance of
that act.

DUKE OF SOMERSET V. COOKSON, 193511, 3 P WINS. 390

Art, paintings, old furniture, antiques, etc. have a special value to the contracting party,
although such articles may not have much monetary value. For example, an idol which has
been passed down from generation to generation of a family has immense value to that
family, even if it means nothing to someone else. No amount of damages can compensate for
the loss to the members of the family, even if the Court makes an attempt to assess the
damages payable instead of the idol. Therefore, an order will be passed for specific delivery
of that idol, not for damages.

In VIJAYA MINERALS V. BIKASH AIR 199612 CAL. 67, the Hon’ble Calcutta High
Court has observed that since manganese and iron ore are not ordinary items of commerce, if
a contract for sale of iron and manganese ore from a mine has been made, specific
performance of such an act would be allowed.

When monetary compensation would not afford adequate relief

When the act agreed to be done is such that compensation offered in money for its non-
performance would not afford adequate relief. However, until the contrary is proved, it is to
be presumed that:
The breach of a contract to transfer immovable property cannot be adequately compensated
by payment of money.
The breach of a contract to transfer movable property can be so compensated, except in the
following cases:
Where the property is not an ordinary article of commerce or is of special value or interest to
the plaintiff, or consists of goods which are not easily obtainable in the market;
Where the property is held by the defendant as the agent or trustee of the plaintiff.
Usually, the Courts are entitled to presume that in case of breach of contract to transfer
of immovable property, mere compensation is not adequate relief, whereas specific
performance is adequate relief, whereas in the case of movable property, compensation is the

10
Specific Performance and Hardship in Case of Residential Houses, 32 JILI (1990) 242
11
Dawson, Norma M. "The double life of Duke of Somerset v Cookson, or a legal excavation of the Corbridge
Lanx." The Journal of Legal History 35.3 (2014): 258-280.
12
Vijaya Minerals Pvt. Ltd. v. Bikash Chandra Deb, 1995 SCC OnLine Cal 181
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ordinary relief and specific performance is exceptional. However, it must be noted that these
presumptions are rebuttable.

In BANK OF INDIA V. CHINOY, AIR 1949 13 PC 90, it was held that if shares are freely
available in the market, then specific performance would not be granted. If shares of a
particular company, for instance a private company are not readily available in the market,
specific performance would be granted.
Suits for enforcement of a contract to execute a mortgage

In a suit for the enforcement of a contract to execute a mortgage or furnish any other security
for the repayment of any loan which the borrower is not willing to pay at once, specific
performance may be allowed. However, where only part of the loan has been advanced by
the lender, he must be willing to advance the full amount of the loan.
Contracts for the purchase of any debentures of a company.
Suits for the execution of a formal deed of partnership.
Suits for the purchase of partner’s share.
Suits for the enforcement of a building construction contract or any other work on land,
provided the following 3 conditions are fulfilled:
The building or other work has been described in the contract in a reasonably precise manner,
so as to enable to Court to decide the exact nature of building or work;
The plaintiff has substantial interest in the performance of the contract, and the interest is
such that financial compensation for non-performance of the contract would not be adequate
relief; and
After the contract, the defendant has obtained possession of the whole or any part of the land
in question.
It is important to remember that specific performance is an equitable remedy, and is therefore
left to the discretion of the Court, rather than to the right of a person by law.

Quantum Meruit

The concept of Quantum Meruit can be understood from an example. A and B have made a
contract, and A has already performed a part of the contract. After that B prevents him from
performing the rest of his obligation. In this case, A can recover from B reasonable
remuneration for whatever he has already done.
There are two essentials of this rule which are as follows:
One of the parties makes a breach of contract or prevents the performance of it by the other
side.
The party injured by the breach of the contract, who has already performed a part of it, elects
to be discharged from further performance of the contract and brings an action to compensate
for the value of the work he has already done.
It should be taken into account that no compensation would be paid in case the party has not
suffered any loss or damage. Therefore, the sufferance of damages is a precondition for the
applicability of the rule of quantum meruit.

In KAMIT V. CENTRAL DAIRY FARM. there was a contract to supply 3000 live sheep
and goats to the respondent at the rate of Rs. 786/- per quintal. The plaintiff had deposited a
sum of Rs. 2,60,000 as security for the good performance of the contract but was not able to

13
Indu Bala Bose v. Manindra Chandra Bose, (1982) 1 SCC 20
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do his obligations. The security was claimed to be forfeited. It was held that since there was
no sufferance of actual damages by the respondent, he cannot forfeit the security amount.

An injunction

Under Section 36 of Specific Relief Act 196314, an injunction is defined as an order of a

competent court, which:
Forbids the commission of a threatened wrong,
Forbids the continuation of a wrong already begun, or
Commands the restoration of status quo (the former course of things).
Clauses i and ii deal with preventive relief, whereas clause iii deals with an injunction called
mandatory injunction, which aims at rectifying, rather than preventing the defendant’s
misconduct.

Under Sections 36 & 37 of the Specific Relief Act 196315, there are two types of injunctions –
temporary and perpetual, whereas Section 39 governs mandatory injunctions.

Temporary or interim injunctions are governed by Order 39 of Civil Procedure

Code 190816 and are those injunctions that remain in force until a specified period of time,
e.g., 15 days, or till the date of the next hearing. Such injunctions can be granted at any stage
of the suit.

Permanent or perpetual injunctions, as under Sections 38 to 42 of the Specific Relief Act,

196317 are contained in the decree passed by the Court after fully hearing the merits of the
case. Such an injunction permanently prohibits the defendant from committing an act which
would be contrary to the plaintiff’s rights.

CONCLUSION
To conclude, it is thus evident that there are several remedies available in case of breach of a
contract, none of which are very simple. One would have to overcome an abundance of
challenges and rebuttals to prove a case of breach of contract.

14
State of Haryana v. State of Punjab, (2004) 12 SCC 673
15
A Critical Note of Section 22 of the Specific Relief Act, 47 of 1963, (2009) 1 LW (JS) 7
16
Anees v. State of Kerala, 2017 SCC OnLine Ker 10432
17
Thakamma Mathew v. M. Azamathulla Khan, 1993 Supp (4) SCC 492
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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. BOOKS

Law of Contracts: Justice P.S. Narayana

Law of Contracts: Avtar Singh

The Indian Contract Act, 1872 (Bare Act)

2. WEBSITES

https://www.scconline.com/Members/SearchResult.aspx

https://millerlawpc.com/6-remedies-breach-of-contract/

https://www.litem.in/breach-of-contract.php

https://legalstudymaterial.com/remedies-for-breach-of-contract/

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