56 4 (246)-2016 NG6N NGC & Bdi S6NG 77

HGOAI NGtr VOl BAN NOtil

NHtnVG KHO KHAN CUA SINH VEEN Vif T NAM

K m SU" DVNG THI, TH£ TRONG TIENG ANH
VA CACH K H A C P H V C
DIFFCULITIES IN USING TENSE-ASPECT IN ENGLISH
OF VIETNAMESE STUDENTS AND SOLUTIONS TO OVERCOME

LWONG BA PHUONG
(NCS-ThS; Hpc vifn Bdo cU v i Tuyin truyin)
Abstract: When studying a language, students often encounter many difSculties of which
grammatical errors relating to tense- aspect is the visible one. To assist them overcome this
obsttaetion, the article focuses on finding out the causes and giving possible suggestion that
may help them.
Key words: Tense- aspect difUculties.
1. Khi hpc mpt ngdn ngft, ngudi sft dyng trudc nhiing khd khdn md ngudi hpe ed fhl
fliudng gdp lit nhiiu khd khdn, mft trong gfp phdi dl thn cdch giip hp khdc phyc
nhftng khd khdn Idn nhat Id do sy khdc bift ching nhung khd khSn ndy mft cdch hifu
vl ngdn ngft, vSn hda gifta cdc ngon ngft. Vin qud. Trong bdi vilt ndy, nhftng khd khSn ehi
dl ndy dd cd nhiiu nghifn ciu, chdng hgn. ylu dupe tfp trung vdo nhiing loi thi-thi
flieo Weinreich [5] '*nhiing sai Ifch so vdi trong tiln^ Anh md sinh vien hpc tilng Anh
ehuin myc cia cd hai ngdn ngft xdy ra trong thudng mdc phdi trong qud trinh tiip thu vd
Idi ndi eia ngudi ndi hai thft tieng Id do sy thyc*^^ hdnh
\.i^u ngfin
««A« ngft
«nft dich
Mri, (ndi
^«AI vd
.A viet),
.AM\ vd
.A ed
/.*
quen thufc eia hg doi vdi ngfin ngft ndy hay Idii dich tft ngdn ngft nguin sang ngdn ngft
ngdn ngft kia. Dd Id kit qui eia sy tiip xic dich. Chi tilt hon, cdc loi lien quan din vifc
ngdn ngft". Tu tudng cia fing sau niy dupe chuyin tdi cdc ^ nghia ngft phdp md tK-thi
Lado [I], Stockwell [3], Schachter [2] vd trong ngfin ngft Anh cd khd nSng bilu thj
nhiiu nhd nghifn ciu khdc tiip tyc phdt triin sang tilng Vift vd ngupc Igi.
khi hp tien hdnh so sdnh dii chilu giiia ngfin 2. C!ua qud trinh gidng dgy vd qua cdc bdi
ngtt vd vdn hod cia tilng mp df vdi ngfin ngft dich thyc hdnh thyc tl ciia sinh vifn, cd thi
vd vdn hod cia ngfin ngft dich dl dy bdo khdi qudt nhiing khd khdn co bdn khi s i dyng
nhftng khd khSn hofc cdc loi tiim ndng ngudi rfa" thi mi ngudi hpc' thudng gdp nhimg khd
hpc sd mdc phdi trong qud trinh hpc ngogi khdn trong khi hpc tilng Anh nhu sau:
ngft, d ^ bift Id tilng Anh. Theo Lado [129] Tha nhdt, do su Ididc biit ve logi hinh:
"cde ci thf cd xu hudng chuyin cdc dgng Khd khSn diu tifn de dang nhfn ra dd Id sy
fliie (form), ^ nghia (meaning), vd sy phdn khdc bift vl logi hinh giiia hai ngdn ngft Anh
bl (disttibution) cdc dgng thftc va y nghia eia vd Vift: tilng Anh thufc ngdn ngft bdn hiln
ngfin ngft va vdn hod lidn ngft sang ngfin ngft binh (semi-inflectional language) vd tilng
vd vSn hod nude ngodi - ed trong lie sdn smh Vift Id ngdn ngft khfing biin hinh - ngfin ngft
Idi ndi vd ftng xft trong nin vdn hod dd lin don Ifp (isolating language).
hong lie tiip thy ngfin ngft - khi hp tim cdch Rit nhiiu ngudi Vift phdi mit mft flidi
nim vftng ngfin ngft vd vdn hod giong nhu
ngudi bdn ngft". ^ ' Qua khto sdt Ihyc tl cda 300 sinh viSn hgc d^g
Nhu vfy, ein phdi tim hieu vd dy bdo Anh.
78 NGON N G C & Btfl S 6 N G
gian khd ddi di ed the Idm quen vdi cdch chia
cdc dfng tft d cde thi khdc nhau vd cde ngdi
khdc nhau. Vi dy: Khi dupe ydu ciu chuyen
tdi cdu "Sdng nay anh 4v ra bdi biin " sang
tiing tiing Anh thay vi ndi "This morning
He went to the beach" tM hp lai ndi "This
morning he go to the beach "-
Trong edu trdn do thdi quen d tiing mp di
la dfng tft thudng khdng chia, nen trong tiing
Anh dfng tft "go" diing ra phai chia d qud
khft 'Svenf" nhung d day dpng tft ndy lai
khdng chia d thi qud Idift thfm chl cung
khdng chia ngdi thii ba si it d thi hifn t^
"goes". Kit qud khdo sdt cd din 12% so sinh
vidn nhim lam vi loi ndy trong cdc bai dich
th\rc hdnh d giai doan dau.
MSitilltrong tiing Anh dupe gdn vdi cdc
chftc ndng khdc nhau nhung trong nhiiu
trudng hpp cd thi thay thi d u ^ cho nhau,
chdng han, tM qud Idift hodn don (QKD) vd
Mfn t^ hodntiidnh(HTHT). Vi dy nhu cdu
hdi trong tiing Vift "Bgn dd dpc "Nam Cao "
chua? tiii tiing Anh cd thi ndi: "Did you
read "Nam Cad^ ho$c "Have you read
Nam Cao""} Diiu ndy gdy ra rit riiiiu khd
khdn cho ngudl hpc. Hifn tupng dfng tft cMa
d tM Mfn t^i don hay Mfn taitiepdiin nhung
I^i hiiu thi hdnh dfng trong tuong lai; dfng
tft chia d till Mfn tai don (HID) nhung l^i
dien td hdnh dfng trong qud khu; till Mfn t^i
hodntiidnh(HTHT) cd thi dupe dftng trong
tuong lai; tM qud khft nhung bieu th| hdnh
dfng d hifn tai,...kMin hf thing thi trong
tiing Anh, ddi Idii, trd thdnh mft "md cung"
dii viM ngudi hpc.
r/rii" htd^ AW i^uin do khdng cd s^ thdng
nhdt giOa hinh thuc vd ch&c ndng: Ciing mft
tiii trong tiing Anh cd thi biiu tlij cdc ^ nghia
ngft phdp khdc nhau. Vi dy, titi HIB cd tiii
vfta biiu thi hdnh dfng Idp di Idp lai, tiidi
quen,.. .nhung cOng ed tiii bieu thi hanh dfng
trong tuong lai: / will do it when she comes
(Tdi se ldm dieu dd kM ed ay tdi);tiiiHTTD
dupe diing de cM hdnh dfng dang xdy ra d
thdi diim ngudi ndi dang ndi din cd thi biiu
s i 4 (246)-2016
tiii hdnh dfng trong tucmg lai: They me
coming soon (Hp sg tdi r ^ y bdy gid). Th|m
cM nd cdn din;c sCr dyng dd nhan manh mft
sy tinh xdy ra d Mfn t^i: She is_dwg^
comlaining about money (Bd ta Idc ndo cung
edn nhdn vi diuyfn tiin nong).
Thii- ba, do Ididng cd tuong duong vi m$t
hinh thiic ciia tM, thi gifla haitiifttiing:R9
rdng Id ed sy khdc bift rat Idn vi m$t hinh
thiic ciia tM, thi gifla tieng Anh vdtiingVi$t
(tiing Anh thufc lo^ ngdn ngft bdn biin htoh,
tiing Vift thufc ngdn ngfl don Ifp). D§e 6iha.
ndy gdy rit nhiiu khd khdn cho n^^i Vi^
kM hpc tiing Anh, d$e bift dii vdi nhflng
ngu^ mdi hpe. Vd lai, vifc troi^ tiing Vi^
Mfn nay khdng cd sy tiling nhat vi thi-tl^
gifla cdc nhd ngMdn cftu cung Id mft trd ng^
khdng nhd cho vifc day vd hpe tiin^ d$c M^
trong sft dyng vd trong vifc djch thuat Anh -
Vift, Vift - Anh. Vi dy: Mft trang tft chi tW
thi trong tiing Vift cd tiii dupe sft dyng tiong
nMJu thi-thi trong tiing Anh:
Tilng Vilt TidngAnh"
- Qud khi^ don: He came
back-Anh iy da vh
- Qud khiS- hoan thinh: He
has just come bade - Anh
iydavk
- Qud khii HTTD: He had
come back - Anh iy dSvh.
- Hi^n tfli Am: She worfa
in a bank - Cd ^y dar^M
vi^cdnginhflng.
- H i ^ t^i t i ^ dih: She is
wor^g in the bank - C&
iy dang Mm v i ^ 6 n ^
hdng.
- Qud khA t i ^ dign: S%e
was wm'kir^ in the bank -
Cd dy dwg Um \ ^ it
ngtohdng.
- Tuong lai A m They wf
arrived-bQsS^kn.
-hi^ntaiti^diSnbi^ufti
tuong lai ^ : TSey m
arriving this m^w^g^ad
sing nay hp sS dfe. in
- Tirong lai g§n: Iheyi^
going to arrive - Ho sS <ieD._
Si4(246)-2016 N G 6 N NGCT & fidi S6NG 79

Thir ttr, khd khdn trong vi$c su d\mg cdc nhiing vi dy hay vi cdch xft 11 nhflng rde rii
phd tir chi thi-thi trong tiing Vi$t ("dd", mid "till, tiii" ed thi gdy ra thdng qua cdc vi
"dang" vd "sS'y. Vifc sft dyng cde phd tft dy do thyc tiln dich thuft mang lai eho
"dd", "dang" vd "s6" cd thi cung Id mft vin ngudi hpc Id mpt each ldm hay vd Mfu qud.
di doi vdi ngudi Vift Nam hpc tiing Anh, vi Diing nhu ngudi xua vSn ndi "trdm nghe
ring trong rit nMeu trudng hpp, vifc dung khdng bdng mft thiy". Ngudi hpc cd thi
cdc phd tft ndy tfty thupc vdo ngudi sft dyng. tiep nhfn ngay cde cdch xft Ii trong tftng
VdytieucM ndo de xdc dinh vifc khdng ddng trudng hpp cy thi, ding thdi tft fliyc tiln
hay cd dung cde phd tft ndy la "diing", la sinh dfng dd md chft dfng sdng tao ttong
"chuan myc"? Hay dupe coi la tuong duong nhfli^ trudng hpp tuong ty. Diiu do giup hp
tit nhat dii vdi tM, thi trong nguydn bdn ed dupe ty tin, sdng tao trong qud trinh tiip
tieng Anh. Cd nhiing trudng hpp trong vdn thu ngdn ngfl.
bSn dich ti^g Vift, phd tft "dang" lai dupe 3) Tgo CO hdi di ngudi hgc thvc hdnh:
sft dyng di chuyin tdi -^ ngMa ngfl p h ^ cua Dich xudi, ngupc cdc vi dy, vdn bdn lidn
M QKB trong tiing Anh, vi dy: They sea by quan din "tM, thi" trong tiing Anh Id mpt
thefire(Hp dang ngdi bdn bip Ifta). cdch lam Mf u qud. Trdi ngMf m sd dem din
Hon nflB, sinh vidn cun^ ed thi sft dyng nhiing kinh ng^f m qu^ bdu cho ngudi hpc.
tiii tiip dien trong kM the don gidn mdi Id Tham gia vdo djch thuft cdng nMeu, ngudi
thich hpp. Vi du, "/ am knowing the answer" hpc cdng tich luy dupe cde kinh ngMfm qu^
tiiay vi "/ know the answer'^ "J am wanting bau. Dii vdi vin di tiii, thi cung khdng
to see you" tiiay vi "I want to see yot/^; "I am ngoai If. Thyc t i s6 cho ta nhiing bdi hpe
believing you" thay vi "/ believe you". Sd dl ddng gid nhit.
nhiiu smh vidn nhdm Ian vi hai the ndy cd 4. Nhflng khd khdn vd nhflng di xuit cfta
the Id do hp khdng nhan m rdng cde dfng tft chftng tdi diu dya trdn kinh ngMfm gidng
biiu thi trang thdi, dfng tft nhfn thftc vi tinh day tiing Anh vd cdc loi qua khdo sdt thyc te
fliin vd dpng tft nhfn thftc gidc quan ttong cdc bdi dich cfta sinh vien md chftng tdi dd
tieng Anh khdng dupe sft dung trong thi tiip trinh bdy trong bdi viit Hi vpng nhiing di
dien. Nhung sinh vidn ndy cd flii ngM rdng xuit eua chftng tdi it nMiu giftp ngudi hpc
mft hdnh dfng xdy ra tai thdi <fidm ndi Id tiip gidm bdt khd khdn trong kM tiip can vdi
diin, diiu ndy dan din cde loi cfta hp. khu vyc ngfl phdp diy phftc tap nhung cung
3. Cdu hdi d|t ra Id, ldm tiii ndo &h giftp hp khdng it thft vi ndy.
khdc phyc dupe nhflng khd khdn ndy. Trong TAl h^V THAM K H A O
khudn khd cfta mft bdi viit chftng tdi xin dua 1. Lado, R. (1957), Linguistics across
ra cde gpi y nhu sau: culture. The University of Michigan Press.
1) Cdnh bdo cho ngudi hQc cdc logi Idi 2. Schachter, S. (1959), The psychology of
c6 thi bf mdc: Vifc cdnh bdo cho ngudi hpc affiliation. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univereity
c6 mft vi tri hit sftc quan trpng. Vi rdng, mft Press.
kM dd dupe bdo trudc, ngudi hpc s5 chu dfng 3. Stockwell, Robert?. (1957),/icow/rosfrve
hem trong qud trinh tiip thu ngdn ngfl vd rit analysis of English and tagalog. Los Angeles:
cd till, ngudi hpe se chft dfng tiip cfn van di Universi^ of California.
4. Weinrich H. (1985), Coin and word:
trudc kM dupe hpc trdn Idp. Ldm dupe nhu
Investigation of an image field in language in
vfy, ngudi hpe sS Meu vin di sdu hon vd nhd
texts, Stuggar: Klett.
nhanh hon tron^ qud trinh hpe. 5. Weinreich E. (1953), Languages in
2) Cung edp cho ngudi hoc nhitng cdch contact, findings and problems. New Yorit,
xif li thi, thi hay vd hiht dung: Tun dupe Linguistic Circle of New York.