CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND

RELATED STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies

reviewed that provided insights in the conceptualization and

development of this study. These related literature and studies

were either published or unpublished in local, national, or

international publications.

Related Literature

Based on a pioneer record by Ballard (2017), the origins of

electric street lights date back to over 130 years ago when

Wabash, Indian became the first city to utilize the system that

would eventually replace gaslighting. It was nearly six years after

that initial testing that the Village of Albion began to explore the

possibility of erecting electric lights to illuminate the streets. From

this, the villagers were able to erect the first electric pole in Albion,

located on Madison Street. Though the glories of electric lighting

were experienced, they were short-lived. The community was

faced with a lot of issues such as the cutting of light service due to

excessive rate hike, and accidents, i.e., electrocution, shock, to

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some residents and workers alike.

Importance of Electric Pole

Today, the constant bringing forth new ideas from

technology of electric power employs electric line poles to carry

out transferring electric power and communication signals in

general. Besides, the accessibility of electrical power distribution

lines varies substantially because the lines are installed both

above ground at various elevations and below ground in

underground electric power distribution systems. In the

Philippines, for both rural and urban areas, it uses above-ground

transmission. Hence, an electric pole is very important as it

supports and carries different types of wires and connections such

as high voltage transmission lines, distribution wires,

communication lines, and transformers (R.S Andrews, 2020).

Jinyoung (2020) also defined utility poles or utility poles as poles

used by utility companies to support cables and other equipment

required for utility operations. Sometimes they are also used to

house other suitable devices, such as signaling devices (e.g.

traffic lights) and decorations for events and celebrations.

Utility poles are an effective way to store bulky or

hazardous equipment where it will be least disturbed. Air

suspension also helps provide more reliable signal transmission

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for computers, phones, and other telecommunications equipment.

Electric Pole Installation Problems

But owing to the erection of the electric pole, there exist

uneven installation concerns. Problems such as sedimentation,

unbalanced stress, can cause the electric pole situation to tilt and

are often occurring. The inclination of the electric pole may also

be directed to the stretching of the electric wire attached to it,

hence, causes pulling apart of electric wire and brings hidden

danger to the electric power system.

The Philippines also experienced visual obstruction and

hazard risks caused by poor electric pole installation along the

streets. Arsua (2015) emphasized that “electrical poles can be

such an eyesore, especially those whose wires are so tangled

that it looks like a blackout waiting to happen. To address this,

some cities in Japan, the UK, Germany, and the US are

undergrounding or replacing overhead cables with underground

ones. Aside from aesthetic purposes, undergrounding makes

power lines less susceptible to outages during extreme weather

conditions”. In some cases, it was also observed that the electrical

line along the road in the city, instead of traditional overhead

ones, or the trending underground ones, is in the middle of the

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road. During a Senate hearing on the proposed budget of the

Department of Energy (DOE) and its attached agencies, Senate

Minority Leader Franklin Drilon mentioned that some utility poles

on widened roads have not yet been relocated, posing safety

risks to passing motorists (Mallari, 2020). This had caused an

alarming concern of the people to their safety knowing that

electric poles are dangerous. Moreover, the inclination of the

electric pole is to be given much attention as it causes not only

aesthetic problems but also high risks as it deems unsafe and

unsusceptible. In view of this, it is badly needed to provide safe

and simple equipment possible to align electric poles in a right tilt

and angle.

History of Microcontroller

During 1970 and 1971 the Intel invented and designed the

first microprocessor that is single integrated circuit chip that could

create essential circuits to form a calculator. Intel also created

many significant microcontrollers besides producing the first ever

microprocessor. Notable microcontrollers manufactured by Intel

include the 8048 and 8051 microcontrollers. Introduced in 1976,

the 8048 was Intel's first microcontroller. It was used as a

processor in an IBM PC keyboard. The 8051 microcontroller was

released in 1980 and is one of the most popular microcontrollers.

 15

It is even used now and is considered to be one of the most

durable microcontrollers (John, 2013).

Related Studies

Since pole alignment is very important to ensure safe and

uninterrupted conveyance of electricity to the end-users. There

has been research on the application of this invention. In a study

conducted by NASA Tech Brief (1973), they were able to develop

a Laser Electro-optical alignment pole for surveying to address

problems of the surveyors in determining the angular azimuth

between two points that are obscured from each other by

intervening hills, woods, or other obstacles in the line of sight.

These measurements require the extra time and labor of

establishing intermediate points with which the line of sight may

be maintained. For Zhou Jie (2014), in his study entitled “A kind of

electric pole position adjuster”, he was able to design an electric

pole position adjuster to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art,

provides a kind of structure that is operationally simple and can

be used in the electric pole position adjuster regulating gold

utensil direction on an electric pole. To monitor the conditions of

poles regularly and predict their future condition accurately and

safely, Alam, Tokgoz, & Hwang (2020), conducted a study in

order to check the utility poles of electric power distribution lines

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which are vulnerable to many natural hazards. They create an

article that presents a novel pole monitoring method that uses

state-of-the-art deep learning and computer vision methods to

meet the need. The proposed method automatically captures the

current pole inclination angles using an unmanned aerial vehicle.

The method calculates the bending moment exerted on the poles

due to wind and gravitational forces, as well as cable weight, to

compare it with the moment of rupture. The procedure calculates

the bending moment exerted by wind and gravity on the towers

and the weight of the cable to compare with the breaking moment.

The method also includes a machine learning-based model built

using a support vector machine to more quickly predict post-wind

column elastic conditions.

Synthesis

With the foregoing literature and studies in mind,

embodiments of the present invention advantageously provide a

portable electric pole alignment device for use on electrical power

distribution lines. This is of great importance as it helps to install a

stronger utility pole to reduce power outages caused by weather

or other events, address aesthetic concerns and reduce

susceptibility or vulnerability to falling trees, branches or

telephone poles and other connected cables links.