Canadian Criminal Justice A Primer 5th Edition Griffiths Test Bank

Canadian Criminal Justice A Primer 5th
Edition Griffiths Test Bank

Visit to download the full and correct content document: https://testbankdeal.com/dow
nload/canadian-criminal-justice-a-primer-5th-edition-griffiths-test-bank/
Chapter 6—Police Strategies and Operations
TRUE/FALSE
1. Research studies have found that increasing the number of patrol cars and getting to the scene of the
incident quicker will contribute to a reduction in the levels of crime.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 122
2. Community policing represents a completely new approach to policing.
3. Community policing is a “one size fits all” model that can be applied to all communities.
4. The CAPRA model is a problem-solving approach used by the RCMP.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 132
5. Foot patrols have been found to be effective in reducing calls for service and the fear of crime.
6. Operation Identification, citizen patrols, and Neighbourhood Watch are examples of primary crime
prevention programs.
7. The use of CCTVs in Canada is prohibited by provisions in the Criminal Code.
8. Research studies indicate that CCTVs (closed circuit televisions) are effective in reducing crimes
against the person in areas where they are deployed.
9. Crime rates are the best way to measure the effectiveness of the police.
10. In contrast to the United States, in Canada there have been few evaluations of the effectiveness of
specific policing initiatives and activities.
11. Community policing emerged in the early 2000s as a response to the inadequate professional model of
policing.
Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited. 6-1

Chapter 6 Test Bank Griffiths Canadian Criminal Justice: A Primer, Fifth Edition
12. Research findings indicate that approximately almost half of all Canadian households participate in
crime prevention programs.
13. The professional model of policing focuses heavily on the three Ps (prevention, problem solving, and
partnerships).
14. The presence of a regional police force in British Columbia could have aided in earlier apprehension of
Robert Pickton.
15. Research shows that Canadian police officers are often lacking in empathy when interacting with
persons with mental illness (PwMI)
16. Community policing is an organizational strategy, a philosophy, and a management style.
17. The missing women’s inquiry of British Columbia found that the RCMP and Vancouver Police
Department did everything in their power to properly investigate the reports of women missing from
the Downtown Eastside.
18. Research studies on DARE have shown strong support for the program among educators, parents,
youth, and the police, impacting the students’ attitudes and beliefs about drugs and drug use behaviour.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: pp. 128–130
19. There are problems with interpretation when measuring police effectiveness using either the clearance
rate or the crime rate, or both in combination.
20. The high number of missing and murdered women in Canada is viewed by many as one of the
country’s top human rights issues.

MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What do the three Rs in traditional policing stand for?

a. random patrol, rapid response, and reactive investigation
b. random patrol, reconnaissance, and recovery
c. rapid response, rescue, and relief
d. random patrol, reactive call delivery, and response investigation
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 122 MSC: Remember
2. Matthew is conducting a study on police effectiveness in a specified jurisdiction by examining several

different indicators of police effectiveness. He notices that crime rates dropped considerably shortly
after a community-based crime prevention program was established in one neighbourhood. Examining
this drop in more detail, he notices that crime rates went up in a nearby neighbourhood during the
same time period. Which type of finding is this?
a. crime attrition
b. crime displacement
c. the dark figure of crime
d. the crime funnel
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 137 MSC: Higher Order
3. What do the three Ps in community policing stand for?

a. prevention, protection, and participation
b. parity, problem solving, and participation
c. prevention, problem solving, and partnership
d. prohibition, prevention, and placation
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 123 MSC: Remember
4. When and where did community policing get its start?

a. It originated in France in the early 1900s.
b. It originated in France in the early 1800s.
c. It originated in England in the early 1900s.
d. It originated in England in the early 1800s.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 122 MSC: Remember
5. Which statement best describes the community policing model?

a. There is a focus on community building and problem solving.
b. There is a hierarchical management structure.
c. There is a one-way flow of information from senior officers to patrol officers.
d. Patrol officers have little discretion and are unable to problem solve.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: pp. 122–123 MSC: Remember

6. Nina is conducting a study on police effectiveness in a specified jurisdiction by examining several
different indicators of police effectiveness. She notices that this jurisdiction has very high rates of
suspect identification. What is Nina examining here?
a. UCR rates
b. clearance rates
c. the dark figure of crime
d. crime displacement
7. Which of the following is NOT a key principle of community policing?

a. community consultation
b. interagency cooperation
c. centralization
d. accountability to the community
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pp. 122–123 MSC: Remember
8. Josh believes that regular vehicular police patrols are effective at preventing crime and increasing
feelings of safety among community members, regardless of whether officers are actually responding
to calls for assistance. What is the term for this belief?
a. the broad blue line
b. proactive investigation
c. reactive investigation
d. the watch system
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 122 MSC: Higher Order
9. What is the term for studies that identify forces in the community that influence the demands made on
the police?
a. environmental scans
b. best practices
c. community surveys
d. community consultation
10. When the analysis of information gathered on criminal activities is applied to attempts to reduce and
prevent crime, what is it called?
a. best practices
b. intelligence-led policing
c. team policing
d. criminal intelligence policing
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 124 MSC: Remember
11. Which concept describes the view that crime is only a visible symptom of an invisible and much larger
problem?
a. the criminogenic principle
b. problem-oriented policing
c. the iceberg rule
d. SARA
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 132 MSC: Remember

12. What do research studies suggest about the use of foot patrols?
a. They increase calls for service.
b. They improve youth attitudes toward the police.
c. They affect the community’s level of satisfaction with the police.
d. They reduce the levels of crime in neighbourhoods.
13. Which police patrol operations are proactive and designed to target and apprehend criminal offenders,
particularly those deemed to be at a high risk to reoffend?
a. reactive policing
b. community service approaches
c. crime prevention programs
d. crime attack strategies
14. What are Operation Identification, Neighbourhood Watch, and Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design (CPTED) examples of?
a. primary crime prevention programs
b. crime attack strategies and programs
c. secondary crime prevention programs
d. tertiary crime prevention programs
15. What is indicated by research studies on the use of closed-circuit television (CCTV)?
a. CCTV installation has been met with strong public opposition.
b. CCTV use is most effective when targeted at specific locations.
c. CCTV use is effective in reducing crimes of violence.
d. CCTV must be used in conjunction with foot patrols to be effective
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 127 MSC: Remember
16. Marie works for a police agency that uses crime data to inform their daily practices. This information
is used to dispatch officers to areas with high likelihood of current criminal activity. What is this
strategy called?
a. Operation Identification
b. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
c. Compstat
d. a community scan
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pp. 123–124 MSC: Higher Order
17. According to research studies, what percentage of households participates in crime prevention
programs?
a. 10 percent
b. 25 percent
c. 40 percent
d. 55 percent

18. A municipal police organization conducts research annually to collect data about demographics, crime
trends, and calls for service within their jurisdiction. The organization uses this data to determine
future service demands and areas in need of focus. What is this practice called?
a. an environmental scan
b. a jurisdictional scan
c. Crime Prevention Through Social Development
d. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 124 MSC: Higher Order
19. Alvin works for police services and is responsible for building computer-generated images of specific
areas displaying potential crime hot spots. What is Alvin building?
a. activity maps
b. crime maps
c. community scans
d. environmental scans
20. Jake believes that increasing the amount of lighting outside his university dormitory will lead to a
reduction in physical and sexual assaults on campus. Which strategy is Jake proposing?
a. a broken windows approach
b. intelligence-led prevention
c. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
d. Crime Prevention Through Social Development
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 127 MSC: Higher Order
21. Marco puts his name and an ID number on all of his electronic devices, hoping that doing so will aid in
their recovery if they are stolen. Which of the following crime prevention strategies is Marco
following?
a. community mobilization
b. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
c. Citizen Identification
d. Operation Identification
22. Rita is part of a local organization that regularly patrols the community on foot, on bikes, and in cars
with the hope of preventing crime. Her organization is supervised by the police. Which type of
organization is this?
a. citizen patrol
b. Neighbourhood Watch
c. community mobilization
d. Operation Identification
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 127 MSC: Higher Order

23. Anthony is the founder of a program that focuses on early intervention with young offenders in hopes
of preventing future criminal activity. Which kind of program is this?
a. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
b. Crime Prevention Through Social Development
c. community mobilization
d. quality-of-life programming
24. Pete’s building has recently been the target of vandalism. He is concerned that if it is not cleaned up
quickly it will lead to further vandalism and possibly even more serious criminal activity. Which of the
following strategies is linked to Pete’s concerns?
a. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
b. Crime Prevention Through Social Development
c. a broken windows approach
d. intelligence-led prevention
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 130 MSC: Higher Order
25. Allie believes that current forms of policing are too reactive and don’t address the root causes of
crime. She is concerned that this strategy is not proactive enough and will never get at the true source
of crime and disorder. Which form of policing best matches Allie’s views?
a. confident policing
b. zero tolerance policing
c. quality-of-life policing
d. problem-oriented policing
SHORT ANSWER
1. Compare the professional model of policing with community policing.
ANS:
Responses will vary.
Professional model—reactive, incident driven, centred on random patrols
Community model—philosophy centred on police-community partnerships and problem solving
PTS: 1 REF: pp. 122–123
2. Define the term “crime maps.” What type of policing regularly uses these maps? What are they used to
identify?
ANS:
Computer-generated maps of specific geographic areas that illustrate incidence and patterns of specific
types of criminal activity
Intelligence-led policing
Identify hot spots
PTS: 1 REF: p. 124

3. Identify the three core elements of community policing and provide one example of a policing strategy
for each core element.
ANS:
Prevention
Problem solving
Partnership with the community
PTS: 1 REF: p. 123
4. What form of policing does Griffiths identify as being “the next generation of intelligence-led
policing?” Define this term. How does this differ from the current version of intelligence-led policing?
ANS:
Predictive policing—using analytics to determine a priori when and where crimes will be committed
(and, in some cases, who will be committing them)
Intelligence-led policing—policing guided by collection and analysis of info used to inform police
decision making at tactical and strategic level
—currently based around crime maps and related technology
PTS: 1 REF: pp. 124–125
5. Describe the following strategies and note their importance in community policing: a) intelligence-led
policing, and b) zero-tolerance policing.
ANS:
a) policing guided by collection and analysis of info used to inform police decision making at tactical
and strategic level
b) police strategy focused on disorder/minor infractions, most often associated with broken windows
approach
PTS: 1 REF: pp. 124; 131–132
6. What are environmental scans? How do they relate to community policing?
ANS:
Best practice/operational strategy
Studies designed to identify community, legislative, policy, and other forces in community that will
result on demands on police
—gathering info on factors external to police service (demographic, social, economic trends; calls for
service; legislative/policy changes and their impact)
—most services conduct annually
PTS: 1 REF: p. 124

7. Define the term “Compstat.” How does this term relate to community policing? What does research
indicate about its effectiveness?
ANS:
Best practice/operational strategy
Strategy designed to increase effectiveness/efficiency of police services while holding police
accountable for achieving crime reduction objectives
—crime data analysis to provide officers with intelligence on crimes
—supervisors held accountable for addressing
—considerable debate re: effectiveness, concerns places too heavy of emphasis on crime fighting.
Generally doesn’t include measures of other strategies within community policing model
PTS: 1 REF: pp. 123–124
8. What are the problems in using clearance rates as the only indicator of police effectiveness?
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 137
9. Other than clearance rates and crime rates, what are some of the other measures of police performance
that have been developed in recent years?
ANS:
Crime known to police only, interpretation issues, time not always spent on criminal pursuit, officers
work in different types of communities—some are more crime ridden than others
PTS: 1 REF: pp. 137–138
10. Define the term “crime attack strategies” and briefly discuss their place in community policing.
ANS:
Proactive operations by the police to target and apprehend criminal offenders
e.g., tactical/directed patrol, targeting high-risk offenders, targeting specific crime types, community
notification
PTS: 1 REF: pp. 132–135

ESSAY
1. Identify and discuss the three examples of community-based policing operational strategies provided
by the textbook. How do you feel about the effectiveness of each of these strategies? Use examples to
support your stance.
ANS:
Compstat—strategy designed to increase effectiveness/efficiency of police services while holding
police accountable for achieving crime reduction objectives
—crime data analysis to provide officers with intelligence on crimes
—supervisors held accountable for addressing
—considerable debate re: effectiveness, concerns places too heavy an emphasis on crime fighting
Environmental scans—studies designed to identify community, legislative, policy, and other forces in
community that will result on demands on police
—gathering info on factors external to police service (demographic, social, economic trends; calls for
service; legislative/policy changes and their impact)
—most services conduct annually
Intelligence-led policing—policing guided by collection and analysis of info used to inform police
decision making at tactical and strategic level
—technology to generate info/use resources effectively
—translation into practice can be problematic
—absence of research
PTS: 1 REF: pp. 123–125
2. Among the challenges confronting police services in the early 21st century are the globalization of
crime and the increasing sophistication of criminal activity. At the same time, police services have
been moving toward a community policing model of service delivery that places a heavy emphasis on
the local community. Consider the implications of these two trends for attempts to develop effective
police services.
ANS:
Community policing—philosophy of policing centred on police-community partnerships and problem
solving; based on 3 Ps (prevention, problem solving, partnership with community); proactive;
expansion of police mandate/activities
Jurisdictional issues, how to deal with new/developing crimes
PTS: 1 REF: pp. 122–123
3. Discuss of the pros and cons of zero-tolerance policing (pp. 131–132).
ANS:
Pros—high visibility, may reduce minor crimes
Cons—overpolicing in some areas, racial profiling
PTS: 1 REF: pp. 131–132

4. Identify and consider the high-profile crime prevention strategies that exist within your community.
Have you or your family ever been involved in a crime prevention program such as Neighbourhood
Watch? If so, what was your/their experience? If not, would you be amenable to participating? What
limits would you set on your/their involvement with the police?
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: pp. 126–130
5. Discuss some of the key challenges in developing and sustaining police-community partnerships.
Provide some suggestions as to how these challenges can be addressed.
ANS:
Declining levels of community support for police
Expectation of proactivity/prevention as well as reactive/enforcement activities
Struggle to meet public expectations
Community members with negative views/unrealistic expectations
Hold police responsible for crime and disorder
PTS: 1 REF: p. 126
6. Consider the “broken windows” approach to crime response and prevention. What does research show
about the effectiveness of such strategies? Why is this approach controversial?
ANS:
Neighbourhood deterioration—if one window broken and not replaced, soon all windows will be
broken
Statement that no one cares enough to fix it
If police services neglect little things, will lead to further issues of crime and disorder
Atmosphere conducive to more serious crime
Associated with significant reduction in crime in NYC
Does it reduce overall crime? At what cost? Potential for overpolicing. Increased public safety
concerns
Criminal opportunity vs. broken windows?
PTS: 1 REF: pp. 130–131
7. Consider the concept of quality of life policing. What types of behaviours does this approach focus
on? Do you think that this approach is effective in reducing overall crime? Why or why not? Explain.
ANS:
Police efforts to improve conditions in area by targeting disruptive and annoying behaviour
Increased police visibility
May increase feelings of security, increase police legitimacy
Focus on panhandling, loitering, public drug/alcohol use
Is this getting at the root causes of crime? Addressing minor nuisances, not major issues. Victimless
crimes/non-criminal disorder
PTS: 1 REF: p. 132

8. Review At Issue 6.1 on page 136 of the textbook. How do you feel about Canadian police agencies
using drones for various purposes? What are some arguments for this practice? Against? Use examples
to support your assertions.
ANS:
U.S. —used to track/attack identified terrorists
Used by Canadian and U.S. police services
Uses: Adapted to small drones used by police services (can be fitted with cameras, licence-plate
readers, radar, thermal imaging)
For: Survey accident scenes, photograph crime scenes, monitor crowds, search for lost persons,
surveillance (society, suspected criminals), cost-effective alternative to helicopters and personnel,
marijuana grow-ops
Flight certificates needed in Canada—must be flown within eyesight of operator, only during day
Against: No regulations/legislation in Can, major privacy concerns
PTS: 1 REF: p. 136
9. Discuss the pros and cons of problem-oriented policing (POP) (p. 132). How might problem-oriented
policing work under different circumstances? Discuss whether you think POP would be more effective
in one task environment than in another.
ANS:
Pros—gets at root causes rather than visible signs, potential to reduce crime and disorder, reduce fear
of crime, improve police-community relations, develop officer skills
Cons—plans are often long-term, may be difficult to address in the short term, considerable resources
needed
PTS: 1 REF: p. 132
10. Discuss the effectiveness of police strategies, identifying how effectiveness is evaluated (pp.
136–138). Critique the traditional methods used to evaluate police performance; in particular, why
clearance rates should not be used to evaluate effectiveness. Identify and discuss the new measures of
police performance that have been developed in recent years. Identify potential challenges associated
with using these new measures of police performance.
ANS:
Crime rates/clearance rates—known to police only, interpretation issues, time not always spent on
criminal pursuit, don’t work the same in all communities
Crime displacement—relocation of crime based on programs/resources being employed in another
community
Community satisfaction
Victim satisfaction
Success of police in achieving identified goals
PTS: 1 REF: pp. 136–138

Canadian Criminal Justice A Primer 5th Edition Griffiths Test Bank

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Canadian Criminal Justice A Primer 5th Edition Griffiths Test Bank

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Canadian Criminal Justice A Primer 5th

Edition Griffiths Test Bank

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 122

2. Community policing represents a completely new approach to policing.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 122

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 123

4. The CAPRA model is a problem-solving approach used by the RCMP.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 132

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 135

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 127

7. The use of CCTVs in Canada is prohibited by provisions in the Criminal Code.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 127

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 127

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 137

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 138

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 122

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited. 6-1

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 130

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 123

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 141

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 139

16. Community policing is an organizational strategy, a philosophy, and a management style.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 123

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 141

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: pp. 128–130

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 137

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 140

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited. 6-2

1. What do the three Rs in traditional policing stand for?

2. Matthew is conducting a study on police effectiveness in a specified jurisdiction by examining several

3. What do the three Ps in community policing stand for?

4. When and where did community policing get its start?

5. Which statement best describes the community policing model?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited. 6-3

7. Which of the following is NOT a key principle of community policing?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited. 6-4

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited. 6-5

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited. 6-6

1. Compare the professional model of policing with community policing.

PTS: 1 REF: pp. 122–123

PTS: 1 REF: p. 124

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited. 6-7

PTS: 1 REF: p. 123

PTS: 1 REF: pp. 124–125

PTS: 1 REF: pp. 124; 131–132

6. What are environmental scans? How do they relate to community policing?

PTS: 1 REF: p. 124

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited. 6-8

PTS: 1 REF: pp. 123–124

PTS: 1 REF: p. 137

PTS: 1 REF: pp. 137–138

PTS: 1 REF: pp. 132–135

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited. 6-9

PTS: 1 REF: pp. 123–125

PTS: 1 REF: pp. 122–123

3. Discuss of the pros and cons of zero-tolerance policing (pp. 131–132).

PTS: 1 REF: pp. 131–132

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited. 6-10

PTS: 1 REF: pp. 126–130

PTS: 1 REF: p. 126

PTS: 1 REF: pp. 130–131

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited. 6-11

PTS: 1 REF: p. 136