Organizational Behavior 1st Edition

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 Nahavandi, Organizational Behavior
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Chapter 7: Decision Making

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. When a person in authority identifies an important issue and carries out a process to
make a choice that produces outcomes with consequences, they are engaging in:

a. Problem solving
*b. Organizational decision making
c. Decision debacles
d. Collaboration

2. Decisions that take place at the top of the organization typically are labeled:

a. Programmed decisions
b. Nonprogrammed decisions
c. Low-risk decisions
*d. Strategic decisions

3. Which of the following is not a characteristic of nonprogrammed decisions?

a. Found at the higher levels of the organization.

b. Have more uncertain conditions surrounding the decision.
c. Are poorly structured and occur infrequently.
*d. Are repetitive and routine and have standard operating procedures.

4. A set of activities designed to analyze a situation systematically and generate,

implement and evaluate solutions can be referred to as:

*a. Problem solving

b. Decision making
c. Decision debacles
d. Collaboration

5. This occurs when people may perceive that it is in their best interest to remain
ignorant.

a. Indirect blindness
*b. Motivated blindness
c. Incremental violations
d. Reward systems

6. We are likely to accept increasingly major infractions as long as each violation is only
incrementally more serious than the preceding one. This is called:

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a. Indirect blindness
b. Motivated blindness
*c. Incremental violations
d. Reward systems

7. This occurs when a manager in an organization delegates the unethical behavior to

others, not necessarily consciously:

*a. Indirect blindness

b. Motivated blindness
c. Incremental violations
d. Reward systems

8. Which of the following is not one of the phases of decision making?

a. Analytic phase
b. Design phase
c. Choice phase
*d. Judgment phase

9. Which decision-making model assumes human purposeness, both in individual

behavior and in the broader scope issues found in organizations?

*a. Rational model

b. Collaborative model
c. Garbage can model
d. Organizational process model

10. Which of the following is not a criticism of the rational model?

a. The recognition that values and feelings also play an important role in decision
making.
b. That habits, moral feelings, and values that have nothing to do with rationality may
guide our behavior.
*c. It states that individuals and groups behave logically when they make decisions.
d. The disregard of a holistic picture of human nature, which would include culture.

11. Which model sees the organization as composed of many loosely allied units, each
with its own set of leaders?

a. Rational model
b. Collaborative model
c. Garbage can model
*d. Organizational process model

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12. Which model has the following characteristics: dividing tasks among its members,
establishing standard practices, transmitting objectives throughout the organization,
providing channels of communication that run in all directions and training and
indoctrinating members with the knowledge, skills, and values of the organization?

a. Rational model
b. Collaborative model
c. Garbage can model
*d. Organizational process model

13. Which of the following is not a criticism of the organizational process model?

*a. The recognition that values and feelings also play an important role in decision
making.
b. The fact that decisions are prevented from forecasting the future and acting on the
basis of a predetermined vision.
c. The fact that decision makers are forced to make incremental changes based on
standard operating procedures.
d. The fact that organizations create their own institutionalized rationality.

14. Judgment, bargaining, and analysis are used to evaluate alternatives in what model?

a. Rational model
b. Collaborative model
*c. Garbage can model
d. Organizational process model

15. A mode of thinking that occurs when people are deeply involved in a cohesive group
and their desire for unanimity offsets their motivation to appraise alternative courses of
action is known as:

a. Group problem solving

* b. Groupthink
c. Group cohesiveness
d. Group bonding

16. This occurs when a leader makes the decision alone without input based on
information the leader has.

*a. Autocratic I
b. Autocratic II
c. Consultative I
d. Consultative II

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17. This occurs when a leader shares the problem with subordinates in a group meeting to
obtain their ideas and suggestions, and then makes a decision that may or may not reflect
their input.

a. Autocratic I
b. Autocratic II
c. Consultative I
*d. Consultative II

18. This occurs when a leader shares the problem with subordinates as a group; together
they generate and evaluate alternatives and attempt to reach an agreement on a solution.

*a. Group II
b. Autocratic II
c. Consultative I
d. Consultative II

19. Which of the following is not an element of the focus group process?

a. Planning
b. Recruiting
c. Moderating
*d. Judgment

20. What is not a recommended method to enhance group brainstorming sessions?

a. Allow time for individual idea generation.

b. Alternate between small groups and large groups.
*c. When there is no facilitator.
d. Use activities and humor.

TRUE/FALSE

21. Programmed decisions occur infrequently and are poorly structured.

a. True
*b. False

22. Low risk decisions involve less uncertainty and occasionally permit a degree of
delegation.

*a. True
b. False

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23. Indirect blindness occurs in organizations when the manager delegates the unethical
behavior to others not necessarily consciously.

*a. True
b. False

24. Motivated blindness occurs when people may perceive that it is in their best interest
to remain ignorant.

*a. True
b. False

25. The garbage can model assumes human purposeness both in individual behavior and
in broader scope issues in organizations.

a. True
*b. False

26. The rational model explains the logic of the action while the organizational behavior
model examines the logic of consequences.

a. True
*b. False

27. Some have criticized the rational model for its disregard of a holistic picture of
human nature, which includes culture.

*a. True
b. False

28. Judgment and configuring is an element of the focus group process.

a. True
*b. False

29. One criticism of the organizational process model includes the fact that decision
makers are prevented from forecasting the future and acting on the basis of a
predetermined vision.

*a. True
b. False

ESSAY QUESTIONS

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30. Distinguish between programmed and nonprogrammed decisions including

explanations that discuss levels of decision making.

*a. Varies

31. Name and discuss all the principles of successful decision making.

*a. Varies

32. Describe the assumptions and characteristics of the rational model.

*a. Varies

33. Describe the assumptions and characteristics of the organizational process model.

*a. Varies

34. Describe the assumptions and characteristics of the garbage can model.

*a. Varies

35. Define groupthink, describe how it occurs and name and describe four ways to
prevent groupthink.

*a. Varies

36. Define what is meant by a focus group and name and describe the elements of the
focus group process.

*a. Varies