Shenyang No.

2 High School (Sino-Canadian Program)

Ernest Wang 12B Term Paper No.3 June 6, 2020
Differential and Integral Calculus Formulas
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Chapter1: Rules and Formulas on Limits

Average Speed ∆𝑦 𝑓 ( 𝑡+ℎ) −𝑓(𝑡)

= (for instantaneous speed, h=0)
∆𝑡 ℎ

Properties of Limits 1.Sum rule: lim(𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔 (𝑥)) = 𝐿 + 𝑀

𝑥→𝑐

(If L, M, c, k are real numbers, and 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿; 2.Difference Rule: lim(𝑓 (𝑥) − 𝑔 (𝑥)) = 𝐿 − 𝑀
𝑥→𝑐
𝑥→𝑐
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑀 ) 3.Product Rule: lim(𝑓 (𝑥) ∗ 𝑔 (𝑥)) = 𝐿 ∗ 𝑀
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥 →𝑐
4.Constant Multiple Rule: lim(𝑘 ∗ 𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑘 ∗ 𝐿
𝑥→𝑐
𝑓 (𝑥) 𝐿
5.Quotient Rule: lim 𝑔(𝑥)
=𝑀, 𝑀≠ 0
𝑥→𝑐
𝑟/𝑠
6.Power Rule: lim(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝐿𝑟/𝑠
𝑥→𝑐
Polynomial and Rational Functions 1.If f(x) is any polynomial function and c is any
real number, then
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑐 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑐 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎0
𝑥→𝑐

2. If f(x) and g(x) are polynomials and c is any real

number, then
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 (𝑐)
lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑐) , provided that g(c)≠0
𝑥→𝑐
One-sided and Two-sided Limits A function f(x) has a limit as x approaches c if and
only if the right-hand and left-hand limits at c exist
and are equal.
One-sided and Two-sided Limits A function f(x) has a limit as x approaches c if and
only if the right-hand and left-hand limits at c exist
and are equal. In symbols,
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 ⇔ lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
The Sandwich Theorem If g(x)≤ f(x)≤ h(x) for all x≠ c in some interval
about c, and lim 𝑔 (𝑥) = lim ℎ(𝑥) =
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
𝐿, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑐
Two special trigonometric limits 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ − 1
lim = 1 ; lim =0
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ
Horizontal Asymptote The line y = b is a horizontal asymptote of the graph
of a function y = f(x) if either
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑜𝑟 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→−∞
Vertical Asymptote The line x = a is a vertical asymptote of the graph
of a function y = f (x) if either
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = ±∞ 𝑜𝑟 lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = ±∞
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 →𝑎
End Behavior Model The function g is
(a) a right end behavior model for f if and only if
𝑓(𝑥)
lim =1
𝑥→∞ 𝑔 (𝑥)
(b) a left end behavior model for f if and only if
𝑓 (𝑥)
lim =1
𝑥→−∞ 𝑔 (𝑥)

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Calculus 12 Page 1 of 8 Teacher: Ms. Merden
 Shenyang No. 2 High School (Sino-Canadian Program)
Ernest Wang 12B Term Paper No.3 June 6, 2020
Differential and Integral Calculus Formulas
_____________________________________________________________________
Chapter1: Rules and Formulas on Continuity

Continuity at a Point Interior Point: A function y =f(x) is continuous at

an interior point c of its domain if
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)
𝑥 →𝑐
Endpoint: A function y = f (x) is continuous at a
left endpoint a or is continuous at a right endpoint
b of its domain if
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑜𝑟 lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑏)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑏

If a function f is not continuous at a point c, we say

Properties of Continuous Functions
Composite of Continuous Functions
The Intermediate Value Theorem for Continuous
Functions
Slope of a Curve at a Point
Normal to a Curve
that f is discontinuous at c and c is a point of
discontinuity of f.
If the functions f and g are continuous at x =c, then
the following combinations are continuous at x =c
1. 𝑆𝑢𝑚𝑠: 𝑓 + 𝑔
2. Differences: 𝑓 − 𝑔
3. Products: 𝑓 ∗ 𝑔
4. Constant multiples ：k ∗ f, for any number k
𝑓
5. Quotients: 𝑔 , 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑔(𝑐) ≠ 0
If f is continuous at c and g is continuous at f (c),
then the composite g o f is continuous at c.
A function y = f (x) that is continuous on a closed
interval [a, b] takes on every value between f(a) and
f(b). In other words, if y0 is between f (a) and f (b),
then y0 =f (c) for some c in [a, b].
The slope of the curve y = f (x) at the point P(a, f
(a)) is the number
𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑚 = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
The normal line to a curve at a point is the line
perpendicular to the tangent at that point.

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Calculus 12 Page 2 of 8 Teacher: Ms. Merden
 Shenyang No. 2 High School (Sino-Canadian Program)
Ernest Wang 12B Term Paper No.3 June 6, 2020
Differential and Integral Calculus Formulas
_____________________________________________________________________
Chapter 2: Rules and Formulas on Derivatives

Derivative The derivative of the function f with respect to the

variable x is the function f ‘ whose value at x is
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓′ (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
Derivative at a Point The derivative of the function f at the point x = a is
the limit
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓′ (𝑎) = lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
One-Sided Derivatives A function y=f(x) is differentiable on a closed
interval [a, b] if it has a derivative at every interior
point of the interval, and if the limits
𝑓 (𝑎+ℎ) −𝑓(𝑎)
Right-hand derivatives at a: lim+ ℎ
ℎ→0
𝑓(𝑏+ℎ)−𝑓 (𝑏)
Left-hand derivatives at b: lim−
ℎ→0 ℎ
Differentiability Implies Continuity If f has a derivative at x =a, then f is continuous at
x =a.
Intermediate Value Theorem for Derivatives If a and b are any two points in an interval on
which f is differentiable, then f ‘takes
on every value between f’(a)and f ‘(b).
Derivative of a Constant Function If f is the function with the constant value c, then
𝑑𝑓 𝑑
= (𝑐) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Power Rule for Positive Integer Powers of x If n is a positive integer, then
𝑑 𝑛
(𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
The Constant Multiple Rule If u is a differentiable function of x and c is a
constant, then
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(𝑐𝑢) = 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The Sum and Difference Rule If u and v are differentiable functions of x, then
their sum and difference are differentiable at
every point where u and v are differentiable. At
such points,
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
(𝑢 ± 𝑣 ) = ±
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The Product Rule The product of two differentiable functions u and
v is differentiable, and
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
(𝑢𝑣 ) = 𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The Quotient Rule At a point where v ≠0, the quotient y = u/v of two
differentiable functions is differentiable, and
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
( )=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2
Power Rule for Negative Integer Powers of x If n is a negative integer and x ≠ 0, then

𝑑 𝑛
(𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
________________________________________________________________________________________
Calculus 12 Page 3 of 8 Teacher: Ms. Merden
 Shenyang No. 2 High School (Sino-Canadian Program)
Ernest Wang 12B Term Paper No.3 June 6, 2020
Differential and Integral Calculus Formulas
_____________________________________________________________________
Instantaneous Rate of Change The (instantaneous) rate of change of f with
respect to x at a is the derivative
𝑓(𝑥 − ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓′ (𝑎) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
Speed Speed is the absolute value of velocity.
𝑑𝑠
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = |𝑣(𝑡 )| = | |
𝑑𝑡
Acceleration Acceleration is the derivative of velocity with
respect to time. If a body’s velocity
at time t is v(t)=ds/dt, then the body’s
acceleration at time t is
𝑑𝑣 𝑑 2 𝑠
𝑎(𝑡 ) = =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions 1. 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
3. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
4. 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
5. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
6. 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
Jerk Jerk is the derivative of acceleration. If a body’s
position at time t is s(t), the body’s
jerk at time t is
𝑑𝑎 𝑑 3 𝑠
𝑗 (𝑡 ) = =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 3
The Chain Rule If f is differentiable at the point u =g(x), and g is
differentiable at x, then the
composite function (f o g)’(x)=f ‘ (g(x)) is
differentiable at x, and
(𝑓 𝑜 𝑔 )′ (𝑥) = 𝑓′ (𝑔 (𝑥)) ∗ 𝑔′(𝑥)
Finding dy/dx Parametrically If all three derivatives exist and dx/dt ≠0,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡
Power Chain Rule: 𝑑 𝑛 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = 𝑛𝑢 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Power Rule for Rational Powers of x If n is any rational number, then
𝑑 𝑛
𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
If n < 1, then the derivative does not exist at x =0.
Derivatives of Inverse Functions If f is differentiable at every point of an interval I
and df/dx is never zero on I, then
f has an inverse and 𝑓 −1 is differentiable at every
point of the interval f (I).

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Calculus 12 Page 4 of 8 Teacher: Ms. Merden
 Shenyang No. 2 High School (Sino-Canadian Program)
Ernest Wang 12B Term Paper No.3 June 6, 2020
Differential and Integral Calculus Formulas
_____________________________________________________________________
Inverse Function–Inverse Cofunction Identities 𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 𝑥
2
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥
2
𝜋
𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 = − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥
−1
2
Calculator Conversion Identities 1
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
−1
𝑥
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥
−1
2
1
𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 ( )
−1
𝑥
Derivative of 𝑎𝑥 For a ≠0 and a ≠1
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑𝑢
(𝑎 ) = 𝑎𝑥 𝐼𝑛 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Derivative of ln x 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
𝐼𝑛 𝑢 = ∗
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Derivative of 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 > 0,𝑎𝑛𝑑 a≠ 1
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑢 = ∗
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝐼𝑛 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
Power Rule for Arbitrary Real Powers If u is a positive differentiable function of x and n
is any real number, then 𝑢 𝑛 is a differentiable
function of x, and
𝑑 𝑛 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = 𝑛𝑢 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Chapter3: Rules and Formulas on applications of derivatives

Absolute Extreme Values Let f be a function with domain D. Then f(c) is the
(a) absolute maximum value on D if and only if
𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 𝑓(𝑐)for all x in D
(b) absolute minimum value on D if and only
if𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 𝑓(𝑐)for all x in D
The Extreme Value Theorem If f is continuous on a closed interval [a,b], then f
has both a maximum value and a minimum value
on the interval
Local Extreme Values Let c be an interior point of the domain of the
function f. Then f (c) is a
(a) local maximum value at c if and only if𝑓(𝑥) ≤
𝑓(𝑐)for all x in some open interval containing c
(b) ) local minimum value at c if and only if 𝑓(𝑥) ≥
𝑓(𝑐)for all x in some open interval containing c
Local Extreme Values If a function f has a local maximum value or a local
minimum value at an interior point c of its domain,
and if f’ exists at c, then
𝑓′ (𝑐) = 0
Critical Point A point in the interior of the domain of a function f
at which 𝑓′ = 0,𝑜𝑟 𝑓′ does not
exist is a critical point of f

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Calculus 12 Page 5 of 8 Teacher: Ms. Merden
 Shenyang No. 2 High School (Sino-Canadian Program)
Ernest Wang 12B Term Paper No.3
Differential and Integral Calculus Formulas
_____________________________________________________________________
Mean Value Theorem for Derivatives
Increasing Function, Decreasing Function
Increasing and Decreasing Functions
Functions with 𝑓′ = 0 are Constant
Functions with the Same Derivative Differ by a
Constant
Antiderivative
First Derivative Test for Local Extrema
Concavity
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Calculus 12 Page 6 of 8
June 6, 2020
If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at every point of the
closed interval [a, b] and differentiable at every
point of its interior (a, b), then there is at least one
point c in (a, b) at which
𝑓(𝑏 ) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓′ (𝑐) =
𝑏 −𝑎
Let f be a function defined on an interval I and let
x1 and x2 be any two points in I.
1. 𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝐼, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥1) < 𝑓(𝑥2),𝑥1 < 𝑥2
2. 𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝐼, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥1) > 𝑓(𝑥2), 𝑥1 < 𝑥2
Let f be continuous on [a, b]and differentiable on
(𝑎, 𝑏 )
1. If 𝑓′ > 0 at each point of (a, b), then f increases
on [a, b].
2. If 𝑓" < 0 at each point of (a, b), then f
decreases on [a, b].
′
If 𝑓 (𝑥) = 0 at each point of an interval I, then
there is a constant C for which f(x)=C for all x in I
If 𝑓′ (𝑥) = 𝑔′(𝑥) at each point of an interval I, then
there is a constant C such that𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔 (𝑥) + 𝐶 for
all x in I
A function F(x) is an antiderivative of a function
f(x) if 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) for all x in the domain of f. The
process of finding an antiderivative is
antidifferentiation.
The following test applies to a continuous function
f(x)
At a critical point c:
1. If 𝑓′ changes sign from positive to negative at
c(𝑓′ > 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓′ < 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 𝑐),
then f has a local maximum at c.
2. If 𝑓′ changes sign from negative to positive at
c(𝑓′ < 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < 𝑐, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓′ > 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 𝑐),
then f has a local minimum at c.
3. If 𝑓′ does not change sign at c (𝑓′ has the same
sign on both sides of c), then f has no extreme
value at c.
At a left endpoint a:
If 𝑓′ < 0(𝑓′ > 0) for x >a, then f has a local
maximum(minimum) value at a
At a right endpoint a:
If 𝑓′ < 0(𝑓′ > 0) for x <b, then f has a local
minimum(maximum) value at b.
The graph of a differentiable function y= f(x) is
(a) Concave up on an open interval I if 𝑦′ is
increasing on I
(b) Concave down on an open interval I if 𝑦 ′ is
decreasing on I.
Teacher: Ms. Merden
 Shenyang No. 2 High School (Sino-Canadian Program)
Ernest Wang 12B Term Paper No.3 June 6, 2020
Differential and Integral Calculus Formulas
_____________________________________________________________________
Concavity Test The graph of a twice-differentiable function y =
f(x)is
(a) Concave up on any interval where 𝑦 ′′ > 0.
(b) Concave down on any interval where𝑦 ′′ < 0
Point of Inflection A point where the graph of a function has a
tangent line and where the concavity changes is a
point of inflection.
Second Derivative Test for Local Extrema 1. If 𝑓′ (𝑐) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓′′ (𝑐) < 0, then f has a local
maximum at x=c.
2. If 𝑓′ (𝑐) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓′′ (𝑐) > 0, then f has a local
maximum at x=c.
Maximum Profit Maximum profit (if any) occurs at a production
level at which marginal revenue equals marginal
cost.
Minimizing Average Cost The production level (if any) at which average cost
is smallest is a level at which the average cost
equals the marginal cost.
Linearization If f is differentiable at x =a, then the equation of
the tangent line,
𝐿(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓′ (𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎),
defines the linearization of 𝑓at a. The
approximation 𝑓(𝑥) ≈ 𝐿(𝑥) is the standard linear
approximation of fat a. The point x =a is the center
of the approximation
Differentials Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) be a differentiable function. The
differential dx is an independent variable. The
differential dy is
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Differential Estimate of Change Let 𝑓(𝑥) be differentiable at x =a. The
approximate change in the value of f when x
changes from a to a+dx is
𝑑𝑓 = 𝑓′ (𝑎)𝑑𝑥

Chapter 4: Rules and Formulas on The Definite Integral

Riemann Sums
The Definite Integral as a Limit of Riemann Sums
𝑛
∑ 𝑎𝑘 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛
𝑘=1
Let f be a function defined on a closed interval [a,
b]. For any partition P of [a, b], let the numbers
𝑐𝑘 be chosen arbitrarily in the
subintervals[𝑥 𝑘−1 ,𝑥 𝑘. If there exists a number I
such that
𝑛

lim ∑ 𝑓(𝑐𝑘 )∆𝑥 𝑘 = 𝐼

‖9 ‖→0
𝑘=1
no matter how P and the𝑐𝑘 ’s are chosen, then f is
integrable on [a, b] and I is the definite integral of f
over [a, b].

________________________________________________________________________________________
Calculus 12 Page 7 of 8 Teacher: Ms. Merden
 Shenyang No. 2 High School (Sino-Canadian Program)
Ernest Wang 12B Term Paper No.3 June 6, 2020
Differential and Integral Calculus Formulas
_____________________________________________________________________
The Existence of Definite Integrals All continuous functions are integrable. That is, if a
function f is continuous on an interval [a, b], then
its definite integral over [a, b] exists.
The Definite Integral of a Continuous Function on Let f be continuous on [a, b], and let [a, b] be
[a, b] partitioned into n subintervals of equal length
∆𝑥 = (𝑏 − 𝑎)/𝑛. Then the definite integral of f
over [a, b]is given by
𝑛

lim ∑ 𝑓(𝑐𝑘 )∆𝑥

𝑛→∞
𝑘=1
where each 𝑐𝑘 is chosen arbitrarily in the 𝑘 𝑡ℎ
subinterval.
Area Under a Curve (as a Definite Integral) If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is nonnegative and integrable over a
closed interval [a, b], then the area under the
curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) from a to b is the integral of f from
a to b,
𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑏
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 0
𝑎
A= (area above the x-axis)-(area below the x-axis)
The Integral of a Constant If f(𝑥) = 𝑐where c is a constant, on the interval [a,
b], then
𝑏 𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐(𝑏 − 𝑎)
𝑎 𝑎
Average (Mean) Value If f is integrable on [a, b], its average (mean) value
on [a, b] is
𝑏
1
𝑎𝑣(𝑓) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 −𝑎 𝑎
The Mean Value Theorem for Definite Integrals If f is continuous on [a, b], then at some point c in
[a, b],
𝑏
1
𝑓(𝑐) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 −𝑎 𝑎
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 1 If f is continuous on [a, b], then the function
𝑥
𝐹 (𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡 )𝑑𝑡
𝑎
has a derivative at every point x in [a, b], and
𝑑𝐹 𝑑 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑓(𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 2 If f is continuous at every point of [a, b], and if F is
any antiderivative of 𝑓on [a, b], then
𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑎) − 𝐹(𝑏)
𝑎
This part of the Fundamental Theorem is also
called the Integral Evaluation Theorem.

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Calculus 12 Page 8 of 8 Teacher: Ms. Merden