RESPIRATORY

SISTEM
 RESPIRATION

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION INTERNAL RESPIRATION

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION (LUNGS)

 Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs

INTERNAL RESPIRATION (CELL)

 The process of using oxygen in oxidizing food to produce ATP (energy)
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
INTERNAL RESPIRATION
Respiratory Organ:
1. Nasal cavity
2. Oral cavity
3. Pharynx
4. Larynx
5. Trachea
6. Bronchus
7. Bronchiolus
8. Alveolus
1. NASAL CAVITY

Nose hair  filter the air

Mucus  humidity the air

- Blood vessels  warm the air

- Sinus cavity  adjust balance
2. PHARYNX
Epiglotic valve
- Open : breathe
- Close : swallow
3. LARYNX
- There is vocal cord
- Like a tube, as a pathway for air to the lungs
4. TRACHEA

- Composed of hyaline cartilage

- Ciliated epithelium (protects or filters
foreign matter that escapes nasal hair)
5. BRONCHUS 6. BRONCHIOLUS (Bronchial branches)
7. ALVEOLUS  Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Thin walls
- Pleural membranes (visceral
pleura and parietal pleura)
- Lots of capillers
 Transportation of oxygen and carbondioxide
a. Oxygen transport b. Carbon transport
1) H2CO3 (5-10%)
- By : Hb (Haemoglobin)
2) HbCO2/ Carbominohemoglobin (±25%)
HB4 + 4O2  4HBO2 (Oxyhemoglobin)
3) Through chloride exchange  HCO𝟑− (60-70%)
 TYPE OF BREATHING
Inspiration/Inhalation Expiration/Ekshalation
(air intake) (air expulsion)

CHEST BREATHING ABDOMINAL (STOMACH) BREATHING

- Musculus intercostalis externa - Diaphragm (septum between chest cavity and abdominal
cavity)
Inspiration Ekspiration
Inspiration Ekspiration
1. The musculus 1. The musculus
intercostalis externa intercostalis externa 1. The diaphragm contracts 1. Diaphragm relax
contract relax

2. The diaphragm becomes 2. The diaphragm becomes

2. The chest cavity 2. The chest cavity flat concave
enlarges decreases
3. Low pressure in the 3. High pressure in the 3. Low pressure in the lungs 3. High pressure in the lungs
lungs lungs
4. Air intake 4. Air Expulsion

4. Air intake 4. Air Expulsion

CHEST BREATHING & ABDOMINAL BREATHING
 Air Capacity
f. Total Capacity
a. Tidal air
- Vital capacity + residual
- Normal breathing air
- Volume = ±4500 ml
- Volume = ±500 ml

b. Inspiratory Reserve Capacity (Complementary air)

- Maximum inspired air after normal brething
- Volume = ±1500 ml
c. Expiratory Reserve Capacity(Supplementary Air)
- Maximum exhaled air after normal breathing
- Volume = ±1500 ml
d. Residual Air
- Air stored in the lungs
- Volume = ±1000 ml
e. Vital Capacity
- Tidal air + complementery air + supplementary air
- Volume = ±3500 ml
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF RESPIRATION

1) Gender (respiratory rate, Male<Female)

2) Age (Old < Young)  physiological factors
3) Weight (Slim < Fat)
4) Activity (Low activity < High activity)
5) Body position (Standing > Lying)
7) Temperature (High temperature > Low temperature)
 DISORDERS IN THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1) Influenza  caused by influenza virus (symptoms : fever, sore throat)
2) Asthma  narrowing of the airways (characterized by wheezing, coughing and shortness of breath)
3) Emphysema  lungs lose elasticity
4) Asphyxiation  oxygen transport is impaired
5) Acidosis  carbon dioxide transport is impaired (characterized by decreased blood pH)
6) Inflamation  bronchitis, TBC (caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis), pneumonia (caused by
Diplococcus pnemunia), sinusitis, pleuritis
7) HB deficiency
8) Gas poisoning (CN and CO)