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Lecture 05 - Periodicity
Lecture 05 - Periodicity
Lecture 05 - Periodicity
Periodicity
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PeriodicTable
Periodic Table
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Earliest Periodic Table
http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/June06/Mendeleev.jpg
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Earliest Periodic Table
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Modern Periodic Table – Element Types
metal nonmetal
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Modern Periodic Table – Element Types
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Modern Periodic Table – Electron Configuration
A periodic table of
ground-state
electron configurations
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Modern periodic table – Rows and Columns
Period (row):
Period number
8 = number of energy levels (shells)
Periodicity
Derived from
Electron Determined by
Aufbau Principle
configuration
Coulomb’s Law
First Ionization
Typical ionic charge
Electro negativity
Larger orbitals.
Electrons held less tightly
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Effective Nuclear Charge, Zeff
Effective nuclear charge: “positive charge” felt by an (valence) electron
Zeff = Z – σ,
where 0 < σ < Z (σ = shielding constant)
Zeff 1 4 5 6
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Effective Nuclear Charge, Zeff
Na 11 10 1 186
Mg 12 10 2 160
Al 13 10 3 143
10 core electrons
Si 14 10 4 118
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Effective Nuclear Charge, Zeff
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Effective Nuclear Charge, Zeff
increasing Zeff
increasing Zeff
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Metallic and Covalent Radius
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Trends in Atomic Size
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Row 2
Row 3
Row 4
Row 5
Trends in Atomic Size
Row 6
Trends in Atomic Size
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Trends in Atomic Size
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Ionic Radii
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Ionic Radii
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Ionic vs. Atomic Radii (01)
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Summary on atomic size
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Ionic vs. Atomic Radii (02)
Ionic size increases down
a group.
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The ionization Energies
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Periodicity of first ionization energy (IE)
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General Trend in First Ionization Energies
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Electron Affinity (EA)
Electron affinity is the negative of the energy change that
occurs when an electron is accepted by an atom in the
gaseous state to form an anion.
X (g) + e- X-(g)
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Electron Affinity
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Electron Affinity
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Electron Affinity
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Metallic behavior
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Metallic behavior
Metals are located in the left and lower three-quarters of the periodic
table. They typically:
are shiny solids with moderate to high melting points,
are good thermal and electrical conductors,
can be drawn into wires and rolled into sheets and
tend to lose electrons to nonmetals
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Metallic behavior
Nonmetals are located in the upper right quarter of the table. Typically:
are not shiny,
have relatively low melting points,
are poor thermal and electrical conductors,
are mostly crumbly solids or gases, and
tend to gain electrons from metals
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Metallic behavior
Metalloids are located in the region between the other two classes and
have properties between them as well
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Trends in metallic behavior
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Electronegativity, χ
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Electronegativity, χ
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Periodic Trends: Electronegativity
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Group 1A Elements (ns1, n ≥ 2)
M M+1 + 1e-
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Group 2A Elements (ns2, n ≥ 2)
M M+2 + 2e-
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Group 7A Elements (ns2np5, n ≥ 2)
X + 1e- X-1
Increasing reactivity
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Group 8A Elements (ns2np6, n ≥ 2)
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Noble gases
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Properties of Oxides Across a Period
basic acidic
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Summary on major trends
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Modern periodic table – Element type (1)
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End of lecture 05
Thank you!
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