Essentials of Geology 13th Edition Lutgens Test Bank

Essentials of Geology 13th Edition
Lutgens Test Bank

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Essentials of Geology, 13e (Lutgens/Tarbuck/Tasa)
Chapter 10 Origin and Evolution of the Ocean Floor
1) In the 1870s, the ________ was involved in the first far-reaching, comprehensive study of
Earth's oceans.
A) H.M.S. Moonbeam
B) H.M.S. Bismarck
C) H.M.S. Challenger
D) H.M.S. Brit
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 10.1 An Emerging Picture of the Ocean Floor
Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding
2) Water depths and seafloor topography are now routinely determined by ________.
A) ship-mounted, optical-fiber satellite uplink systems
B) computerized, satellite-mounted, parallel transponder systems
C) ship-mounted echo sounders
D) satellite-linked, laser reflector systems
Answer: C
Diff: 1
3) An echo sounder operates by measuring the time required for a ________.

A) light beam to travel from a satellite at a known altitude to the sea bottom and back
B) radar beam to travel from a harbor patrol boat to a fuzz-buster on a speeding yacht
C) radar beam to travel from a ship to the seafloor and back
D) sound pulse to travel from a ship to the seafloor and back
Answer: D
Diff: 1
4) A(n) ________ measures the variation in sea-surface elevation, which mimics the shape of the
seafloor.
A) bathymeter
B) echo sounder
C) sonographer
D) satellite altimeter
Answer: D
Diff: 1
1
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
5) Knowing that sound waves travel 1500 meters per second in water, calculate the water depth
if the signal sent out by an echo sounder takes 4 seconds to strike bottom and return to the
recorder.
A) 6000 m
B) 12000 m
C) 3000 m
D) 750 m
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing
6) Geologically, ________ are actually submerged parts of the continents.

A) coastal guyots
B) continental shelves
C) continental trenches
D) abyssal plains
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 10.2 Continental Margins
7) The ________ lies at the base of the continental slope.

A) offshore shelf
B) off-slope reef
C) continental rift
D) continental rise
Answer: D
Diff: 1
8) Submarine canyons found on the continental slope and rise have been created ________.
A) by rivers during the ice age
B) by faulting
C) because of a plate plunging into the mantle
D) none of these
Answer: D
Diff: 1
2
9) The gently sloping submerged surface extending from the shoreline toward the ocean is
termed the ________.
A) continental shelf
B) continental slope
C) continental rise
D) submarine canyon
Answer: A
Diff: 1
10) ________ is the oceanward edge of a continental shelf.

A) The deepest portion of a deep-ocean trench
B) The top of the abyssal plain
C) The base of the continental rise
D) The top of the continental slope
Answer: D
Diff: 1
11) The continental rise is located ________.

A) at the top of a mid-ocean ridge
B) at the top of the continental slope
C) between an abyssal plain and continental slope
D) at the seaward edge of a deep ocean trench
Answer: C
Diff: 1
12) Which of the following provides the best example of an active continental margin?
A) the east coast of North America
B) the west coast of South America
C) the east coast of South America
D) the southern coast of Australia
Answer: B
Diff: 1
3
13) Deep-sea fans are found ________.
A) on the continental shelf
B) on the continental slope
C) on the continental rise
D) near the mid-ocean ridge
Answer: C
Diff: 1
14) Which best describes how an accretionary wedge forms?

A) as a result of sediment moving from the continental shelf out across the continental slope
during subduction
B) as a result of sediment washing down off the mid-ocean ridge
C) as a result of water flow down submarine canyons after large tectonic events
D) as a result of the accumulation of sediment and oceanic crust being scraped off a descending
oceanic plate during subduction
Answer: D
Diff: 1
15) Oceans cover approximately ________ of Earth's surface area?

A) 10%
B) 90%
C) 50%
D) 70%
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 10.3 Features of Deep-Ocean Basins
16) Which of the following places these coral reefs in order from youngest to oldest?
A) fringing reef, barrier reef, atoll
B) barrier reef, fringing reef, atoll
C) atoll, barrier reef, fringing reef
D) atoll, fringing reef, barrier reef
Answer: A
Diff: 2
4
17) Which of the following is NOT true of deep ocean trenches?
A) They are long and narrow depressions.
B) They are sites where plates plunge back into the mantle.
C) They are geologically very stable.
D) They may act as sediment traps.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
18) Seamounts ________.

A) are a special type of oceanic trench
B) are volcanoes that form on the ocean floor
C) form only in the Pacific Ocean basin
D) are submarine canyons found near Australia
Answer: B
Diff: 1
19) ________ proposed a hypothesis (that later became a theory) on the creation of atolls.
A) Isaac Newton
B) Charles Darwin
C) James Hutton
D) Charles Lyell
Answer: B
Diff: 1
20) A low lying, coral limestone island with a central lagoon is called a(n) ________.
A) guyot
B) atoll
C) plateau
D) fringing reef
Answer: B
Diff: 1
5
21) The relatively featureless topography of abyssal plains is due to ________.
A) the fact that they occur along passive margins
B) thick accumulations of sediment covering a rugged ocean floor
C) the fact that the deep ocean floor is flat and featureless
D) erosion from wave action
Answer: B
Diff: 1
22) A submerged, flat-toped seamount formed when a volcanic island sinks as it is carried away
from the elevated ocean ridge or hot spot over which it formed is called a(n) ________.
A) guyot
B) atoll
C) plateau
D) fringing reef
Answer: A
Diff: 1
23) ________ are NOT associated with a mid-ocean ridge.

A) Very thin ocean floor sediment layers
B) Submarine basaltic lava eruptions
C) Shallower depths than abyssal plains
D) Deep ocean trenches
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 10.4 Anatomy of the Oceanic Ridge
24) Deep, down-faulted structures along the axis of some segments of oceanic ridge are called
________.
A) fault valleys
B) ridge valleys
C) axial valleys
D) rift valleys
Answer: D
Diff: 1
6
25) Which of the following areas does NOT have a mid-ocean ridge?
A) the Atlantic Ocean
B) the Indian Ocean
C) the Pacific Ocean
Answer: C
Diff: 1
26) A slow-spreading ridge will generally have ________ compared to a faster spreading ridge.
A) more rugged topography
B) less rugged topography
C) no medial rift valley
D) There are no real differences in ridge features due to spreading rates.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 10.5 Oceanic Ridges & Seafloor Spreading
27) ________ is (are) not part of an ophiolite complex.

A) Basaltic lavas and pillow lavas
B) Residual, unmelted, crustal lithosphere
C) Intrusive, coarse-grained gabbro
D) Steeply inclined, basaltic dikes
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 10.6 The Nature of Oceanic Crust
28) "Black smokers" are associated with ________.

A) oceanic ridges
B) metal-rich sulfide deposits
C) hot water
D) Black smokers are associated with all of these.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
7
29) Sheeted dikes are found ________.
A) in the lowest layer of the oceanic crust
B) at the top of the layers of oceanic crust
C) above pillow lavas in a section of oceanic crust
D) in the middle, below pillow lavas, in a section of oceanic crust
Answer: D
Diff: 1
30) Which type of metamorphism alters the basaltic rocks of the seafloor?
A) contact
B) regional
C) hydrothermal
D) burial
Answer: C
Diff: 1
31) Which one of the following is NOT connected in any way with submarine, hot spring vents?
A) sediment rich in metallic sulfides
B) ecological communities living without photosynthesis
C) thick turbidites on the continental rise
D) black smokers on a mid-ocean ridge
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 10.7 Continental Rifting: The Birth of a New Ocean Basin
32) Where in the oceans are biological communities thriving without sunlight?
A) in shallow water, coral reefs
B) in muds of deep-ocean trenches
C) around seafloor, hot spring vents
D) around fissure vents for flood basalts
Answer: C
Diff: 1
8
33) The ________ is an example of the earliest stage in the formation of a new ocean basin.
A) Atlantic Ocean
B) East African Rift
C) Indian Ocean
D) Red Sea
Answer: B
Diff: 1
34) Young oceanic lithosphere typically experiences what type of subduction and at what angle?
A) Spontaneous Subduction; steep angle
B) Spontaneous Subduction; shallow angle
C) Forced Subduction: steep angle
D) Forced Subduction; shallow angle
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Chapter Subhead: 10.8 Destruction of Oceanic Lithosphere
35) The Mariana Trench provides an example of a location where ________ is occurring.
A) forced subduction
B) spontaneous subduction
C) continental rifting
D) failed rifting
Answer: B
Diff: 1
36) Which best explains the demise of the Farallon Plate?

A) It was subducting faster than it was being generated.
B) It was being covered with sediment fast enough to bury it.
C) It was subsiding into the deep ocean next to a mid-ocean ridge.
D) The spreading center that was generating it lost its heat source.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
9
37) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority
of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
A) continental slope
B) continental rise
C) active continental margin
D) continental shelf
Answer: C
Diff: 1
A) trench
B) submarine canyon
C) abyssal plain
D) seamount
Answer: B
Diff: 1
A) manganese nodules
B) pillow basalts
C) sheeted dikes
D) gabbro
Answer: A
Diff: 1
A) East African Rift
B) continental rift
C) rift valley
D) Rio Grande Rift
Answer: C
Diff: 1
10
A) Farallon
B) North America
C) Pacific
D) Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Critical thinking and discussion questions. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the
information presented in chapter 10 to answer the questions below.
42) Where are most of the current active continental margins located on Earth today? Why?
What is the relation of the age of rocks on the ocean floor to the location of these active margins?
Answer: Active continental margins are associated with trenches. They are formed along
convergent plate boundaries where an oceanic plate is being subducted under continental
lithosphere. Examples: Mariana Trench, Puerto Rico Trench. The relation between ocean floor
ages and the trench is not straightforward. It depends on the distance to the nearest divergent
boundary. For instance, the divergent boundary on the western edge of the small Juan de Fuca
plate is producing very young basalts that are then "quickly" subducted in the trench on its east
side, near the coasts of Washington and Oregon.
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating
43) Briefly discuss the formation and structure of oceanic crust. What rock compositions are
involved and how do these compositions change as a result of interaction with seawater?
Answer: Based on ophiolite complexes, the oceanic crust is made of four layers. Layer 1-
sediment; Layer 2-pillow basalts; Layer 3-sheeted dike complex; Layer 4-gabbro. Mafic magma
is primarily generated through decompression at the ocean ridges. The resulting rocks (pillow
basalts vs. basaltic dikes vs. gabbro) depend on how and where the magma solidifies
(temperature, pressure, intrusive, extrusive). The fractured lava allows seawater to penetrate to
depths of 2-3 km. As it circulates through the hot crust, it heats up and produces hydrothermal
metamorphism. Simultaneously the elements/minerals dissolve into the hot seawater. As the
buoyant hot seawater flows back through the ocean floor into the sea, the dissolved
elements/minerals will precipitate into smokers.
Diff: 3
11
44) List several areas on Earth where continental rifting is occurring today. Eventually, what will
happen to these areas as rifting continues? Finally, how is continental rifting similar to seafloor
spreading and how is it different?
Answer: Examples: East Africa Rift, Rio Grande Rift (southwest United States), Baikal Rift
(south-central Siberia), and Rhine Valley (northwest Europe). As rifting continues, the system
will evolve into a young ocean basin (e.g., Red Sea), then into a mature ocean with passive
continental margins (e.g., Atlantic Ocean), then one with active continental margins (e.g. Pacific
Ocean), and finally into a continental-continental convergence zone (e.g., Himalaya Mountain
region). Continental rifting is similar to seafloor spreading in that new magma is being produced
from decompression and some of it erupts on the surface. It is different in that it has
interconnected rift valleys that are underlain by continental lithosphere.
Diff: 3
45) On the figure below, label the continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise, and
abyssal plain by matching the following terms to the appropriate letters: abyssal plain,
continental slope, continental rise, continental shelf.
Answer:
A—Abyssal plain
B—Continental slope
C—Continental shelf
D—Continental rise
Diff: 2
12
46) Label the fringing coral reef, atoll, barrier reef, and lagoon on the figure below by matching
the following terms to the appropriate letters: barrier reef, atoll, fringing coral reef, lagoon
Answer:
A—fringing coral reef
B—barrier reef
C—lagoon
D—atoll
Diff: 2
13
47) Look at this illustration of the structure of the oceanic crust. Match the following terms to the
appropriate part of the figure: pillow lavas, mantle peridotite and related rocks, sheeted dike
complex, gabbro, deep-sea sediment
Answer:
A—deep-sea sediment
B—pillow lavas
C—sheeted dike complex
D—gabbro
E—mantle peridotite and related rocks
Diff: 2
14

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Essentials of Geology 13th Edition

Lutgens Test Bank

3) An echo sounder operates by measuring the time required for a ________.

6) Geologically, ________ are actually submerged parts of the continents.

7) The ________ lies at the base of the continental slope.

10) ________ is the oceanward edge of a continental shelf.

11) The continental rise is located ________.

14) Which best describes how an accretionary wedge forms?

15) Oceans cover approximately ________ of Earth's surface area?

18) Seamounts ________.

23) ________ are NOT associated with a mid-ocean ridge.

27) ________ is (are) not part of an ophiolite complex.

28) "Black smokers" are associated with ________.

36) Which best explains the demise of the Farallon Plate?

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