Physiology of Behavior 12th Edition Carlson Test Bank

Physiology of Behavior 12th Edition
Carlson Test Bank

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Chapter 8: Control of Movement
Total Assessment Guide (T.A.G.)
Topic Question Factual Conceptual Applied

Type
Skeletal Multiple 1-3,5-7,9,13-16, 4,8,10-12, 25

Muscle Choice 18,20-21,23,26 17,19,22,24
Fill-In 93,94,96-98 95
Essay 113,114
Control of Multiple 31 28-30,32,33 27

Movement Choice
by the Spinal
Cord Fill-In
Essay
Control of Multiple 35-38,41-43,45, 34,39,40,44, 50,51,61,63

Movement Choice 46,52-55,57,59, 47-49,56,58,
by the Brain 60,64-69,72-76 62,70,71
Fill-In 99-109
Essay 115-118 119
Complex Multiple 77,80-85 78,79

Motor Choice
Behavior
Fill-In 110
Essay 120
Deficits of Multiple 86,92 87-90 91

Skilled Choice
Movements:
The Fill-In 111-112
Apraxias
Essay 121
481
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Multiple-Choice Questions
8-1. Moving a limb to the body is _________, whereas moving a limb away from the body is
______________.
a. flexion; extension
b. extension; flexion
c. contraction; extension
d. flexion; contraction
e. reduction; contraction
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 233
Topic: Skeletal Muscle
Skill: Factual
LO 8.1 Describe the structures of a skeletal muscle.
Answer: a. flexion; extension
8-2. Which of the following is true of skeletal muscle?
a. Contraction of skeletal muscle can alter blood flow through the heart.
b. Skeletal muscle contraction produces movements of the body.
c. Skeletal muscles pump blood throughout the body.
d. Flexion of a skeletal muscle causes limbs to move outward from the body.
e. Extensors are skeletal muscles that cause limbs to draw in to the body.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 233
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. Skeletal muscle contraction produces movements of the body.
482
8-3. Our body movements are mediated by the contraction of _______ muscle.
a. intrafusal
b. skeletal
c. cardiac
d. smooth
e. non-striated
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 233
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. skeletal
8-4. Bodybuilders show off their muscles by
a. activating their autonomic nervous system.

b. willing the activation of their extensor muscles.
c. willing the activation of their flexor muscles.
d. simultaneously contracting their flexor and extensor muscles.
e. ingesting large amounts of sympathomimetic drugs.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 233
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: d. simultaneously contracting their flexor and extensor muscles.
8-5. Alpha motor neurons send information to
a. intrafusal muscle fibers.

b. extrafusal muscle fibers.
c. muscle spindles.
d. gamma motor neurons.
e. alpha motor neurons.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 233
Topic: Anatomy
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. extrafusal muscle fibers
483
8-6. The firing rate of the ________ determines the strength of contraction of a muscle.
a. intrafusal muscle fibers

b. Golgi tendon organs
c. afferent fibers
d. gamma motor neurons
e. alpha motor neurons
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 233
Topic: Anatomy
Skill: Factual
Answer: e. alpha motor neurons
8-7. Another name for the muscle spindles is

b. Golgi tendon organs.
c. afferent fibers.
d. gamma motor neurons.
e. alpha motor neurons.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 234
Topic: Anatomy
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. intrafusal muscle fibers.
8-8. The function of intrafusal muscle fibers is to
a. detect changes in the muscle fiber length.

b. stimulate the muscle to contract.
c. limit the degree of contraction of the muscle.
d. coordinate the contraction of extensor and flexor muscles.
e. detect how hard the muscle is pulling.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 234
Topic: Anatomy
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. detect changes in the muscle fiber length.
484
8-9. Flexion refers to
a. detection in the changes in the muscle fiber length.

b. movement of a limb away from the body.
c. inhibiting the degree of contraction of the muscle.
d. drawing in of a limb toward the body.
e. growth of muscle fibers with repeated use.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 233
Topic: Anatomy
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. drawing in of a limb toward the body.
8-10. The function of the gamma motor neuron is to
a. detect changes in the muscle fiber length.

b. stimulate the muscle to contract.
c. limit the degree of contraction of the muscle.
d. coordinate the contraction of extensor and flexor muscles.
e. control the sensitivity of the muscle spindle.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 234
Topic: Anatomy
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: e. control the sensitivity of the muscle spindle.
8-11. The number of muscle fibers served by a single axon varies considerably. In muscles that
move the fingers, the ratio is small, whereas in muscles that move the legs, the ratio is large. This
difference in ratio depends upon the ______________ needed to move the muscle.
a. precision
b. strength
c. flexibility
d. speed
e. agility
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 234
Topic: Anatomy
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. precision
485
8-12. A ________ consists of the extrafusal fibers innervated by a single alpha motor neuron.
a. myofibril tangle
b. motor unit
c. extrafusal junction
d. intrafusal contact
e. muscle spindle
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 234
Topic: Anatomy
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. motor unit
8-13. Motor unit size can vary in the body. In the finger, the motor unit size is most likely
a. less than 1 to 10.

b. 1 to 40.
c. 1 to 100.
d. 1 to 500.
e. more than 1 to 500
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 234
Topic: Anatomy
Skill: Factual
Answer: a: less than 1 to 10.
8-14. A motor unit size of one axon per 10 extrafusal fibers might be expected in the ________
muscles.
a. elbow
b. wrist
c. eye
d. leg
e. forearm
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 234
Topic: Anatomy
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. eye
486
8-15. The presence of dark stripes in skeletal muscles is due to
a. the presence of blood vessels within the muscle fibers.

b. thickened membranes at the neuromuscular junctions.
c. variations in myelin coating of the muscle fibers.
d. overlapping segments of actin and myosin filaments.
e. alternating motor units.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 235
Topic: Anatomy
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. overlapping segments of actin and myosin filaments.
8-16. The neurotransmitter of the neuromuscular junction is
a. dopamine.
b. GABA.
c. glutamate.
d. glycine.
e. acetylcholine.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 235
Topic: Physical Basis of Muscle Contraction
Skill: Factual
LO 8.2 List the steps involved in neurotransmission at the neuromuscular junction that result in a
muscle fiber twitch.
Answer: e. acetylcholine
8-17. The ________ is formed by the synapse of an efferent nerve terminal onto a muscle fiber.
a. myofibril tangle
b. motor unit
c. neuromuscular junction
d. intrafusal contact
e. muscle spindle
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 235
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: c. neuromuscular junction
487
8-18. Muscle contraction occurs when the myosin cross bridges row along the length of the
______ filaments.
a. myosin
b. actin
c. intrafusal
d. extrafusal
e. myofibril
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 235
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. actin
8-19. Myosin cross bridges attach to actin strands, bend, detach, and then attach lower. These
actions result in the __________ of the muscle fibers.
a. shortening
b. lengthening
c. activating
d. elongating
e. stretching
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 235
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. shortening
488
8-20. The event(s) that induce the contraction of a muscle fiber is/are the
a. entry of calcium ions into the cytoplasm of the muscle fiber.

b. entry of chloride ions into the cytoplasm of the muscle fiber.
c. release of acetylcholine onto the postsynaptic membrane.
d. separation of the actin and myosin filaments.
e. movement of potassium ions into the muscle fiber.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 235
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. entry of calcium ions into the cytoplasm of the muscle fiber.
8-21. Depolarization of the muscle fiber opens voltage-gated ______ channels, which trigger
contractions.
a. Ca++
b. Na+
c. K+
d. Cl-
e. Mg+
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 235
Skill: Factual
Answer a. Ca++
489
8-22. The physical effects of a muscle twitch last longer than the action potential that triggered
the contraction because
a. muscle fibers lack elasticity.

b. it takes time to extrude calcium ions out of the fiber.
c. the acetylcholine molecules are slowly cleared from the neuromuscular junction.
d. the twitches run back and forth along the muscle fiber.
e. muscle fibers are thicker than axons.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 235
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. it takes time to extrude calcium ions out of the fiber.
8-23. Muscle tension is sensed by ________, whereas muscle fiber length is sensed by ________.
a. extrafusal fibers; Golgi tendon organs

b. intrafusal fibers; extrafusal fibers
c. Golgi tendon organs; intrafusal fibers
d. motor neurons; intrafusal fibers
e. multiunit fibers; myofibrils
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 236
Topic: Sensory Feedback from Muscles
Skill: Factual
LO 8.3 Contrast the types of information detected by afferent axons of muscle spindles and
Golgi tendon organs.
Answer: c. Golgi tendon organs; intrafusal fibers
490
8-24. _____________________ contain receptors that code for stretch.
a. Extrafusal fibers and Golgi tendons

b. Golgi tendon organs
c. Intrafusal fibers and extrafusal fibers
d. Intrafusal fibers and Golgi tendons
e. Extrafusal fibers
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 236
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: d. Intrafusal fibers and Golgi tendons
8-25. The functional significance of the Golgi tendon organs is to
a. allow us to lift heavy loads.

b. reduce muscle relaxation.
c. maintain muscle tone.
d. simultaneously contract flexor and extensor muscles.
e. prevent the tearing of muscle fibers from a tendon.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 236-237
Skill: Applied
Answer: e. prevent the tearing of muscle fibers from a tendon.
491
8-26. Relaxation of your arm would be expected to lengthen the extrafusal fibers. This would in
turn lead to a(n) ________ firing rate of the ________.
a. increased; GTO fibers

b. increased; muscle spindles
c. decreased; GTO fibers
d. decreased; muscle spindles
e. decreased; alpha motor neurons
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 236
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. increased; muscle spindles
8-27. If asked to move your leg, this response takes longer to complete than if you move your leg
in response to what feels like a spider crawling on it. When you respond to the imaginary spider,
this response
a. is reflexive and does not need to be processed deeply to be performed.

b. is planned and requires deeper processing to be performed.
c. is unpredictable and requires deeper processing to be performed.
d. is reflexive and requires deeper processing to be performed.
e. is planned and does not need to be processed deeply to be performed.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 238
Topic: The Monosynaptic Stretch Reflex
Skill: Applied
LO 8.4 Explain the function of monosynaptic stretch reflexes.
Answer: a. is reflexive and does not need to be processed deeply to be performed.
492
8-28. An important function of the monosynaptic stretch reflex is to
a. coordinate the movements of the flexors on each limb.

b. smooth out muscle contractions.
c. provide feedback to the brain about motor activity.
d. alter the speed with which an arm moves while throwing a ball.
e. help maintain posture.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 238
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: e. help maintain posture.
8-29. The monosynaptic stretch reflex circuit consists of
a. muscle spindle – spinal cord – alpha motor neuron – extrafusal muscle fibers
b. spinal cord – muscle spindle – alpha motor neuron – extrafusal muscle fibers
c. extrafusal muscle fibers – alpha motor neuron – spinal cord – muscle spindle
d. muscle spindle – spinal cord – extrafusal muscle fibers – alpha motor neuron
e. spinal cord – alpha motor neuron – extrafusal muscle fibers – muscle spindle
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 238
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. muscle spindle – spinal cord – alpha motor neuron – extrafusal muscle fibers
8-30. An indirect way through which the brain modulates muscle tension is to
a. alter the firing rate in the gamma motor system.

b. induce presynaptic inhibition.
c. block the release of acetylcholine into the junction.
d. excite the Golgi tendon organs.
e. inhibit the monosynaptic stretch reflex.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 240
Topic: Gamma Motor System
Skill: Conceptual
LO 8.5 Explain the function of the gamma motor system and its role in regulating the length of
muscles.
Answer: a. alter the firing rate in the gamma motor system.
493
8-31. Reflex circuits
a. typically involve thousands of neurons.

b. typically involve one chain of neurons.
c. typically involve dozens of neurons.
d. always involve the brain.
e. involve one neuron.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 240
Topic: Gamma Motor System
Skill: Factual
muscles.
Answer: a. typically involve thousands of neurons.
8-32. Which of the following is an example of a polysynaptic reflex?
a. the patellar reflex

b. the withdrawal of a limb in response to pain
c. secretion of saliva
d. the monosynaptic stretch reflex
e. contraction of a muscle induced by application of electrical current to the muscle
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 240
Topic: Polysynaptic Reflexes
Skill: Conceptual
LO 8.6 Contrast the structures and function of polysynaptic reflexes with monosynaptic reflexes.
Answer: b. the withdrawal of a limb in response to pain
8-33. Less sensitive afferent axons from the Golgi tendon organ trigger a reaction that results in
glycine release and
a. the production of excitatory postsynaptic potentials.

b. the production of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.
c. an increase in the likelihood that the next cell will fire.
d. an increase in neurotransmitter release.
e. a depolarization.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 240
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. the production of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.
494
8-34. A(n) ________ is a spatial representation of the specific cortical areas that control specific
body movements.
a. motor homunculus
b. choreogram
c. somatogram
d. corticotopic map
e. audiogram
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 241
Topic: Cortical Structures
Skill: Conceptual
LO 8.7 Describe the pathways and functions of cortical regions involved in control of motor
behavior.
Answer: a. motor homunculus
8-35. The vertical patch of cortex located rostral to the central sulcus is known as the
a. primary visual cortex.

b. prefrontal cortex.
c. temporal association cortex.
d. primary motor cortex.
e. primary somatosensory cortex.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 241
Skill: Factual
behavior.
Answer: d. primary motor cortex.
495
8-36. Which neuroscientist stimulated human cortex to map the motor cortex?
a. Broca
b. Fluorens
c. Penfield
d. Helmholtz
e. Fritsch
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 241
Skill: Factual
behavior.
Answer: c. Penfield
8-37. The neurons of the primary motor cortex receive important inputs from the
a. pons.
b. amygdala.
c. tertiary somatosensory cortex.
d. basal ganglia.
e. medulla.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 242
Skill: Factual
behavior.
Answer: d. basal ganglia.
496
8-38. The disproportionate cortical representation in the primary motor cortex of the fingers and
mouth is due to the fact that
a. the hands and mouth take more innervation to move.

b. are less sensitive than other areas of the body.
c. are more sensitive than other areas of the body.
d. require greater precision of movement.
e. require less precision of movement.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 241
Skill: Factual
behavior.
Answer: d. require greater precision of movement.
8-39. Which of the following is true of the motor homunculus?
a. Damage to a part of the motor homunculus on one side of the brain would impair
motor function of the entire body on the same side as the damage.
b. The homunculus represents the specific body muscle groups that are controlled by
specific regions of the cortex.
c. The homunculus represents the specific body parts that send afferent signals to a
specific region of the cortex.
d. There is only one homunculus in the human brain.
e. The homunculus depicts sensory function.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 241-242
Skill: Conceptual
behavior.
Answer: b. The homunculus represents the specific body muscle groups that are controlled by
specific regions of the cortex.
497
8-40. The primary motor cortex receives information from
a. the supplementary motor area.

b. the premotor cortex.
c. the prefrontal cortex and the supplementary motor area.
d. the supplementary motor area and the premotor cortex.
e. prefrontal and premotor cortices.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 242
Skill: Conceptual
behavior.
Answer: d. the supplementary motor area and the premotor cortex.
8-41. The corticospinal tract, the corticobulbar tract, and the rubrospinal tract make up the
______________ of descending tracts from the primary motor cortex.
a. lateral group
b. ventromedial group
c. caudal group
d. posteromedial group
e. rostral group
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 243
Topic: Cortical Control of Movement: Descending Pathways
Skill: Factual
LO 8.8 Describe the components and functions of the descending pathways.
Answer: a. lateral group
8-42. The ________ functions in the control of movements of the upper legs and the trunk.
a. lateral corticospinal tract

b. ventral corticospinal tract
c. spinothalamic tract
d. rubrospinal tract
e. corticobulbar pathway
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 244
Topic: Cortical Control of Movement: The Descending Pathways
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. ventral corticospinal tract
498
8-43. The lateral corticospinal tract helps to control
a. the arms.
b. the arms and hands.
c. the feet.
d. the arms, hands, and fingers.
e. the arms, hands, fingers, and feet.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 244
Skill: Factual
Answer: e. the arms, hands, fingers, and feet.
8-44. The ________ controls the muscles of the limbs and fingers.

Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 244
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. lateral corticospinal tract
8-45. The ________ controls movements of the tongue, face, and some eye muscles.

e. corticobulbar tract
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 244
Skill: Factual
Answer: e. corticobulbar tract
499
8-46. The ________ controls movements of the upper legs and trunk.

Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 244
Skill: Factual
Answer: b: ventral corticospinal tract
8-47. A key function of the rubrospinal tract is to
a. interconnect the spinal cord with the substantia nigra.

b. modulate the activity of the ventromedial group.
c. control the movements of the eyes to a moving stimulus.
d. control the independent movements of the forearms and hands.
e. provide the motivation for movement.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 244
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: d. control the independent movements of the forearms and hands.
8-48. In the two groups of descending tracts in the motor system, neurons of the ________ control
the movements of the body trunk, whereas neurons of the ________ control movements of the
hands and fingers.
a. ventromedial group; lateral group

b. primary motor cortex; secondary motor cortex
c. lateral group; ventromedial group
d. premotor cortex; nigrostriatal bundle
e. secondary motor cortex; primary motor cortex
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 244-245
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. ventromedial group; lateral group
500
8-49. Damage involving the ________ tract would be expected to impair your ability to grasp and
manipulate objects with your fingers.
a. lateral corticospinal
b. vestibulospinal
c. tectospinal
d. reticulospinal
e. premotor-striatal
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 244
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. lateral corticospinal
8-50. Damage involving the ________ tract would be expected to impair walking as well as
automatic functions such as breathing and sneezing.
b. corticospinal
c. tectospinal
d. reticulospinal
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 245
Skill: Applied
Answer: d. reticulospinal
8-51. Damage involving the ________ tract would be expected to impair posture.
b. vestibulospinal
c. tectospinal
d. reticulospinal
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 245
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. vestibulospinal
501
8-52. Damage to the ________________ resulted in monkeys being unable to perform a once
familiar response, specifically pushing in a lever and then turning it to the left. This result
suggests that this brain area is involved in executing well-learned sequences of motor responses.
a. supplementary motor area

b. premotor cortex
c. frontorbital cortex
d. common integrative area
e. primary motor cortex
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 246-247
Topic: Planning and Initiating Movements: Role of the Motor Association Cortex
Skill: Factual
LO 8.9 Explain the functions of the motor association cortex (including the supplementary motor
area and the premotor cortex) in planning and initiating movement.
Answer: a. supplementary motor area
8-53. Imaging studies indicate strong activation of the pre-SMA region during
a. random hand movements.

b. performance of a learned sequence of button presses.
c. movement of the eyes.
d. planning of motor movements.
e. scanning a screen for visual cues.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 247
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. performance of a learned sequence of button presses.
502
8-54. Stimulation of the pre-SMA cortex induces
a. automatic movements.
b. a visual sensation.
c. the strong urge to make a movement.
d. mild motor seizures.
e. suppression of motor function.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 247
Skill: Factual
Answer: c: the strong urge to make a movement.
8-55. A key function of premotor cortex is to
a. allow an organism to learn to respond to an arbitary visual clue with a learned,

specific movement.
b. facilitate the performance of a series of movements.
c. evoke the desire to perform a movement.
d. allow an organism to learn to respond with a specific movement to a nonarbitrary
visual cue.
e. modulate the activity of the basal ganglia and limbic system.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 248
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. allow an organism to learn to respond to an arbitary visual clue with a learned,
specific movement.
503
8-56. Patterns of firing of neurons in the ________ precede by 10 seconds the decision to make a
motor response.
a. frontopolar cortex
b. premotor cortex
c. corpus callosum
d. cerebellum
e. secondary somatosensory cortex
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 248
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a: frontopolar cortex
8-57. The ____________ are responsible for the decision to move.
a. posterior parietal cortex and frontopolar cortex

b. pre-SMA and posterior parietal cortex
c. posterior SMA and posterior parietal cortex
d. pre-SMA and frontopolar cortex
e. frontopolar cortex and posterior SMA
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 247-248
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. posterior parietal cortex and frontopolar cortex
504
8-58. A key motor function of the reticular formation is to
a. directly excite spinal cord alpha motor neurons.

b. facilitate movements through inhibition of the internal division of the globus pallidus.
c. excite noradrenergic neurons within the substantia nigra.
d. control muscle tone through the gamma motor system.
e. control the activity of the cerebellum.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 249
Topic: Subcortical Structures: The Reticular Formation
Skill: Conceptual
LO 8.10 Describe the functions of subcortical regions involved in control of motor behavior.
Answer: d. control muscle tone through the gamma motor system.
8-59. Electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic region located ventral to the inferior colliculus
in the cat will
a. awaken a sleeping cat.

b. alter the sitting posture of a cat.
c. reinforce behaviors that produce this stimulation.
d. directly excite spinal cord motor neurons in the cat.
e. induce a cat to make pacing movements.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 250
Skill: Factual
Answer: e. induce a cat to make pacing movements.
8-60. The pontine and dentate nuclei are located in the
a. reticular formation.
b. pons.
c. cerebellum.
d. medulla.
e. cortex.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 250
Topic: Subcortical Structures: The Cerebellum
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. cerebellum.
505
8-61. A person with damage to the cerebellum would be expected to show
a. sympathetic apraxia.
b. difficulty in arising from a sitting position.
c. jerky, uncoordinated movements.
d. improvements in posture.
e. tremor at rest.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 250
Skill: Applied
Answer: c. jerky, uncoordinated movements.
8-62. Which of the following is true of the cerebellum?
a. The cerebellum consists of two hemispheres.

b. The cerebellum sends outputs to the spinal cord.
c. The cerebellum is involved in the control of eye movements.
d. The cerebellum contains fewer neurons than does the cerebral cortex.
e. The cerebellum contains about 500 billion neurons.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 250
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. The cerebellum consists of two hemispheres.
8-63. Damage to the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum would be expected to impair
a. muscle contractions.
b. postural reflexes.
c. composition of movements.
d. timing of ballistic movements.
e. planning of movements.
Difficulty: 3
Page Ref: 250
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. postural reflexes.
506
8-64. The cerebellar ________ receives somatosensory information and influences the
vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts.
a. dentate nucleus
b. pontine nucleus
c. vermis
d. flocculonodular node
e. intermediate and lateral zones
Difficulty: 3
Page Ref: 250
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. vermis
8-65. Mr. P. exhibited a problem in ________ due to _______.
a. starting a leg movement; frontal cortex damage

b. posture; prior cocaine usage
c. stopping an arm movement; cerebellar damage
d. eye-tracking; Parkinson’s disease
e. stopping an arm movement; frontal cortex damage
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 252-253
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. stopping an arm movement; cerebellar damage
8-66. The key nuclei of the basal ganglia include the
a. caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus.

b. substantia nigra.
c. putamen and ventral tegmental area.
d. globus pallidus and hippocampus.
e. hippocampus and amygdala.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 253
Topic: Subcortical Structures: The Basal Ganglia
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus.
507
8-67. The basal ganglia receive some level of input from
a. the primary motor cortex.

b. the temporal cortex.
c. the hippocampus.
d. the association cortex.
e. all regions of the cortex.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 253
Skill: Factual
Answer: e. all regions of the cortex.
8-68. The key outputs of the basal ganglia are to the
a. primary motor cortex.

b. temporal cortex.
c. orbitofrontal cortex.
d. association cortex.
e. parietal cortex.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 253
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. primary motor cortex.
8-69. Parkinson’s disease results from loss of ________-secreting neurons of the ________.
a. GABA; perifornical bundle

b. dopamine; nigrostriatal bundle
c. serotonin; corticospinal tract
d. acetylcholine; mesolimbic pathway
e. CCK; ventromedial group
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 255
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. dopamine; nigrostriatal bundle
508
8-70. The direct pathway between the basal ganglia and the motor cortex is ________ for motor
movement, whereas the overall effect of the indirect pathway is ________.
a. excitatory; inhibitory
b. inhibitory; excitatory
c. excitatory; excitatory
d. inhibitory; inhibitory
e. required; not required
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 245
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. excitatory; inhibitory
8-71. The net overall effect of the indirect pathway between the basal ganglia and the motor
cortex through ________ is ________ for motor movement.
a. GPi; excitatory
b. GPi; inhibitory
c. GPe; excitatory
d. the hypothalamus; excitatory
e. the substantia nigra; inhibitory
Difficulty: 3
Page Ref: 254
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. GPi; inhibitory
8-72. Parkinson’s disease is characterized by
a. impaired ability to follow a map.

b. sudden involuntary movements.
c. slowness of movement.
d. an inability to perform a sequence of movements.
e. a gene mutation on chromosome 4.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 255
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. slowness of movement.
509
8-73. Which of the following is a key characteristic of Parkinson’s disease?
a. ballistic movements of the limbs

b. difficulty in sitting in a chair
c. tremor during rapid motor movements
d. slowness of movement
e. excessive movement of the tongue and lips
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 255
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. slowness of movement
8-74. The hyperdirect pathway involves excitatory input from the ________ that rapidly inhibits
motor behavior.
a. amygdala
b. pre-SMA
c. parietal cortex
d. globus pallidus
e. primary motor cortex
Difficulty: 3
Page Ref: 254
Skill: Factual
Answer: b: pre-SMA
8-75. A primary symptom of Huntington’s disease is
a. akinesia.
b. dystonias.
c. tremor at rest.
d. difficulty initiating movement.
e. uncontrollable movements.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 255
Skill: Factual
Answer: e. uncontrollable movements.
510
8-76. Degeneration of neurons within the ________ results in loss of ________ function and
Huntington’s disease.
a. caudate and putamen; GABAergic

b. globus pallidus; dopaminergic
c. frontal cortex; cholinergic
d. pons; GABAergic
e. nigrostriatal bundle; dopamine
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 255
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. caudate and putamen; GABAergic
8-77. Mirror neurons are located in the ______________ premotor cortex.
a. ventral
b. dorsal
c. rostral
d. caudal
e. posterior
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 256
Topic: Initiating and Comprehending Movements: Role of the Mirror Neuron System
Skill: Factual
LO 8.11 Describe the location, components, and functions of the mirror neuron system.
Answer: a. ventral
511
8-78. Emma watches her mom putting on cosmetics. She picks up a tube of lip gloss as her mom
puts her own lipstick on. Emma imitates the movements, putting lip gloss on her own lips. It is
likely that Emma’s __________ are activated during this process.
a. imitative neurons
b. occipital neurons
c. fusiform face area neurons
d. decision neurons
e. mirror neurons
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 256
Skill: Applied
Answer: e. mirror neurons
8-79. The sound of a bag being ripped open is likely to trigger activation of the
a. mirror neurons.
b. audiovisual neurons.
c. occipital neurons.
d. imitative neurons.
e. fusiform face area neurons.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 256
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. audiovisual neurons
512
8-80. Our ability to mimic the motor actions of others depends on ________ neurons within area
________.
a. mirror; V2
b. decision; V1
c. mirror; V5
d. mirror; F5
e. decision; F5
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 256
Skill: Factual
Answer: d: mirror; F5
8-81. A key function of ventral premotor cortex is to
a. facilitate the performance of a series of movements.

b. allow primates to use visual cues to imitate the motor actions of others.
c. evoke the desire to perform a movement.
d. allow an organism to learn to respond with a specific movement to a nonarbitrary
visual cue.
e. dampen overactivity of the basal ganglia.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 256
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. allow primates to use visual cues to imitate the motor actions of others.
513
8-82. Reaching involves activation of the ________ cortex, which in turn interacts with the
________ cortex.
a. ventral visual; cingulate

b. parietal; primary visual
c. ventral visual; frontal
d. temporal; cingulate
e. parietal; frontal
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 257-258
Topic: Control of Reaching and Grasping
Skill: Factual
LO 8.12 Summarize the contributions of the parietal cortex in reaching and grasping behavior.
Answer: e. parietal; frontal
8-83. The anterior intraparietal sulcus is important for our ability to
a. reach for a small object.

b. grasp an object.
c. locate a familiar sound.
d. recognize an object.
e. judge the texture of an object.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 258
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. grasp an object.
8-84. When people are about to make a pointing or reaching movement to a particular location,
the _______________ becomes active, indicating location of the target.
a. parietal reach region

b. extrastriate body area
c. parahippocampal place area
d. anterior part of the intraparietal sulcus
e. posterior part of the intraparietal sulcus
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 257
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. parietal reach region
514
8-85. The __________________ is involved in controlling hand and finger movements involved
in grasping the target object.

e. posterior part of the intraparietal sulcus
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 258
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. anterior part of the intraparietal sulcus
8-86. ________ refers to an impairment of the ability to execute a learned movement.
a. Paralysis
b. Parkinsonism
c. Atonia
d. Akinesia
e. Apraxia
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 259
Topic: Deficits of Skilled Movements: The Apraxias
Skill: Factual
LO 8.13 Describe how brain lesions can produce limb apraxia; LO 8.14 Describe how brain
lesions can produce constructional apraxia.
Answer: e. Apraxia
515
8-87. Apraxia is characterized by
a. motor paralysis.
b. an impairment in learning a new motor skill.
c. muscle weakness.
d. the inability to properly carry out a learned, skilled movement.
e. an impairment in motor coordination.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 259
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: d. the inability to properly carry out a learned, skilled movement.
8-88. A key aspect of ________ apraxia is that a patient asked to imitate a movement is unable to
do so using either hand.
a. oral
b. limb
c. callosal
d. cortical
e. agraphic
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 259
Skill: Conceptual
LO 8.13 Describe how brain lesions can produce limb apraxia.
Answer: b. limb
516
8-89. The ________ is involved in the organization of how you will move your body in space in
response to a verbal command.
a. left hemisphere
b. ventral frontal cortex
c. right hemisphere
d. basal ganglia
e. cerebellum
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 259
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. left hemisphere
8-90. Damage to the right parietal lobe results in ___________ apraxia, whereas damage to the
left parietal lobe results in ____________ apraxia.
a. constructional; limb
b. limb; constructional
c. ideomotor; limb
d. ideomotor; constructional
e. constructional; ideomotor
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 259
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. constructional; limb
517
8-91. A person with constructional apraxia would be expected to have difficulty in
a. showing how to use an object such as a toothbrush.

b. making skilled movements with arms and hands.
c. building a puzzle from blocks.
d. describing in words how to use an object.
e. using his or her left limb to make a skilled movement.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 259
Skill: Applied
LO 8.14 Describe how brain lesions can produce constructional apraxia.
Answer: c. building a puzzle from blocks
8-92. The key deficit in constructional apraxia involves
a. reaching for objects.

b. grasping an object.
c. imitating the motor movements of others.
d. imagining geometric relations.
e. damage to the left frontal cortex.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 259
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. imagining geometric relations.
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
8-93. ________ muscles are also known as antigravity muscles.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 233
Skill: Factual
Answer: Extensor
518
8-94. The function of the ________ motor neuron is to control the sensitivity of the muscle
spindle.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 234
Topic: Anatomy
Skill: Factual
Answer: gamma
8-95. A ratio of ten muscle fibers to a single myelinated axon means that the motor unit requires
more ____________.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 234
Topic: Anatomy
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: precision
8-96. Another name for ________ muscle is striated muscle.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 235
Topic: Anatomy
Skill: Factual
Answer: skeletal
8-97. An alpha motor neuron, its axon, and associated extrafusal fibers comprise the motor
________.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 234
Topic: Anatomy
Skill: Factual
Answer: unit
519
8-98. ________ muscle fibers sense muscle length but not muscle tension.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 236
Skill: Factual
Answer: Intrafusal
8-99. The ________ tract controls the distal part of the limbs.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 244
Skill: Factual
Answer: corticospinal
8-100. The ________ tract controls movements of the tongue, face, and some eye muscles.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 244
Skill: Factual
Answer: corticobulbar
8-101. Damage to the ________ area impairs the execution of well-learned motor movements.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 245
Skill: Factual
Answer: supplemental motor
520
8-102. The ________ cortex is involved in the decision to make a movement.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 248
Skill: Factual
Answer: frontopolar
8-103. The ________ controls of the activity of the gamma motor system and thus regulates
muscle tone.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 249
Skill: Factual
Answer: reticular formation
8-104. Electrical stimulation of the ________ can induce pacing movements in a cat.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 250
Skill: Factual
Answer: reticular formation
8-105. Damage to the intermediate zone of the cerebellum results in ________.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 250
Skill: Factual
Answer: rigidity
521
8-106. Lesions of the lateral zone of the cerebellar cortex impair the timing of rapid
_____________ movements.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 251
Skill: Factual
Answer: ballistic
8-107. Parkinson’s disease results from loss of dopamine-secreting neurons of the ________
bundle.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 255
Skill: Factual
Answer: nigrostriatal
8-108. Muscle rigidity, slowness of movement, resting tremor, and postural instability are
symptoms of ________ disease.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 255
Skill: Factual
Answer: Parkinson’s
8-109. ________ disease is due to degeneration of neurons within the caudate and putamen that
result in loss of GABAergic and cholinergic function.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 255
Skill: Factual
Answer: Huntington’s
522
8-110. ________ neurons assist us in mimicking the motor actions of others.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 256
Topic: Imitating and Comprehending Movements: Role of the Mirror Neuron System
Skill: Factual
Answer: Mirror
8-111. Limb apraxia, caused by damage to the ________________, causes problems with
movements of the arms, fingers, and hands.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 259
Topic: Deficit of Skilled Movements: The Apraxias
Skill: Factual
Answer: left parietal hemisphere
8-112. ________ apraxia involves a difficulty in perceiving geometric relationships.
Difficulty: 3
Page Ref: 259
Topic: Deficit of Skilled Movements: The Apraxias
Skill: Factual
Answer: Constructional
Essay Questions
8-113. Describe and give an example of (a) flexion and (b) extension of a limb produced by
muscles.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 233
Skill: Factual
Answer: Contraction of a flexor muscle produces flexion, which draws in a limb toward the
body. Contraction of an extensor muscle moves a limb out from the body (antigravity action). A
four-legged animal lifts its paw by contracting the flexors and places the paw back down by
contracting the extensors.
523
8-114. Diagram the elements that comprise skeletal muscle. Indicate the location and function of
(a) extrafusal muscle fibers, (b) alpha motor neurons, (c) the muscle spindle, (d) intrafusal
muscle fibers, and (e) the gamma motor neuron.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 233-234
Topic: Anatomy
Skill: Factual
Answer: This diagram is based on that of Figure 8.2 (page 234). The extrafusal fibers should be
labeled as being in parallel with the intrafusals and showing that their contraction performs the
work of the muscle. The gamma motor neurons should be shown as innervating the intrafusal
fibers; their firing contracts the intrafusal fiber and takes up the slack of that fiber. GTOs are in
series with the extrafusal fibers—their activation inhibits the alpha motor neuron, thus
preventing overcontraction of the muscle on a joint.
8-115. Explain what is meant by the term “motor homunculus.”
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 241
Skill: Factual
behavior.
Answer: The primary motor cortex lies just before the central sulcus on each hemisphere. The
motor cortex is organized in a topical fashion such that activation of certain patches of cortex
results in movements of particular parts of the body. The homunculus is a cartoon representation
of the topical organization of the motor cortex. In effect, it resembles an upside down person
with the legs over the top of the cortex and the face at the bottom of the motor strip.
524
8-116. Name and describe the three motor tracts that comprise the lateral group of descending
fibers and explain their relative functions in motor control.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 243-245
Skill: Factual
Answer: Motor neurons arising from the primary motor cortex project to the spinal cord motor
neurons that control voluntary movement. The lateral group of fibers includes the corticospinal
tract, which starts (mostly) in the primary motor cortex and decussates in the caudal medulla en
route to the spinal cord. These fibers control the distal parts of the limbs (hands, fingers, and
toes). The corticobulbar tract projects from the medulla to the motor nuclei of the 5, 7, 9-12
cranial nerves and is involved in control of the muscles of the neck, face, tongue, and a portion
of the extraocular muscles. The rubrospinal tract projects from the midbrain red nucleus to the
spinal cord; this tract controls movements of the forearms and hands that are independent of
trunk movements.
8-117. Contrast the functions of the supplemental motor area with that of the premotor area.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 246-249
Skill: Factual
Answer: The supplemental motor area (SMA) and the premotor area lie just anterior to the
primary motor cortex. These two regions exert influence on the primary motor cortex to
modulate its control of motor function. In general, the SMA plays a role in planning of
behavioral sequences, such as pressing a series of buttons. Inactivation of the SMA did not alter
reaching, but did disrupt the ability to make a series of already learned responses. In contrast, the
premotor cortex is important for using arbitrary stimuli to guide motor reactions.
8-118. Describe how the reticular formation regulates muscle tonus.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 249
Skill: Factual
Answer: The reticular formation controls the activity of the gamma motor system, which in turn
controls the activity of the intrafusal muscle fibers; activation of these fibers will cause the
extrafusal fibers to show more overall contractions. The reticular formation can thus indirectly
increase or decrease overall muscle tone.
525
8-119. Contrast the symptoms and etiology of Huntington’s disease with that of Parkinson’s
disease.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 255
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: Huntington’s disease (HD) is caused by degeneration of the caudate nucleus and the
putamen (and loss of GABA function). The disease is marked by uncontrollable jerky
movements of the arms and legs. Parkinson’s disease is associated with neurodegeneration of the
nigrostriatal dopamine system and involves tremor at rest, muscle rigidity, slowness of
movement, and postural instability.
8-120. Contrast the control of reaching and grasping.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 257
Topic: Control of Reaching and Grasping: Role of the Parietal Cortex
Skill: Factual
Answer: For reaching behavior, the parietal reach region located in the medial posterior parietal
cortex is active when individuals are about to make a pointing or reaching movement. In
contrast, the anterior part of the intraparietal sulcus is involved in controlling hand and finger
movements necessary to grasp an object.
8-121. Contrast limb and constructional apraxia.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 259
Skill: Factual
Answer: Limb apraxia refers to difficulties movement the arms, fingers, and hands. This deficit
is caused by damage to the left parietal hemisphere. Damage to the right parietal hemisphere, on
the other hand, causes constructional apraxia wherein patients have difficulty constructing or
drawing objects.
526
REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS
EOM Quiz Question 8.1.1
Moving a limb to the body is _________ whereas moving a limb away from the body is
______________.
a. flexion; extension
b. extension; flexion
c. contraction; extension
d. flexion; contraction
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Anatomy
Skill: Remember
Alpha motor neurons send information to:
a. extrafusal muscle fibers.

b. intrafusal muscle fibers.
c. muscle spindles.
d. capsule fibers.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Anatomy
Skill: Remember
527
Depolarization of the muscle fiber opens voltage-gated ______ channels, which trigger
contractions.
a. Ca2+
b. Na+
c. K+
d. Cl-
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: The Physical Basis of Muscular Contraction
Skill: Understand
Myosin cross bridges attach to actin strands, bend, detach, and then attach lower. These actions
result in the __________ of the muscle fibers.
a. shortening
b. lengthening
c. activating
d. stretching
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Applied
528
Intrafusal muscle fibers act as:
a. muscle length detectors.

b. stretch detectors.
c. tension detectors.
d. contraction detectors.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Remember
If asked to move your leg, this response takes longer to complete than if you move your leg in
response to what feels like a spider crawling on it. When you respond to the imaginary spider,
this response:
a. is reflexive and does not need to be processed deeply to be performed.

b. is planned and requires deeper processing to be performed.
c. is reflexive and requires deeper processing to be performed.
d. is planned and does not need to be processed deeply to be performed.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Understand
529
The monosynaptic stretch reflex circuit consists of:
a. muscle spindle – spinal cord – alpha motor neuron – extrafusal muscle fibers.
b. spinal cord – muscle spindle – alpha motor neuron – extrafusal muscle fibers.
c. extrafusal muscle fibers – alpha motor neuron – spinal cord – muscle spindle.
d. muscle spindle – spinal cord – extrafusal muscle fibers – alpha motor neuron.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Remember
When ______________ are active, intrafusal muscle fibers become shorter and hence become
much more sensitive to changes in muscle length.
a. gamma motor neurons

b. extrafusal muscle fibers
c. alpha motor neurons
d. intrafusal muscle fibers
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: The Gamma Motor System
Skill: Understand
muscles.
530
When the efferent axon of a single muscle spindle is completely silent, the spindle is:
a. completely relaxed and extended.

b. complete relaxed and contracted.
c. contracted.
d. extended.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Understand
muscles.
Reflex circuits:
a. typically involve thousands of neurons.

b. typically involve one chain of neurons.
c. typically involve dozens of neurons.
d. always involve the brain.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Remember
The disproportionate motor cortex representation of the fingers and mouth is due to the fact that:
a. the hands and mouth take more innervation to move.

b. are less sensitive than other areas of the body.
c. are more sensitive than other areas of the body.
d. require greater precision of movement.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Applied
behavior.
531
The primary motor cortex receives information from:
a. the supplementary motor area.

b. the premotor cortex.
c. the prefrontal cortex and the supplementary motor area.
d. the supplementary motor area and the premotor cortex.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Remember
behavior.
The corticospinal tract, the corticobulbar tract, and the rubrospinal tract make up the
______________ of descending tracts from the primary motor cortex.
a. lateral group
c. posteromedial group
d. rostral group
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Remember
532
The lateral corticospinal tract helps to control
a. the arms, hands, and fingers, and the lower legs, feet, and toes.
b. the arms and hands.
c. the arms, hands, and fingers.
d. the arms, hands, fingers, and feet.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Remember
The mesencephalic locomotor region of the _______________ causes a cat to make pacing
movements.
a. medulla
b. pons
c. cerebellum
d. reticular formation
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Understand
533
Mirror neurons are located in the _________ premotor cortex.
a. ventral
b. dorsal
c. rostral
d. caudal
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Remember
LO 8.11 Describe the location, components and functions of the mirror neuron system.
Emma watches her mom putting on cosmetics. She picks up a tube of lip gloss as her mom puts
her own lipstick on. Emma imitates the movements, putting lip gloss on her own lips. It is likely
that Emma’s __________ are activated during this process.
a. mirror neurons
b. imitative neurons
c. occipital neurons
d. fusiform face area neurons
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Applied
534
When people were about to make a pointing or reaching movement to a particular location the
_______________ becomes active, indicating location of the target.

Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Understand
__________________ is involved in controlling hand and finger movements involved in

grasping the target object.
a. The anterior part of the intraparietal sulcus

b. Parietal reach region
c. Extrastriate body area
d. Parahippocampal place area
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Understand
535
Visual input to the parietal reach region and the anterior part of the intraparietal sulcus comes
from the _____________ of the visual pathway.
a. dorsal stream
b. ventral stream
c. rostral stream
d. caudal stream
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Applied
Jill who has apraxia would:
a. have trouble feeling sensation in her right side.

b. have trouble moving her legs.
c. have trouble drawing an object.
d. experience paralysis.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Limb Apraxia
Skill: Remember
Limb apraxia would be demonstrated by:
a. moving the wrong part of the limb.

b. incorrect movement.
c. incorrect sequence of movement.
d. moving the wrong part of the limb, incorrect movement, and incorrect sequence
of movement.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Limb Apraxia
Skill: Remember
536
The facts that the right hemisphere is responsible for extrapersonal space and the left hemisphere
is responsible for the individual’s own body mean that:
a. damage to both hemispheres must be present for limb apraxia to occur.

b. damage to the left hemisphere causes apraxia in both hands.
c. damage to the right hemisphere causes apraxia in both hands.
d. damage to the left hemisphere causes contralateral apraxia.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Limb Apraxia
Skill: Applied
The __________ lobe plays the most important role in determining the meanings of hand
gestures.
a. frontal
b. parietal
c. occipital
d. temporal
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Limb Apraxia
Skill: Applied
537
Pam can easily demonstrate how to use objects in the kitchen or pretend to cook. However, when
asked to draw a pot, pan, or spoon, she is unable to do so. It is likely that Pam suffers from:
a. constructional apraxia.
b. limb apraxia.
c. oculomotor apraxia.
d. ideomotor apraxia.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Constructional Apraxia
Skill: Applied
EOC Quiz Question 8.1
The number of muscle fibers served by a single axon varies considerably. In muscles that move
the fingers, the ratio is small, whereas in muscles that move the legs, the ratio is large. This
difference in ratio depends upon the ______________ needed to move the muscle.
a. precision
b. strength
c. flexibility
d. speed
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Anatomy
Skill: Applied
538
The pathway for a muscle contraction is:
a. axon releases acetylcholine – motor endplate – endplate potential created.

b. motor endplate – endplate potential created, axon releases acetylcholine.
c. axon releases acetylcholine – endplate potential created – motor endplate.
d. motor endplate, axon releases acetylcholine – endplate potential created.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Understand
Stretch receptors are located in:

b. golgi tendons.
c. extrafusal muscle fibers.
d. intrafusal muscle fibers and golgi tendons.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Understand
In addition to the reflexive action, the monosynaptic stretch reflex also controls:
a. posture.
b. strength.
c. flexibility.
d. precision.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Remember
539
As Jim lifts his arms upward, Sally suddenly grabs them and pushes them down. When Jim’s
arms meet this resistance:
a. the intrafusal muscle fibers shorten more than the extrafusal muscle fibers.
b. the contraction is lessened.
c. the extrafusal muscle fibers shorten more than the extrafusal muscle fibers.
d. the monosynaptic stretch reflex is inhibited.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Applied
muscles.
Less sensitive afferent axons from the Golgi tendon organ trigger a reaction that results in
glycine release and:
a. the production of excitatory postsynaptic potentials.

b. the production of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.
c. an increase in the likelihood that the next cell will fire.
d. an increase in neurotransmitter release.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Applied
540
The vestibulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, and the ventral
corticospinal tract make up the ______________ of descending tracts from the primary motor
cortex.
a. lateral group
c. posteromedial group
d. rostral group
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Remember
The corticobulbar tract controls movements of:
a. the face.
b. the face and neck.
c. the face, neck, and ears.
d. the face, neck, and tongue.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Remember
The rubrospinal tract controls:
a. the forearms.
b. the hands and fingers.
c. the fingers.
d. the forearms and hands but not the fingers.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Remember
541
Damage to ________________ resulted in monkeys being unable to perform a once familiar

response, specifically pushing in a lever and then turning it to the left. This result suggests that
this brain area is involved in executing well-learned sequences of motor responses.
a. supplementary motor area

b. premotor cortex
c. common integrative area
d. prefrontal lobe
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Applied
The _____________ are responsible for the decision to move.
a. posterior parietal cortex and frontopolar cortex

b. pre-SMA and posterior parietal cortex
c. posterior SMA and posterior parietal cortex
d. pre-SMA and frontopolar cortex
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Remember
542
The pontine and dentate nuclei are located in the:
a. reticular formation.
b. pons.
c. cerebellum.
d. medulla.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Remember
The symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are caused by degeneration of dopamine-secreting cells in

the:
a. substantia nigra.
b. caudate.
c. putamen.
d. basal ganglia.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Remember
543
The sound of a bag being ripped open is likely to trigger activation of the:
a. mirror neurons.
b. imitative neurons.
c. occipital neurons.
d. audiovisual neurons.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Applied
Damage to the right parietal lobe results in ___________ apraxia whereas damage to the left
parietal lobe results in ____________ apraxia.
a. constructional; limb
b. limb; constructional
c. ideomotor; limb
d. ideomotor; constructional
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Constructional Apraxia
Skill: Applied
544

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Physiology of Behavior 12th Edition

Carlson Test Bank

Topic Question Factual Conceptual Applied

Skeletal Multiple 1-3,5-7,9,13-16, 4,8,10-12, 25

Control of Multiple 31 28-30,32,33 27

Control of Multiple 35-38,41-43,45, 34,39,40,44, 50,51,61,63

Essay 115-118 119

Complex Multiple 77,80-85 78,79

Deficits of Multiple 86,92 87-90 91

8-2. Which of the following is true of skeletal muscle?

8-4. Bodybuilders show off their muscles by

a. activating their autonomic nervous system.

8-5. Alpha motor neurons send information to

a. intrafusal muscle fibers.

a. intrafusal muscle fibers

8-7. Another name for the muscle spindles is

a. intrafusal muscle fibers.

8-8. The function of intrafusal muscle fibers is to

a. detect changes in the muscle fiber length.

a. detection in the changes in the muscle fiber length.

8-10. The function of the gamma motor neuron is to

a. detect changes in the muscle fiber length.

a. less than 1 to 10.

a. the presence of blood vessels within the muscle fibers.

8-16. The neurotransmitter of the neuromuscular junction is

a. entry of calcium ions into the cytoplasm of the muscle fiber.

a. muscle fibers lack elasticity.

a. extrafusal fibers; Golgi tendon organs

a. Extrafusal fibers and Golgi tendons

8-25. The functional significance of the Golgi tendon organs is to

a. allow us to lift heavy loads.

a. increased; GTO fibers

a. is reflexive and does not need to be processed deeply to be performed.

a. coordinate the movements of the flexors on each limb.

8-29. The monosynaptic stretch reflex circuit consists of

a. alter the firing rate in the gamma motor system.

a. typically involve thousands of neurons.

8-32. Which of the following is an example of a polysynaptic reflex?

a. the patellar reflex

a. the production of excitatory postsynaptic potentials.

a. primary visual cortex.

a. the hands and mouth take more innervation to move.

8-39. Which of the following is true of the motor homunculus?

a. the supplementary motor area.

a. lateral corticospinal tract

a. lateral corticospinal tract

a. lateral corticospinal tract

a. lateral corticospinal tract

8-47. A key function of the rubrospinal tract is to

a. interconnect the spinal cord with the substantia nigra.

a. ventromedial group; lateral group

a. supplementary motor area

a. random hand movements.

8-55. A key function of premotor cortex is to

a. allow an organism to learn to respond to an arbitary visual clue with a learned,

8-57. The ____________ are responsible for the decision to move.

a. posterior parietal cortex and frontopolar cortex

a. directly excite spinal cord alpha motor neurons.

a. awaken a sleeping cat.

8-65. Mr. P. exhibited a problem in __ due to _.