Introduction to Marine Biology 4th

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Chapter 10—Marine Fishes

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The earliest fish are represented today by:

a. hagfish.
b. lamprey.
c. sharks.
d. both a and b.
e. both b and c.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 257

2. What characteristic does not describe a vertebrate?

a. notochord.
b. backbone.
c. exoskeleton.
d. gills or lungs.
e. posterior tail.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 257

3. The feeding mode of hagfishes is considered:

a. predation.
b. scavenging.
c. suspension feeding.
d. both a and b.
e. b and c only.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 259

4. Hagfish are caught commercially for their

a. oil.
b. mucus.
c. meat.
d. hide.
e. scales.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 259

5. A defense mechanism of hagfish is ____.

a. to tie into a knot to prevent them from being swallowed.
b. foul odor.
c. abundant mucus.
d. detection by the semicircular canals followed by avoidance.
e. a sharp fin spine.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 259

140 Chapter 10—Marine Fishes

 6. The feeding mode of adult lampreys is considered:
a. parasitism.
b. scavenging.
c. predation.
d. grazing.
e. filter feeding.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 260

7. Ammocoetes, the larval forms of lampreys, feed:

a. on suspended particles.
b. on other fishes.
c. on benthic deposits.
d. by parasitizing other fish.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 260

8. The largest known fish is:

a. the blue whale.
b. the whale shark.
c. the megamouth shark.
d. the great white shark.
e. the humpback whale.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 260

9. The skin of sharks is covered with scales called:

a. placoid.
b. cycloid.
c. ctenoid.
d. ganoid.
e. circular.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 260

10. The forward thrust of swimming sharks is created by:

a. the pectoral fins.
b. the pelvic fins.
c. the dorsal fin.
d. the caudal fin.
e. the anal fin.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 260

11. A fish in which a sharp spine is associated with the dorsal fins is the:
a. spiny dogfish.
b. sea bass.
c. hagfish.
d. sea horse.
e. goldfish.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 260

141 Chapter 10—Marine Fishes

 12. The claspers of cartilaginous fishes are used for:
a. clasping onto prey.
b. clasping onto the sediment.
c. reproduction.
d. propulsion.
e. balance.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 260

13. Sharks obtain neutral buoyancy by producing an oil called:

a. buoyancy.
b. squalene.
c. Omega-3.
d. fish oil.
e. ambergris.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 273

14. Squalene is produced by the ____ of sharks.

a. kidneys
b. heart
c. livers
d. muscle
e. gall bladder
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 273

15. The majority of a shark's brain is devoted to processing signals of:

a. touch.
b. olfaction.
c. taste.
d. electricity.
e. vision.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 273

16. About 2/3 of a shark's brain is used for:

a. control of body movement.
b. processing electrical currents from the water.
c. olfaction.
d. vision.
e. processing water pressure differences.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 273

17. The nictitating membrane of sharks is used to:

a. protect the gills.
b. line the mouth.
c. enclose the internal organs.
d. detect smells.
e. cover the eye.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 274

142 Chapter 10—Marine Fishes

 18. Neuromast cells are associated with the ____ of sharks.
a. eyes
b. lateral line
c. nostrils
d. brain
e. ampullae
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 274

19. The neuromast cells are part of the system to

a. process light.
b. sense electrical currents in the water.
c. control balance.
d. detect vibrations.
e. detect dissolved chemicals.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 274

20. The ampullae of Lorenzini are specialized organs for detecting ____ that are found in sharks.
a. smells
b. vibrations of the water
c. tastes
d. electrical output
e. water pressure
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 274

21. The spiral valve is a specialized structure found within:

a. bony fishes.
b. sharks.
c. sea turtles.
d. lampreys.
e. sea birds.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 275

22. The rectal gland of sharks is involved in the excretion of:

a. urea.
b. sodium chloride.
c. calcium and magnesium.
d. trimethyamine oxide.
e. carbon dioxide.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 271

23. The kidneys of sharks excrete ions of:

a. urea.
b. salts.
c. calcium and magnesium.
d. trimethyamine oxide.
e. ammonia.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 271

143 Chapter 10—Marine Fishes

 24. A shark reproduction scheme in which the embryos develop within eggs that supply all their
nourishment inside the oviduct of the female is called:
a. ovoviviparous.
b. viviparous.
c. spawning.
d. oviparous.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 278

25. Which of the following is not a measure to avoid a shark attack?

a. Swimming where people, fish and/or blood are in the water
b. Swimming at night, dusk or in murky water
c. Swim with erratically behaving schools of fish
d. Avoid splashing or wearing shiny jewelry
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 262

26. Unique features of skates and rays are their

a. gill slits.
b. adipose tissues.
c. flat bodies.
d. spiracles.
e. countershaded bodies.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 262–263

27. The forward thrust of swimming stingrays is created by:

a. the pectoral fins.
b. the pelvic fins.
c. the dorsal fin.
d. the caudal fin.
e. the anal fin.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 264

28. The spiracle in conjunction with a ventral gill in skates and rays is an adaptation that allows them to:
a. be nekton.
b. have a bottom existence.
c. position their mouth ventrally.
d. avoid detection by predators.
e. filter feed on plankton.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 263

29. Most skates are:

a. ovoviviparous.
b. oviparous.
c. live bearers.
d. viviparous.
e. broadcast spawners.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 264 | 278

144 Chapter 10—Marine Fishes

 30. The toxins of stingrays are destroyed with hot water, therefore they are a type of:
a. protein.
b. carbohydrate.
c. fat.
d. lipid.
e. DNA.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 264

31. A first aid for stingray injury is:

a. place the injured area in cold water or apply ice packs.
b. pour ammonia over the injured area.
c. place the injured area in hot water.
d. apply MSG to the injured area.
e. urinate onto the wound.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 264

32. The subclass of Chondrichthyes with an operculum is called:

a. sharks.
b. skates.
c. rays.
d. chimaeras.
e. hagfish.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 264

33. A bony fish that lives in the marine environment that was once thought to be extinct is the:
a. coelacanth.
b. African lung fish.
c. sturgeon fish.
d. mud skipper.
e. puffer fish.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 265

34. The coelacanth gave rise to the ____.

a. ray-finned fish
b. chimaeras
c. tetrapods
d. dogfish
e. lungfish.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 265

35. The skin of the subclass Chondrosti is covered with scales called:
a. placoid.
b. cycloid.
c. stenoid.
d. ganoid.
e. rhomboid.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 266

145 Chapter 10—Marine Fishes

 36. Tails that have equally sized upper and lower lobes are called:
a. heterocercal.
b. ganoid.
c. cycloid.
d. homocercal.
e. ctenoid.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 260

37. Fishes that are very active swimmers have a ____ body.
a. fusiform
b. laterally compressed
c. globular
d. flattened
e. dorso-ventrally compressed
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 268

38. Fishes that exhibit a sedentary lifestyle have ____ bodies.

a. fusiform
b. laterally compressed
c. globular
d. flattened
e. streamlined
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 268

39. The following are all main points of the section Adaptations to Extreme Cold except:
a. 90% of fish biomass in Antarctic seas belongs to a single species of fish.
b. sugar and protein molecules in fish cells prevent fish from freezing
c. some Antarctic fish lack hemoglobin in their blood.
d. some Antarctic fish lack red blood cells.
e. global warming may place these fish in danger of extinction.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 275–276

40. Utilizing pigments for camouflage is common in ____ fishes.

a. benthic
b. tuna
c. pelagic
d. reef
e. angler
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 269

41. Which of the following is not a camouflage device?

a. chromatophores
b. iridophores
c. thigmotaxis
d. obliterative countershading
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 269

146 Chapter 10—Marine Fishes

 42. Countershading is a common form of camouflage in ____ fishes.
a. coral reef
b. eel grass bed
c. pelagic
d. deep sea
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 269

43. Which of the following does not use a swim bladder to regulate buoyancy?
a. mackerel
b. sea bass
c. grouper
d. sheepshead
e. butterfly fish
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 273

44. Snappers swim by:

a. flexing only the area before the caudal fin.
b. flexing only the posterior portion of the body.
c. using only their fins.
d. undulating the entire body.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 271

45. Which function below is not performed by the gills of bony fishes?
a. extract nutrients from the water
b. extract oxygen form the water
c. eliminate carbon dioxide from their body
d. aid in osmoregulation
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 271

46. Most sodium chloride is excreted from marine bony fishes through:
a. the kidneys.
b. the gills.
c. salt glands.
d. the feces.
e. diffusion.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 271

47. The mechanism for gas exchange in the gills includes:

a. chloride cells.
b. rete mirable.
c. countercurrent multiplier system.
d. swim bladder inflation.
e. hormonal controls.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 271 | 272

147 Chapter 10—Marine Fishes

 48. The following are all main points about toxic fish poisoning except:
a. ciguatera poisoning is not usually fatal.
b. ciguatera is due to blooms of dinoflagellates.
c. puffer fish poisoning can be fatal.
d. there are safe and effective antidotes for ciguatera poisoning.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 277

49. The gill rakers of anchovies are modified for:

a. respiration.
b. excretion of salts.
c. filtering plankton.
d. crushing their fish prey.
e. detecting vibrations in the water column.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 275

50. The sucker of clingfishes is modified from:

a. the mouth.
b. the pectoral fins.
c. a disc on top of the head.
d. the pelvic fins.
e. the first dorsal fin.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 277

51. Deoxygenated blood is initially collected by the:

a. dorsal aorta.
b. sinus venosus.
c. atrium.
d. bulbus arteriosus.
e. vena cava.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 271

52. Bony fish usually do not need to adjust pupil size because:
a. their eyelids protect their eyes from bright light.
b. the quantity of light is relatively low.
c. they can move their lens forward and backward.
d. a in conjunction with c
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 274

53. The nervous system of fish includes:

a. olfactory pits.
b. taste receptors.
c. eyes.
d. otoliths.
e. all of the above.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 273–274

148 Chapter 10—Marine Fishes

 54. The lateral line is part of the system to
a. process light.
b. sense electrical currents in the water.
c. control balance.
d. detect vibrations.
e. detect dissolved substances.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 274

55. The majority of bony fishes show the ____ reproductive strategy.
a. viviparous
b. oviparous
c. internal fertilization
d. ovoviviparous
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 278

56. Fishes that reproduce in fresh water and migrate out to sea as adults are considered:
a. catadromous.
b. anadromous.
c. polyandrous.
d. polygynous.
e. demersal.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 281

57. ____ are good examples of catadromous fishes.

a. Lampreys
b. Salmon
c. Freshwater eels
d. Hagfish
e. Sea horses
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 281

TRUE/FALSE

58. The skeletons of both hagfish and sharks are made of the same cartilaginous material.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 259 | 260

59. The reproductive biology of hagfishes is well understood.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 259

60. Sharks are positively buoyant in seawater.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 273

61. The eyes of sharks are designed for optimal color vision.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 274

149 Chapter 10—Marine Fishes

 62. Fertilization is internal in sharks.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 278

63. The annual risk of death from lighting is 47 times the risk of death from shark attack.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 262

64. The discharge of the electric organ of electric rays delivers up to 220 volts.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 263

65. The fins of bony fishes are more maneuverable than those of cartilaginous fishes.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 266

66. Fast moving fishes tend to propel themselves by undulating their entire bodies.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 271

67. Marine bony fishes have blood that is just as salty as seawater.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 271

68. Unlike cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes do not have a keen sense of smell.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 273

69. The eyes of fishes are adapted for black and white vision.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 274

70. Most bony fishes swallow their prey whole rather than chew it.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 275

MATCHING

Match the animal with the swimming method it is most closely associated with.
a. moving caudal fin side-to-side
b. wave travels along the edge of pectoral fins
c. pectoral fins flap up and down
d. eel-like undulation of body
71. Skate
72. Ray
73. Shark
74. Lamprey

71. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 264

72. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 264
73. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 260
74. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 260

150 Chapter 10—Marine Fishes

 Match the body form with its most closely associated species.
a. flattened
b. snakelike bodies
c. fusiform
d. globular
75. Tuna
76. Flounder
77. Pufferfish
78. Moray eels

75. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 268

76. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 268
77. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 268
78. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 268

Match the reproductive type of sharks with its characteristic.

a. development in mother's uterus without an egg
b. egg released outside of body
c. egg hatched in mothers uterus
79. Oviviparity
80. Ovoviparity
81. Viviparity

79. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 278

80. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 278
81. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 278

Match the word with the one it is most closely associated with.
a. iridophores
b. chromataphores
c. obliterative
82. Pigments
83. Structural Colors
84. Countershading

82. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 268–269

83. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 268–269
84. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 268–269

Match the words with the terms they are most closely associated with.
a. blend with environment
b. aposematic
c. vertical lines/eyestripes
85. Disruptive coloration
86. Cryptic coloration
87. Bright colors

151 Chapter 10—Marine Fishes

 85. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 269
86. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 269
87. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 269

Match the swimming type with the appropriate type of fish.

a. only the area before the caudal fin is flexed
b. flexing only the posterior portion of the body
c. undulating the entire body
88. Eels
89. Swift swimmers
90. Body is encased in a rigid dermal skeleton

88. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 270

89. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 271
90. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 271

Match the osmoregulatory function with the most closely associated organ.
a. Excretion of magnesium sulfate
b. Removal of most excess salt
c. Magnesium, calcium and sulfate ions eliminated
d. Retained in the body fluids of sharks
91. Chloride cell
92. Kidney
93. Gut
94. Urea

91. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 271

92. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 271
93. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 271
94. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 271

Match the swim bladder filling mechanism with the appropriate term.
a. gulping air and "spitting it out"
b. gas gland
95. Herrings and eels
96. Gases diffused into blood

95. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 273

96. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 273

Match the fish with its feeding type.

a. Anchovies
b. Grouper
c. Surgeonfish
d. Hagfish
97. Carnivore
98. Herbivore
99. Filter Feeder
100. Scavenger

152 Chapter 10—Marine Fishes

 97. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 275
98. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 275
99. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 275
100. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 275

Match the hermaphroditism with the appropriate term.

a. Changing from females to males
b. Having both male and female gonads simultaneously
c. Changing from males to females
d. Changing from one sex to another
101. Synchronous
102. Protogyny
103. Protandry
104. Sequential

101. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 279

102. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 279
103. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 279
104. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 280

ESSAY

105. Explain how hagfish are still able to consume their dead or dying prey, even though hagfish lack jaws.

ANS:
Hagfishes rely on sharp teeth located on their tongues for rasping away at the flesh of their food. They
also use knot-tying as a means of providing leverage for tearing off bits of flesh.

PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 259

106. Even though the caudal fin of sharks tends to direct the fish downward when swimming (due to slight
downward force generated by the heterocercal tail) the shark still manages to swim at a fairly
consistent depth. Explain how can this be so.

ANS:
The pectoral fins of sharks have a cross-section resembling the cross-section of the wing of an aircraft.
The shape of the fins provides lift just as a wing would and this offsets the effect of the heterocercal
tail.

PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: enrichment | not in text

153 Chapter 10—Marine Fishes

107. Compare a shark and a bony fish in regard to how they maintain buoyancy.

ANS:
Both sharks and bony fish are negatively buoyant. In order to maintain somewhat neutral buoyancy
sharks have evolved a very large liver that produces an oily material called squalene. Squalene is less
dense than seawater and thus it makes the sharks slightly positively buoyant. In addition, the wing-like
pectoral fins of sharks aid in maintaining the buoyancy of the shark when it is swimming. Bony fishes
do not produce squalene, although a few produce other oily materials. Many bony fishes rely on a gas-
filled swim bladder as their only means of maintaining buoyancy. As a result, bony fishes with swim
bladders, unlike many sharks, do not have to swim in order to maintain a certain level.

PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 273

108. How are the eyes of sharks well adapted to the environment in which they live?

ANS:
In the marine environment colors, especially red and orange, tend to get absorbed within the first few
meters of water. As a result, color in the shallow marine environment is composed mostly of grays and
shades of blue. The eyes of sharks, with their high rod content, are well adapted for viewing objects in
dim environments where gray and black colors prevail.

PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: enrichment | not in text

109. How can sharks use their ampullae of Lorenzini to discern between healthy and injured prey items?

ANS:
All living organisms put out low-level electrical fields. Under conditions of stress or injury, the injured
animal increases the strength of the electric field around it and the shark is able to recognize this
heightened electrical field as that of an injured animal that would make easy prey.

PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: enrichment | not in text

110. Compare sharks and bony fishes in regard to how they ingest their food. In your answer, discuss how
both the position of the mouth and the presence of a gill cover confers a feeding advantage to bony fish

ANS:
When sharks ingest prey items, they must make full contact with the prey before they can begin to bite
down on it. This is because sharks lack a gill cover, which could otherwise be used to create negative
pressure within the mouth of the shark and which would draw the prey item in without having to
actually bite down on the prey. Bony fishes, with their well developed operculum and protrusible jaws,
can suck in prey items without having to bite down on them. Furthermore, because of the ventral
placement of the mouth in sharks, they lose site of their prey in the last crucial moments before they
bite their prey, which could end in an escape by the prey. Most bony fishes, on the other hand, have
terminal mouths, which means they have their prey in sight until it enters their mouth. Obviously, the
way in which bony fishes feed is more efficient than that of sharks.

PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: enrichment, not in text | 275

154 Chapter 10—Marine Fishes

111. How does the spiral valve within the shark intestine increase the efficiency of food digestion?

ANS:
The spiral valve does two things. It aids in more efficient digestion by increasing the available surface
area for uptake of digested materials. The spiral valve also slows the progression of food within the
short intestine in order to allow more time for complete digestion of the food.

PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 275

112. How do marine biologists know that sharks and bony fishes evolved in freshwater but then later
migrated to the marine environment?

ANS:
Both sharks and bony fishes are hypoosmotic to the seawater around them. As a result, they constantly
lose water to the marine environment. These fishes have evolved adaptations against losing water. If
these fishes had evolved in a marine environment then one would expect their tissues to be isotonic to
their environment.

PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: enrichment | not in text

113. Outline how bony fish regulate their osmotic balance lower than the salinity of the surrounding
seawater.

ANS:
Most marine fish have an internal salinity lower than the surrounding seawater resulting in an osmotic
imbalance where water flows out of the fish. The fish drinks seawater to avoid dehydration.
Absorption of salts in the gut is reduced; absorbed salts are removed in concentrated urine and through
the gills.

PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 271–272

114. What are 3 adaptations of skates and rays for living on the bottom? Contrast these adaptations to those
of the bony flatfishes such as halibut.

ANS:
The skates and rays are adapted to their benthic lifestyle by having flattened bodies that may not be
very obvious to potential prey or predators. Likewise, bony fishes such as flatfishes are also flat. The
skates and rays also have spiracles on their dorsal surfaces, which they use for drawing in water that is
passed over the gills. The bony flatfishes do not have such a structure but rely on the opening of their
mouths and their operculum for drawing in water through the mouth. Both the skates and rays and the
flatfishes show strong countershading, with light underside and a dark dorsal surface that blends in
with the environment.

PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 262–264

115. What are 2 pieces of anatomical evidence that lead ichthyologists to consider that sturgeons are a fairly
old group of fishes?

ANS:
The sturgeon fishes share a number of characteristics with sharks, which are considered to be more
primitive by many scientists. These shared characters include: heterocercal tail, and a ventral mouth.

PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 266

155 Chapter 10—Marine Fishes

116. Most bony fishes are considered to be much more efficient at maneuvering than cartilaginous fishes.
Explain why this is so and how it arose.

ANS:
Many bony fishes, such as those that live on coral reefs, are better at maneuvering then a shark
because their fins are much more flexible. The evolution of these flexible fins was probably the result
of the evolution of the swim bladder of bony fishes, which freed the pectoral fins from their previous
role of maintaining buoyancy. With the advent of the swim bladder, the fins of bony fish became less
stiff and flexibility was added with the introduction of rays and spines within the fins.

PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: enrichment | not in text

117. Seasonal migration is common among marine fisheries. Describe the types and indicate the primary
causes of migration.

ANS:
Spawning, changing temperatures, and following prey items are primary causes of fish migrations.
Catadromous fish move from freshwater to the ocean to spawn and anadromous fish move from the
ocean to freshwater to spawn.

PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 281–282

118. What advantage does bright coloration confer upon venomous fishes?

ANS:
Bright colors in venomous fishes advertise the danger that these fishes pose to potential predators.
Fishes, like many vertebrates, will learn from trial and error not to harass certain fishes. Perhaps this
learned behavior is genetically imprinted, as it would surely be a selective advantage.

PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 269

119. How does human activity drastically affect the reproductive success of salmon?

ANS:
Human construction, such as dams, can interfere with the progress of salmon up rivers that they use for
spawning. In addition, humans alter the chemical makeup of streams and rivers on a massive scale and
this could lead to the loss of recognition by the salmon of their native streams, and could ultimately
have an effect on their reproductive success.

PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 281

156 Chapter 10—Marine Fishes