Introduction To Sociology 10th Edition Giddens Test Bank

Introduction to Sociology 10th Edition
Giddens Test Bank

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Chapter 9: Global Inequality
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. As of 2012, the richest person in the world was Carlos Slim Helu. What is the significance of this
fact?
a. He amassed his fortune from the massive number of investments.
b. His attitude toward wealth is one of benevolence.
c. He topped the list through his purchase of the New York Times.
d. He is the first person—ever—to have come from an emerging economy.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Basic Concepts
OBJ: Understand the systematic differences in wealth and power among countries.
MSC: Understanding
2. In 2014, there were 1,645 billionaires worldwide. Their combined assets were more than the total
gross national income of all but the top ten economies of the world and were estimated to what
value?
a. $4.6 billion c. $6.4 trillion
b. $94.6 billion d. $341 trillion
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Basic Concepts
MSC: Remembering
3. A country’s annual output of goods and services per person is referred to as:
a. gross output over duties (GOOD)
b. global per-person output (GPO)
c. per-person gross national income (GNI)
d. per capita product (PCP)
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Basic Concepts
MSC: Remembering
4. According to the World Bank, a country with a per-person GNI of $2,000 is considered to be in the
________ category.
a. low-income c. high-income
b. middle-income d. lower-middle-income
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Basic Concepts
MSC: Remembering
5. The rate of global inequality is:

a. growing
b. decreasing
c. staying the same
d. varying from year to year with no distinct trend
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Basic Concepts
MSC: Remembering
6. Your text authors talk about some of the wealthiest people in the world. What do these people have
in common?
a. They are all American immigrants.
b. They are all men.
c. They all come from either the United States or China.
d. They are all strong supporters of a free-market system.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Basic Concepts
MSC: Applying
7. Based on the information shown in the infographic entitled “Global Inequality”, we would expect
to see the greatest increase in the rate of poverty in which types of countries?
a. low-income c. upper-middle-income
b. lower-middle-income d. high-income
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Basic Concepts
MSC: Applying
8. According to the text, in 2013, high-income countries had just 18 percent of the world’s
population. How much of the world’s total income did these same countries have?
a. 36 percent c. 95 percent
b. 52 percent d. 68 percent
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Basic Concepts
MSC: Remembering
9. What is the main economic activity in most low-income countries?

a. technology c. agriculture
b. mining d. manufacturing
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Basic Concepts
MSC: Remembering
10. The countries of the former Soviet Union began to industrialize in the late twentieth century and
are now highly industrialized. Since the collapse of communism, their standard of living:
a. has increased dramatically
b. has increased somewhat
c. has decreased
d. is now equal to that of the United States
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Basic Concepts
MSC: Remembering
11. Which types of countries contained 12 percent of the world’s population but produced only
seven-tenths of a percent of the world’s GDP in 2013?
a. low-income c. high-income
b. middle-income d. socialist and communist
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Basic Concepts
MSC: Remembering
12. According to the global map, where are most of the lowest-income countries found today?
a. Central Africa c. South Asia

b. Central America d. South America
MSC: Remembering
13. Based on the data discussed in the text about income, population, and the kind of economy each
region has, where would you be apt to find the most hunger?
a. Central Africa c. China
b. Central America d. South Asia
MSC: Remembering
14. What is the origin of the newly industrializing economies (NIEs) in East Asia today?
a. Korean development in the 1980s
b. Japanese development in the 1950s
c. Shrewd investments by Chinese companies in the 1970s
d. World Bank loans made in the 1960s
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Theories of Global Inequality
OBJ: Learn several sociological theories explaining why some societies are wealthier than others,
as well as how global inequality can be overcome. MSC: Understanding
15. The rapidly growing economies of the world are known as newly industrializing economies
(NIEs), but more recently are termed what?
a. rapidly growing economies (RGEs)
b. rapidly industrializing regions (RIRs)
c. rapidly industrializing countries (RICs)
d. emerging economies (EEs)
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Theories of Global Inequality
16. Which region experienced such rapid economic growth between the 1960s and 1980s that most of
its newly industrializing economies moved from the ranks of the poor to the middle-income
category?
a. East Africa c. Central America
b. South Asia d. East Asia
as well as how global inequality can be overcome. MSC: Remembering
17. There are four different theories that are used to understand global inequality today. Each has its
limitations and shortcomings. Common to all four of these theoretical approaches, however, is that
they:
a. underemphasize the role of women in the world economy
b. overemphasize the role of women in the world economy
c. minimize the disruptive influence of women in the world economy
d. do not address the role of women as caregivers in the world economy
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Theories of Global Inequality
18. With which of the following statements would a market-oriented theorist agree?
a. International capitalism has facilitated poverty in low-income countries.
b. The most effective way for low-income countries to develop economically is to mimic the
successful capitalist practices of the United States.
c. The key to economic success in low-income countries is for the government to harness the
cultural beliefs of the people into a productive unit.
d. The economic plight of poor countries could be alleviated with more government
intervention.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Theories of Global Inequality
as well as how global inequality can be overcome. MSC: Applying
19. Which type of theorist would argue that a low-income society can develop if people give up their
traditional ways and adopt modern economic institutions, technologies, and values?
a. world systems c. neoliberalism
b. dependent development d. modernization
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Theories of Global Inequality
20. W. W. Rostow’s modernization theory suggests economic growth as a series of stages, beginning
with traditional and culminating with high mass consumption. What underlying characteristic is an
important factor in shaping each of these different stages?
a. technology c. work ethic
b. standard of living d. values
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Theories of Global Inequality
21. An economic adviser who suggests cultural policies that change people’s behavior to encourage
development in a low-income country would be following which theory of global inequality?
a. modernization c. world systems
b. dependency d. global commodity chains
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Theories of Global Inequality
22. Neoliberalism holds that only through unfettered global free trade will the world economy prosper
and allow all countries to grow. What theory does neoliberalism originate from?
a. dependency c. modernization
b. liberalism d. neo-Marxism
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Theories of Global Inequality
23. Neoliberalism argues that global free trade will enable all countries to prosper. What is needed in
order for this to happen?
a. There must be an effort to enable third world governments to regulate wage and labor
laws.
b. Countries must eliminate all governmental regulation and disavow minimum wage and
other labor laws.
c. Wealthy nations must provide loan money with interest to the newly-industrializing
economies (NIEs) so they have capital to invest in their economies.
d. Countries must be persuaded to ignore political and military power.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Theories of Global Inequality
24. Dependency theories rely on theories developed by:

a. Max Weber c. Immanuel Wallerstein
b. Émile Durkheim d. Karl Marx
25. Dependency theorists argue that low-income countries are locked in a downward spiral of poverty.
This is due, they argue, to what process?
a. lack of regulation
b. lack sufficient experience with multinational corporations
c. exploitation by wealthy countries
d. absence of values and beliefs that contribute to economic growth
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Theories of Global Inequality
26. What was the original cause of underdevelopment in the low-income countries according to
dependency theory?
a. fatalism
b. colonialism
c. their peripheral geographical locations
d. their lack of a Protestant ethic
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Theories of Global Inequality
27. Which theory draws primary attention to the exploitation of poor countries by rich ones?
a. market-oriented c. dependency
b. modernization d. world systems
28. What is the primary legacy of colonialism from the perspective of a dependency theorist?
a. corruption in government c. transnational corporations
b. continuing violence d. loss of cultural identity
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Theories of Global Inequality
29. According to dependency theorists, colonialism played a vital role in the impoverishment of poorer
countries because powerful countries:
a. exported technology to help countries develop
b. exploited others for their raw materials
c. brought democracy to other countries
d. signed treaties with low-income countries to encourage their development
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Theories of Global Inequality
30. After Jamaica gained independence from its colonial ruler, Britain, it was able to develop its
banana industry by having access to the banana market in Britain. How would a dependency
theorist describe this process?
a. exploitation c. dependent development
b. neocolonialism d. misdevelopment
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Theories of Global Inequality
31. According to world systems theory, why must the global economic system be approached as a
single capitalist unit?
a. The current system of world capitalism is not a collection of independent countries.
b. The current system of world capitalism has reached the limits of its growth as individual
nations.
c. Such an analysis allows for a clearer calculation of Gini coefficients.
d. Poverty in poor nations cannot be solved except by the united effort of all capitalist
countries.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Theories of Global Inequality
32. World systems theory argues that the world system changes very slowly and that through a long
series of changes, the United States is now at the top of the chain. Since this too must change, what
are world systems theorists suggesting as the next stage?
a. the collapse of the world economy
b. the expansion of capitalism into the world’s poorest regions
c. the rise of China as the world’s economic superpower
d. a sharing of economic power among many different nations
33. Which theory looks at the whole world economy as an integrated web of relations rather than
focusing on individual countries?
a. market-oriented c. dependency
b. modernization d. world systems
34. The concept of global commodity chains attempts to describe what characteristic of the global
economy?
a. the increasing globalization in manufacturing
b. the shift from global to local manufacturing
c. the increasing globalization in financial markets
d. the shift from global to local food production
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Theories of Global Inequality
35. According to world systems theory, the “flow” of natural resources is from:
a. core to periphery c. semiperiphery to periphery
b. periphery to core d. semiperiphery to core
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Theories of Global Inequality
36. According to world systems theory, besides the core countries, which other countries also exploit
natural resources as part of their place in the world system?
a. periphery c. semiperiphery
b. semicore d. impoverished
37. Brazil is industrializing more than other Latin American countries, but it is not fully industrialized
like the United States. A world systems analysis would say that Brazil is a ________ country.
a. core c. newly industrializing
b. periphery d. semiperiphery
38. When sociologists talk about networks of labor, production, and consumption of products that span
the world, what are they referring to?
a. neoliberalism c. global commodity chains
b. semiperipheral chains d. chain theory
39. Approximately how many of the 70 million Apple iPhones sold in 2011 were made in the United
States?
a. all of them c. 10 million
b. 40 million d. none of them
40. What type of governments contributed to economic growth in the East Asian newly-industrializing
economies (NIEs) during the 1980s and 1990s?
a. weak c. strong
b. totalitarian d. communist
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Theories of Global Inequality
41. Which of the following best describes the health conditions in high- and low-income countries?
a. Although the services available in high-income countries are more accessible, the life
expectancy is similar in both groups.
b. Infant mortality is more than ten times higher in low-income countries.
c. The AIDS epidemic has ravaged both groups of countries equally and placed a serious
strain on their resources.
d. Conditions have worsened in high- and low-income countries, as more government
resources are spent on the military.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Research on Global Inequality Today
OBJ: Recognize the impact of different economic standards of living on people throughout the
world.
MSC: Understanding
42. In sub-Saharan Africa, what is likely to happen to children under 5 years of age?
a. They are increasingly encouraged to enter school.
b. They are given immunization shots.
c. They are more likely to have a higher income than their parents.
d. They are more likely to die than to enter school.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Research on Global Inequality Today
world.
MSC: Understanding
43. What is one of the ways that the HIV/AIDS epidemic has profoundly altered life in African
countries?
a. It has killed a high percentage of newborn infants.
b. It has killed many working-age adults.
c. It has led to an increase in other sexually transmitted infections.
d. It has led to a reconfiguration of family structures due to the lack of fathers.
world.
MSC: Understanding
44. What do the high rates of HIV/AIDS infections in African countries suggest?
a. There is a lack of willingness of African people to practice safer sex.
b. There is a lack of willingness of African people to get medical treatment.
c. The African people already experience high rates of malnourishment, poor water quality,
and other infectious diseases.
d. The international effort to stem the tide of HIV/AIDS infections is not succeeding.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Research on Global Inequality Today
world.
MSC: Understanding
45. According to a 2014 report by the AIDS branch of the United Nations, of the 35 million people
infected with HIV, three-quarters of them reside in:
a. Asia c. sub-Saharan Africa
b. the Middle East d. Latin America
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Research on Global Inequality Today
world.
MSC: Remembering
46. As world hunger has increased, global food production has:

a. declined, exacerbating the hunger problem
b. failed to keep up with population growth
c. increased at the same rate as population growth
d. actually continued to increase more rapidly than population growth
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Research on Global Inequality Today
world.
MSC: Remembering
47. The AIDS epidemic, warfare, climate change, and economic stratification have all contributed to
world hunger and famine. Of these forces, what is the predominant one?
a. The majority of factors are not caused by natural forces, but rather by social or human
forces.
b. All of these forces are equally powerful in shaping hunger worldwide.
c. Climate change is the most severe problem that affects hunger worldwide.
d. The rapid growth of technology has recently eclipsed all other factors in how it affects
hunger.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Research on Global Inequality Today
world.
MSC: Understanding
48. Hunger is a global problem, although it does not occur equally throughout the world. Which of the
following best characterizes those countries where a high percentage of people go hungry?
a. Countries with a very large population, such as China, have a very high rate of hunger.
b. Island nations have among the highest hunger rates.
c. Sub-Saharan African countries are among the highest in rates of hunger.
d. The highest concentration of hunger is found in the Middle East.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Research on Global Inequality Today
world.
MSC: Understanding
49. How might the development of antiviral medications that allow people to live with HIV/AIDS be a
signal of improving conditions in many countries with a high rate of infection?
a. A reduction in warfare has allowed doctors and health personnel to gain access to areas
with high rates of infection.
b. Most of the AIDS cases are found in low-income countries, but the cost of the medications
is dropping rapidly.
c. Countries with the highest rate of AIDS are able to manufacture their own medications to
treat the infection.
d. Large pharmaceutical companies are building production facilities in places that are closer
to the epidemic, making distribution more efficient.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Research on Global Inequality Today
world.
MSC: Applying
50. At one prominent fast-food outlet, a single serving of chicken rings has 1,750 calories, which is
sold as a single meal. In contrast, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization’s
definition of undernourishment requires ________ or fewer calories per day.
a. 1,200 c. 1,500
b. 1,000 d. 1,800
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Research on Global Inequality Today
world.
MSC: Understanding
51. Famine and hunger are a result of natural and social forces. While drought affects nearly 100
million people, the social force that is increasingly affecting hunger is:
a. lack of distribution methods
b. conflict and warfare
c. the inability of poor countries to pay for technology
d. man-made climate change
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Research on Global Inequality Today
world.
MSC: Understanding
52. Education and literacy clearly contribute to economic development and individual social mobility.
Which countries have the highest percentage of their youth attending secondary school?
a. Low-income countries because they see this as an important strategy for development.
b. High-income countries because they have the most resources.
c. Middle-income countries because they have enough surplus product and see the need for
education.
d. Attendance at secondary school has nothing to do with development.
world.
MSC: Applying
53. Using Jeffrey Sachs’s categories, in which class would the United States be placed?
a. technology innovators c. technologically disconnected
b. technology adopters d. technologically deprived
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Unanswered Questions
OBJ: Understand the causes of inequality in the world today. MSC: Applying
54. Consider the iPhone as discussed in the text. Since the majority of iPhone parts are manufactured
in China, which of Jeffrey Sachs’s categories would we likely apply to China in this regard?
b. technology adopters d. technologically advanced
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Unanswered Questions
OBJ: Understand the causes of inequality in the world today. | Learn how globalization might
shape global inequality in the future. MSC: Understanding
55. Using Jeffrey Sachs’s categories, as which class would tropical sub-Saharan Africa be placed?
b. technology adopters d. technologically poor
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Unanswered Questions
shape global inequality in the future. MSC: Applying
56. Jeffrey Sachs recommends that wealthy countries should provide more financial and technical
assistance to other countries. What do his recommendations imply about his categorization of other
countries if this assistance takes place?
a. Nonwealthy countries would be more likely to move from technological adopters to
technological innovators.
b. Wealthy nations would lose their “edge” as technology innovators and might simply
become adopters.
c. Poor countries would still be left behind, but they would be more likely to use the
technologies if those things came from other countries, and would thus become adopters.
d. Existing technology adopters would become technologically poor.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Unanswered Questions
57. During the past 49 years, the overall standard of living in the world has risen. Between which two
groups has the overall gap widened?
a. the middle class and upper class c. the rich and poor
b. women and men d. low- and middle-income groups
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Unanswered Questions
shape global inequality in the future. MSC: Remembering
58. Which of the following is one explanation for the persistence of global economic inequality?
a. People in low-income countries lack a strong Protestant work ethic.
b. As the technology gap between countries widens, eliminating poverty is more difficult.
c. Capitalism is innately unequal, and socialism is innately equal.
d. Any medical and technological aid that is given to low-income countries is hoarded by
corrupt government officials.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Unanswered Questions
59. What was highly significant about the rapid economic growth in East Asia?
a. The region saw a reduction in extreme poverty from 57 percent to 4 percent in 25 years.
b. The region was growing while the rest of the world was experiencing economic crisis.
c. This region received economic aid from the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
d. The region became a central part of the development of technology.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Unanswered Questions
shape global inequality in the future. MSC: Applying
SHORT ANSWER
1. Why does gross national income (GNI) not give a complete picture of economic activity in a
country?
ANS:
It includes only cash transactions.
DIF: Moderate REF: Basic Concepts

MSC: Understanding
2. What does gross national income (GNI) measure?
ANS:
A country’s yearly output of goods per person.
DIF: Easy REF: Basic Concepts
MSC: Remembering
3. How is China an example of why the World Bank measurement of income classification—low,
lower-middle, upper-middle, and high—is not a complete picture of global inequality?
ANS:
Income averaging that is the basis for the classification is skewed upward when a small number of
people have huge incomes.
DIF: Moderate REF: Basic Concepts

MSC: Understanding
4. According to market-oriented theories, how is economic development most likely to be able to

proceed?
ANS:
When governments just “get out of the way.”
DIF: Easy REF: Theories of Global Inequality

5. According to dependency theory, why did powerful nations colonize other countries?
ANS:
To procure raw materials for their own development.

6. According to world systems theory, what are the three unequal economic zones?
ANS:
Core, semiperiphery, and periphery.

7. Brazilian sociologist Fernando Henrique Cardoso argued that poor countries could develop
economically, but in ways shaped by wealthier nations. What changed when Cardoso was later
elected president of Brazil?
ANS:
He called for greater integration of Brazil’s economy into the world economy under terms
favorable to Brazil.
DIF: Moderate REF: Theories of Global Inequality

8. What did H. H. Rostow’s modernization theory give rise to?
ANS:
Neoliberalism

9. What population makes up most sweatshop workers in the United States today?
ANS:
Illegal immigrants
DIF: Easy REF: Research on Global Inequality Today

world.
MSC: Remembering
10. What have some formerly low-income countries in East Asia actually moved to in income
category?
ANS:
They have moved into the high-income category.
DIF: Easy REF: Unanswered Questions

OBJ: Understand the causes of inequality in the world today. MSC: Remembering
TRUE/FALSE
1. There are currently no sweatshops in the United States.
ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: Research on Global Inequality Today

world.
MSC: Remembering
2. Most malnourished children live in countries that cannot produce enough food to feed their own
people.
ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Research on Global Inequality Today

world.
MSC: Remembering
3. Rapid globalization is unlikely to have an effect on you personally because you already live in a
high-income country.
ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: Unanswered Questions

OBJ: Learn how globalization might shape global inequality in the future.
MSC: Applying
MATCHING
a. The process whereby Western nations established their rule in parts of the world away
from their home territories
b. The economic belief that free-market forces, achieved by minimizing government
restrictions on business, provide the only route to economic growth
c. Made up of core, semiperiphery, and periphery countries
d. Marxist theory of economic development
e. Worldwide networks of labor and production processes yielding a finished product
f. Argues that low-income societies can develop economically only if they adopt modern
economic institutions, technologies, and cultural values
g. Under certain circumstances, poor countries can still develop economically, although only
in ways shaped by their reliance on wealthier countries
1. Dependency theory
2. Modernization theory
3. Dependent development
4. Neoliberalism
5. World systems theory
6. Global commodity chains
7. Colonialism
1. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Theories of Global Inequality

2. ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Theories of Global Inequality
3. ANS: G DIF: Moderate REF: Theories of Global Inequality
4. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Theories of Global Inequality
5. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Theories of Global Inequality
6. ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Theories of Global Inequality
7. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Theories of Global Inequality
ESSAY
1. Why are populations growing more than twice as fast in low-income countries than in high-income
countries?
ANS:
Answers may vary.
DIF: Easy REF: Basic Concepts

MSC: Remembering
2. Of the theories of global inequality discussed in the text, which would you see as most
ethnocentric (or biased from an American or Western perspective)? Explain.
ANS:
Answers may vary.

3. According to world systems theory, the world is divided into three unequal economic zones. What
are these three zones, and how are they related to each other?
ANS:
Answers may vary.

4. Trace the global commodity chain involved in the production and sale of the Apple iPhone.
Explain the concept of a global commodity chain. Use the example of the iPhone to demonstrate
what tracing a commodity from production to consumption tells us about the nature of global
economic activity.
ANS:
Answers may vary.

5. How could the wealthy countries help the poor countries overcome the technology gap according
to Jeffrey Sachs? What specific measures would help? Why do you think these steps have not been
taken?
ANS:
Answers may vary.
DIF: Moderate REF: Unanswered Questions

OBJ: Learn how globalization might shape global inequality in the future.
MSC: Understanding

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Introduction to Sociology 10th Edition

Giddens Test Bank

5. The rate of global inequality is:

9. What is the main economic activity in most low-income countries?

a. Central Africa c. South Asia

24. Dependency theories rely on theories developed by:

46. As world hunger has increased, global food production has:

DIF: Moderate REF: Basic Concepts

2. What does gross national income (GNI) measure?

DIF: Moderate REF: Basic Concepts

4. According to market-oriented theories, how is economic development most likely to be able to

DIF: Easy REF: Theories of Global Inequality

DIF: Easy REF: Theories of Global Inequality

DIF: Easy REF: Theories of Global Inequality

DIF: Moderate REF: Theories of Global Inequality

DIF: Easy REF: Theories of Global Inequality

DIF: Easy REF: Research on Global Inequality Today

DIF: Easy REF: Unanswered Questions

1. There are currently no sweatshops in the United States.

ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: Research on Global Inequality Today

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Research on Global Inequality Today

ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: Unanswered Questions

1. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Theories of Global Inequality

DIF: Easy REF: Basic Concepts

DIF: Moderate REF: Theories of Global Inequality

DIF: Moderate REF: Theories of Global Inequality

DIF: Moderate REF: Theories of Global Inequality

DIF: Moderate REF: Unanswered Questions

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