Juvenile Delinquency Theory Practice

and Law 11th Edition Siegel Test Bank

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TEST BANK
Chapter 7

MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The view that women who commit crime have biological and psychological traits similar to those
of men is called the _____.
a. Masculinity hypothesis
b. Femininity hypothesis
c. Biosocial theory
d. Feminine perspective

ANS: a REF: p. 248 OBJ: LO 1

2. Rita Simon explained the increase in female criminality as a function of _____.

a. The changing role of women
b. Cultural change
c. Political movements
d. Gender identity

ANS: a REF: p. 261 OBJ: LO 8

3. According to the critical feminist, _____ triggers the onset of female delinquent and deviant
behavior.
a. Capitalism
b. Abusive upbringing
c. Exploitation
d. Psychological problems

ANS: c REF: p. 266 OBJ: LO 8

4. According to Messerschmidt, in the _____ males try to emulate ideal masculine behaviors such
as authoritative, in charge, and controlling.
a. Western culture
b. Asian culture
c. Southern culture
d. European culture

ANS: a REF: p. 265 OBJ: LO 8

5. _____ theorists suggest that girls are socialized to be passive, which helps explain their low crime
rate.
a. Critical
b. Social
c. Biosocial
d. Psychodynamic

ANS: d REF: p. 250 OBJ: LO 5

6. Girls may still be subjected to harsh punishment if they are considered dangerously _____.
a. Violent
b. Abusive
c. Immoral

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d. Addicted to drugs

ANS: c REF: p. 268 OBJ: LO 10

7. Once in the system, females may receive fewer _____ and _____ than their male counterparts.
a. Lawyers, benefits
b. Services, therapists
c. Equipment, programs
d. Benefits, services

ANS: d REF: p. 267 OBJ: LO 10

8. Some experts suggest that _______________.

a. Females are more left brain-oriented and males are more right brain-oriented
b. Males are more left brain-oriented and females are more right brain-oriented
c. Males and females are equally left brain-oriented
d. Males and females are equally right brain-oriented.

ANS: a REF: p. 244-245 OBJ: LO 3

9. Self-report studies show that boys are _____ times as likely to report hunting or shooting with a
family member than girls.
a. Three
b. Five
c. Six
d. Ten

ANS: a REF: p. 242 OBJ: LO 2

10. In regard to gender differences, Eleanor Maccoby argues that differences are _____.
a. Based on biology
b. Based on the way kids are socialized
c. Based on individual personality
d. Based upon birth order

ANS: b REF: p. 245 OBJ: LO 3

11. _____ asserts that our culture polarizes males and females, forcing them into
exclusive gender roles of “feminine” or “masculine”.
a. Chivalry theory
b. Premenstrual theory
c. Gender-schema theory
d. Power-control theory

ANS: c REF: p. 245 OBJ: LO 3

12. Liberal feminism asserts that females are less delinquent than males because their _____ provide
them with fewer opportunities to commit crimes.
a. Social roles
b. Maternal roles
c. Social-emotional development
d. Economic position

ANS: a REF: 259 OBJ: LO 8

13. The typical female usually kills with a _____.

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a. Handgun
b. Knife
c. Blunt instrument
d. Poison

ANS: b REF: p. 247 OBJ: LO 4

14. The _____ hypothesis suggested that delinquent girls had excessive male characteristics.
a. Chivalry
b. Penis envy
c. Masculinity
d. Precocious sexuality

ANS: c REF: p. 241 OBJ: LO 5

15. The _____ is the view that lower female crime and delinquency rates are a reflection of the
leniency with which police treat female offenders.
a. Power-control theory
b. Chivalry hypothesis
c. Masculinity hypothesis
d. Gender-schema theory

ANS: b REF: p. 250 OBJ: LO 5

16. _____ maintained that females were lower on the evolutionary scale than males
a. Cesare Lombroso
b. David Comings
c. W. I. Thomas
d. James Q. Wilson

ANS: a REF: p. 250 OBJ: LO 5

17. Females are more likely to be influenced by current levels of social support than they are by their
early history of _____.
a. Lying
b. Promiscuity
c. Delinquency
d. Antisocial behavior

ANS: d REF: p. 246 OBJ: LO 4

18. _____ suggested that girls have an inferiority complex to boys and therefore attempt to
beautify themselves and dress well.
a. David Cummings
b. Edwin Lemert
c. Robert Merton
d. Sigmund Freud

ANS: d REF: p. 250 OBJ: LO 5

19. Investigators continue to support the view that female delinquents have more _____ home lives
than male offenders.
a. Dysfunctional
b. Structured
c. Authoritarian
d. Paternalistic

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ANS: a REF: p. 255 OBJ: LO 7

20. _____ is the primary hormone released during any kind of physical or psychological stress.
a. Oxytocin
b. Cortisol
c. Testosterone
d. Estrogen

ANS: b REF: p. 252 OBJ: LO 6

21. In general, females who have higher levels of _____ are more likely to engage in stereotypical
male behaviors.
a. Oxytocin
b. Cortisol
c. Testosterone
d. Estrogen

ANS: c REF: p. 252 OBJ: LO 6

22. It has been suggested that as a result of _____, females are more likely to engage in aggressive
behavior later in life.
a. Late puberty
b. Hormonal imbalances
c. Psychosocial development
d. Exposure to male hormones in utero

ANS: d REF: p. 252 OBJ: LO 6

23. The link between PMS and delinquency was popularized by _____.
a. Ruth Morris
b. Gisela Konopka
c. Rita Simon
d. Katharina Dalton

ANS: d REF: p. 252 OBJ: LO 6

24. _____ suggested that some girls who have not been socialized under middle-class family controls
can become impulsive thrill seekers.
a. W. I. Thomas
b. Ruth Morris
c. Cesare Lombroso
d. Rita Simon

ANS: a REF: p. 254 OBJ: LO 7

25. According to the text, an estimated _____ individuals were trafficked into the United States
annually.
a. 15,000 to 25, 000
b. 45,000 to 50,000
c. 75,000 to 100,000
d. 100,000 to 150,000

ANS: b REF: p. 262 OBJ: LO 8

26. According to ____ feminists, females are less delinquent than males because their social roles
provide fewer opportunities to commit crime.

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a. Critical
b. Liberal
c. Biosocial
d. Power-control

ANS: b REF: p. 259 OBJ: LO 8

27. The socialization approach holds that _____ is the key to understanding female delinquency.
a. Promiscuity
b. Family interaction
c. Substance abuse
d. Cognitive ability

ANS: b REF: p. 259 OBJ: LO 7

28. Gender differences in aggression become noticeable between the ages of _____ and _____,
when children are socialized into organized groups.
a. 2,7
b. 3,7
c. 3,6
d. 3,5

ANS: c REF: p. 242 OJB: LO 2

29. Females display more self-control than males, a factor that has been related to _____.
a. Victimization
b. Cognitive differences
c. Criminality
d. Psychosocial differences

ANS: c REF: p. 243 OBJ: LO 10

30. _____ theory suggests that class influences delinquency by controlling the quality of family life.
a. Gender-schema
b. Critical Marxist
c. Power-control
d. Trait

ANS: c REF: p. 266 OBJ: LO 9

FILL-IN-THE-BLANK
1. Psychologists believe that differences in the way females and males are socialized affect their
_____.

ANS: Development REF: p. 242 OBJ: LO 2

2. Females are _____ to fear that outward expressions of personal anger will hurt their
relationships.

ANS: Socialized REF: p. 243 OBJ: LO 2

3. _____ families are those in which the husband and wife share power at home.

ANS: Egalitarian REF: p. 266 OBJ: LO 9

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4. The _____ theory asserts that our culture polarizes males and females, forcing them into
exclusive gender roles of “feminine” and “masculine”.

ANS: Gender-schema REF: p. 245 OBJ: LO 3

5. The ratio of male to female arrests for _____ is approximately 10:1.

ANS: Murder REF: p. 247 OBJ: LO 4

6. Haynie and Piquero found that both boys and girls who reached puberty at an early age increase
their chances of _____.

ANS: Victimization REF: p. 251 OBJ: LO 6

7. W.I. Thomas suggested that some girls who have not been __________ can become impulsive
thrill seekers.

ANS: Socialized under middle-class REF: p. 254 OBJ: LO 6

family controls

8. In Capitalism, Patriarchy, and Crime, James Messerschmidt argues that capitalist society is
marked by both patriarchy and _____.

ANS: Class conflict REF: p. 264 OBJ: LO 8

9. _____ includes all forms of transportation of women and girls (as well as young boys) through the
use of force, abduction, fraud, and coercion for the purpose of sexual and/or commercial
exploitation.

ANS: Human trafficking REF: p. 262 OBJ: LO 8

10. The _____ theory holds that gender differences in the delinquency rate are a function of class
differences and economic conditions that influence the structure of family life.

ANS: Power-control REF: p. 266 OBJ: LO 9

11. According to the text, cognitive differences between males and females start in _____.

ANS: Childhood REF: p. 243 OBJ: LO 2

12. Hagan and his associates have speculated that gender differences in delinquency are a function
of _____ that influence family life.

ANS: Class differences REF: p. 266 OBJ: LO 9

13. Rita Simon’s view has been supported in part by research showing a significant correlation
between the________________ and the female crime rate.

ANS: Women’s rights movement REF: p. 261 OBJ: LO 8

14. _____ feminists believe gender inequality stems from the unequal power of men and women and
the subsequent exploitation of women by men.

ANS: Critical REF: p. 261 OBJ: LO 8

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15. _____ involve violence against women and girls, including such acts as beating, battering, or
killing, by a family member or relative to preserve cultural beliefs.

ANS: Honor killings REF: p. 239 OBJ: LO 1

TRUE/FALSE
1. As a general rule males who are involved in the justice system are sanctioned more severely
than females.

ANS: T REF: p. 267 OBJ: LO 10

2. Males do better in tasks that require retrieval from long-term memory while females excel in tasks
that require visual image manipulation. (LO 2, p. 219)

ANS: F REF: p. 243 OBJ: LO 2

3. One reason for the interest in gender studies is that conceptions of gender differences have
changed.

ANS: T REF: p. 242 OBJ: LO 1

4. Gender differences are a result of the interaction of socialization and learning, but not
enculturation.

ANS: F REF: p. 245 OBJ: LO 3

5. The chivalry hypothesis suggests that women who commit crimes have biological and
psychological straits similar to those of men.

ANS: F REF: p. 250 OBJ: LO 5

6. Girls who experience an early onset of physical maturity are most likely to engage in
antisocial behavior.

ANS: T REF: p. 251 OBJ: LO 6

7. Katharina Dalton concluded that females are more likely to commit suicide and be
aggressive and otherwise antisocial before or during menstruation.

ANS: T REF: p. 252 OBJ: LO 6

8. The socialization approach holds that family interaction is the key to understanding female
delinquency.

ANS: T REF: p. 258 OBJ: LO 7

9. As a general rule males who are involved in the justice system are sanctioned more
severely than females.

ANS: T REF: p. 267 OBJ: LO 10

10. Janet Shibley Hyde found that men and women are basically more alike than different in critical
psychological variables.

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ANS: T REF: p. 245 OBJ: LO 3

ESSAY
1. Discuss the development of interest in female delinquency.

ANS:
• Contemporary interest in the association between gender and delinquency has surged, fueled by
observations of the struggles young women now face.
• While female delinquency is still lower than the male delinquency, girls are now getting involved
in serious delinquent acts. Young women represent the fastest growing population within juvenile
justice systems around the world.
• The types of delinquent acts that young women engage in today also seem quite similar to those
of young men.
• Larceny and aggravated assault, the crimes for which most young men are arrested, are also the
most common offenses for which females are arrested. There is evidence that girls get more
heavily involved in gangs and gang violence.
• Another reason for the interest in gender studies is that conceptions of gender differences have
changed. A feminist approach to understanding crime is now firmly established.
• The result has been an increased effort to conduct research that would adequately explain
differences and similarities in male and female offending patterns.

REF: p. 241-242 OBJ: LO 1

2. The text suggests that gender differences in development (socialization, cognition, and
personality) may pave the way for future differences in misbehaving. Discuss personality
differences. Do you agree or disagree with this premise? Explain.

ANS:
• Girls are often stereotyped as talkative, but research shows that in many situations boys spend
more time talking than girls do.
• Females are more willing to reveal their feelings and more likely to express concern for others
and are more concerned about finding the “meaning of life” and less interested in competing for
material success. Males are more likely to introduce new topics and to interrupt conversations.
• Adolescent females use different knowledge than males and have different ways of interpreting
their interactions with others. These gender differences may have an impact on self-esteem and
self-concept.
• Research shows that, as adolescents develop, male self-esteem and self-concept rise, whereas
female self-confidence is lowered.
• One reason is that girls are more likely to stress about their weight and be more dissatisfied with
the size and shape of their bodies. Young girls are regularly confronted with unrealistically high
standards of slimness that make them extremely unhappy with their own bodies; it is not
surprising that the incidence of eating disorders, such as anorexia and bulimia, has increased
markedly in recent years.
• Gilligan uncovered an alternative explanation for this decline in female self-esteem: As girls move
into adolescence, they become aware of the conflict between the positive way they see
themselves and the negative way society views females. Many girls respond by “losing their
voices”—that is, submerging their own feelings and accepting the negative view of women
conveyed by adult authorities.
• Student views will vary.

REF: p. 243-244 OBJ: LO 2

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3. Discuss the policy shifts that may have escalated girls’ arrest proneness. Do you agree or
disagree with these shifts. Explain.

ANS:
• The definition of “violent crime” may have expanded so that minor incidents that girls, in relative
terms, are more likely to commit are now included in the arrest data.
• Police are more likely to make arrests in private settings (e.g., home and school) where girls’
violence is more widespread.
• Family and societal attitudes toward juvenile females are less tolerant now. These developments
reflect both a growing intolerance of violence in the law and among the citizenry and an expanded
application of preventive punishment and risk management strategies that emphasize early
identification and enhanced formal control of problem individuals or groups, particularly problem
youth.
• Any gender convergence in the arrest rate must be due to police procedures and not actual
change in delinquent activity. However, it is possible that girls today are committing the more
serious types of crime that result in arrest and court processing, a fact that self-report studies fail
to detect.
• Student views will vary.

REF: p. 247 OBJ: LO 4

4. Discuss the early biological explanations of female delinquency, include an example. Explain
your view of this theory.

ANS:
• With the publication in 1895 of The Female Offender, Lombroso extended his work on criminality
to females.
• Lombroso maintained that women were lower on the evolutionary scale than men, more childlike
and less intelligent.
• Women who committed crimes could be distinguished from “normal” women by physical
characteristics: For example: excessive body hair, wrinkles, and an abnormal cranium.
• In appearance, delinquent females appeared closer to men than to other women. The masculinity
hypothesis suggested that delinquent girls had excessive male characteristics.
• In 1925, Cyril Burt linked female delinquency to menstruation.
• Healy and Bronner’s research showed that about 70 percent of the delinquent girls they studied
had abnormal weight and size, a finding that supported the “masculinity hypothesis.”
• Student views will vary.

REF: p. 250 OBJ: LO 5

5. Discuss the possible relationship between early puberty and victimization.

ANS:
• Research by Dana Haynie and Alex Piquero found that both boys and girls who reached puberty
at an early age increase their chances of victimization.
• The association was gendered: Boys were less likely to become victims if their friendship network
contained girls; in contrast, girls’ victimization was not moderated by the sexual makeup of their
peer group.
• It is possible that females are much less likely to be involved in serious, violent delinquency, and
therefore having a higher concentration of them in a male’s peer network reduces their exposure
to more violent boys.
• In contrast, boys who associate mostly with male peers may feel compelled to engage in risky
behaviors; for example, in order to keep up with their friends they have to drink, drive fast, and
get involved in brawls.

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• Girls may feel less peer pressure to engage in risky behavior; their male friends may protect them
rather than put them in danger.
• Although early puberty and sexual development may put girls at risk for juvenile delinquency and
substance abuse, it may also help shield them from victimization risk.

REF: p. 251 OBJ: LO 6

6. Discuss the association between religiosity and female delinquency. Explain your view of this
association.

ANS:
• Religiosity also helped protect girls at high risk for delinquency from violent behavior. Girls
from disadvantaged neighborhoods and those who had been sexually abused were less likely
to engage in violent forms of delinquency when they were religious.
• Girls who had been neglected or physically assaulted were more likely to engage in
aggravated assault when they were religious.
• It is possible that when girls are neglected and experience repeated physical assault early in
life, their belief systems may become skewed to support the idea that violence is an
acceptable and normal behavior.
• If girls who are physically abused live in homes where religious beliefs are promoted, religion
could function as a belief system that supports violence.
• Hawkins and her colleagues find that among high risk girls, the presence of a caring adult,
school success, school connectedness, and religiosity may protect against some forms of
delinquent behavior for some girls, but this protective effect is subject to complex interactions
with risk factors and age.
• Student views will vary.

REF: p. 258-259 OBJ: LO 7

7. Discuss how liberal feminism has influenced thinking about delinquency.

ANS:
• According to liberal feminists, females are less delinquent than males, because their social roles
provide fewer opportunities to commit crime.
• As the roles of women become more similar to those of men, so will their crime patterns. Female
criminality is motivated by the same influences as male criminality.
• According to Freda Adler by striving for independence women have begun to alter the institutions
that had protected males in their traditional positions of power.
• Adler argued that female delinquency would be affected by the changing role of women. As
females entered new occupations and participated in sports, politics, and other traditionally male
endeavors, they would also become involved in crimes that had heretofore been male-oriented;
delinquency rates would then converge. She noted that girls were becoming increasingly involved
in traditionally masculine crimes such as gang activity and fighting.
• Adler predicted that the women’s movement would produce steeper increases in the rate of
female delinquency, because it created an environment in which the roles of girls and boys
converge. She predicted that the changing female role would produce female criminals who are
similar to their male counterparts.

REF: p. 259-261 OBJ: LO 8

8. Explain the power-control theory. Explain your views on this theory.

ANS:
• John Hagan and his associates have speculated that gender differences in delinquency are a
function of class differences that influence family life.

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• Hagan calls his view power-control theory and suggests that class influences delinquency by
controlling the quality of family life. In paternalistic families, fathers assume the role of
breadwinners, and mothers have menial jobs or remain at home.
• Mothers are expected to control the behavior of their daughters while granting greater freedom to
sons. The parent-daughter relationship can be viewed as a preparation for the “cult of
domesticity,” which makes daughters’ involvement in delinquency unlikely.
• Consequently, males exhibit a higher degree of delinquent behavior than their sisters.
• Power-control theory encourages a new approach to the study of delinquency, one that
addresses gender differences, class position, and family structure. It also helps explain the
relative increase in female delinquency by stressing the significance of changing feminine roles.

REF: p. 266 OBJ: LO 9

9. Discuss how gender differences impact the way youth are treated by the juvenile justice system.

ANS:
• As a general rule males who are involved in the justice system are sanctioned more severely than
females.
• Males are much more likely (ratio 10:6) to be ordered placement in a residential facility if they
commit a crime against another person (for example, assault or robbery).
• The male-female difference in residential placement rates in cases involving attacks on people
reflects the fact that male cases are more likely to be petitioned; if petitioned, are more likely to be
adjudicated ; and finally, if adjudicated, are more likely to receive residential placement as a
sanction.
• About 40 percent of males petitioned to juvenile court for violent crimes result in some sort of
court-ordered sanction (residential placement, formal probation, restitution, community service,
etc.) following adjudication; in comparison, about 30 percent of girls receive similar sanctions.
• Cases involving males are more likely to be waived to criminal court (10 in 1,000) than are cases
involving females (1 in 1,000).

REF: p. 267-268 OBJ: LO 10

10. Discuss sex tourism and child prostitution. What is your view of this problem? Explain.

ANS:
• Sex tourism is a booming business, and many men from wealthy nations engage in sexual
activities with trafficked individuals by travelling to destinations where women and children are
prostituted.
• Child prostitution flourishes along the German-Czech border. Girls and boys hang out near petrol
stations, bus stops, and restaurants on the connecting roads between the two nations.
• Within towns, they are found in parks, in front of supermarkets and the entrances of gambling
halls and houses, and at the railway station. In some areas, the children wait for tourists in cars or
by windows.
• Small babies and children up to 6 years of age are usually offered to tourists by women. Children
older than 7 years are usually accompanied by a male adolescent or an adult.
• Many of the children get inside the cars of German tourists and drive away with them. Older
children from 8 years on negotiate prices and sexual services. The men usually drive with their
victim to a place they are familiar with and where they will not be observed.
• Many of the children were raped or sexually abused before they became involved in commercial
sexual exploitation.
• Poverty, sexual abuse, and family obligation are the main reasons given by children for entering
into prostitution. The children usually receive small amounts of money, eatable, or financial
support to the families.

REF: p. 263-264 OBJ: LO 8

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