Simple radiating systems

ELECTRICALLY SMALL DIPOLES

An antenna whose dimensions are small compared to the wavelength at the
frequency of operation is an electrically small antenna, generally is taken to be
on the order of a tenth of a wavelength in extent or less.

The simplest practical electrically small antenna is the short dipole shown in Fig. 3-
1a as a wire with a feed point in the center.
The larger radiation resistance associated with the uniform current of the
ideal dipole can be realized in practice by providing a mechanism for
charge accumulation at the wire ends.
One method of accomplishing this is to place metal plates at the ends of
the wire.
This is called a capacitor-plate antenna, or top-hat-loaded dipole
antenna. Frequently in practice, radial wires are used for the top loading in
place of the solid plates.
Another small antenna used to approximate the ideal dipole is the
transmission line loaded antenna.
The monopole form of the transmission line loaded dipole shown in Fig.
3-4c is called the inverted-L antenna (ILA). The small ILA has a total wire
length that is much less than a wavelength.
HALF-WAVE DIPOLES

The half-wave dipole is realized with a straight wire fed in the center.

The input impedance of an infinitely thin dipole of exactly one-half

wavelength is ZA = 73 + j42.5 Ω.
The tuned half-wave dipole then has an input impedance of about 70 + j0
Ω. Thus, the half-wave dipole has the advantages of being naturally well
matched in impedance to common devices. Additionally, it has a radiation
efficiency very close to 100% for common wire materials.
HALF-WAVE DIPOLES

current distribution

The radiated electric field pattern

far-field pattern
MONOPOLE
MONOPOLE
MONOPOLE

The input impedance for a monopole is

the radiation resistance of a monopole is

h is the length of the monopole

the directivity
SMALL LOOP ANTENNA

Duality in circuit analysis

Duality in Maxwell eq.

E1 and H1 are the fields generated by J1
with materials ε1, μ1, σ1 present.

E2 and H2 are the fields arising from M2,

materials ε2, μ2, σ2 present.
SMALL LOOP ANTENNA

A current loop can be represented as a fictitious (ideal) magnetic dipole

with uniform magnetic current Im and length Δz.
SMALL LOOP ANTENNA
The ideal electric dipole has field solutions of the form

the dual magnetic dipole are then found

SMALL LOOP ANTENNA
The radiation fields of small loops are independent of the shape of the
loop and depend only on the area of the loop.
The far-field components are
SMALL LOOP ANTENNA

Another popular way to enhance the radiation resistance of a loop

antenna is to wind the turns around a ferrite core forming the
ferrite rod antenna (also called a loop-stick antenna or ferrite-core
multiturn loop) which is used up to VHF frequencies, where
usually losses become excessive.
SMALL LOOP ANTENNA

the radiation resistance for a loop-stick antenna is