MC1 – Anatomy & Physiology > Study of the embryo (first week of the development of a

human egg after fertilization)

PRELIM REVIEWER
> Concerned with all the developmental changes that occur
Part One before birth.
Introduction to the Human Body DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
ANATOMY > Study of the complete development of an individual from
fertilization to death.
> tomy – to cut
> Traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout
> ana – apart
the life span.
It is the study of the structure and shape of the body and its
PATHOLOGY
parts and their relationship to one another.
> The study of BOTH gross and microscopic changes in
PHYSIOLOGY
structures due to disease.
> physio – nature
> path – disease
> ology – the study of
ANATOMICAL IMAGINE
It is the study of how the body and its parts work or function.
> The study of internal body structures that can be visualized
Note: Structure follows function! through the use of imaging techniques such as:

The anatomy (shape/position/structure) of a structure is a. X-ray

designed to fulfill its function (physiology). b. Ultrasound
c. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Branches of Study (Anatomy) d. Computed Tomography (CT scan)
e. PET scan
GROSS OR MACROSCOPIC ANATOMY
f. Endoscopy
> Study of larger structures that can be seen with the naked
Anatomical Imaging Techniques
eye.
RADIOGRAPHY
Approaches of the Study
> Shortwave electromagnetic radiation moves throughout the
> Regional Anatomy – specific body regions (e.g., head and
body, exposing a photographic plate to form a radiograph.
neck)
Note: X-rays do not easily pass through dense structures
> Systemic Anatomy – specific body systems (e.g., digestive
system) Bone – white
SURFACE ANATOMY Hollow structures – black
> Study of the external features of the body. Structures of intermediate density – varying shades of gray
> Breastbone and ribs are palpated to identify regions of the Mammography – a small cancer is easily seen
heart.
DEXA Scan – measures bone density
VARIANT ANATOMY
Angiogram – scans how blood flows through arteries or veins,
> A deviation from the ‘normal’ arrangement of an anatomical or through the heart, using X-rays, computed tomography
structure (anatomic anomalies) without causing a angiography (CTA), or magnetic resonance angiography
demonstrable impairment to its functioning. (e.g., sternal (MRA)
foramen)
Urography – examination used to evaluate the kidneys,
DARWIN’S TUBERCLE ureters, and bladder
OSSA SUTURALIA/WORMIAN BONES Barium Contrast – help diagnose or find problems in the
esophagus, stomach, and bowels
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
ULTRASOUND
> Study of structures that cannot be seen with the naked eye
and can only be viewed with a microscope. > Uses high-frequency sound waves, which are emitted from
a transmitter-receiver place on the skin over the area to be
Subdivisions
scanned
a. Cytology – cellular structures
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT scan)
b. Histology – structures of tissues
> X-ray beams are sent through the body, taking 2D pictures
EMBRYOLOGY
from various angles, which a computer later joins together to
form a 3D image.

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MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGINE (MRI) LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

> Uses a powerful magnet and radio waves to produce images

of the internal parts of the body

> The technique is very sensitive in detecting some forms of

cancer far more readily than a CT scan

POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET scan)

> A radioactive dye called a tracer is introduced to the body,

where it is taken up by tissues.

ENDOSCOPY

> Involves the visual examination of the inside of body organs

or cavities using a lighted instrument with lenses called an
endoscope.

Branches of Study (Physiology)

MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY

> Study of functions of individual molecules such as proteins

and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

> Study of changes in cell and organ functions due to

muscular activity.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

> Study of functional changes associated with disease and

aging.

Physiological Studies According to Body Systems

THE ELEVEN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (Support and Movement)
> neuro – nerve
> Forms the external body covering
Study of the functional properties of nerve cells.
> Protects deeper tissue from injury
ENDOCRINOLOGY
> Synthesizes vitamin D
> endo – within ; crin – secretion
> Location of cutaneous (pain, pressure, and touch receptors
Study of the hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and and sweat and oil glands)
how they control body functions
> Thermoregulation
CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY
SKELETAL SYSTEM (Support and Movement)
> cardi – heart ; vascular – blood vessels > Supports body and protects vital organs
IMMUNOLOGY
> Provides surface area for muscle attachment
> immune – not susceptible
> Aids in locomotion
Study of the body’s defenses against disease-causing agents.
> Houses cells that produce blood cells (bone marrow)
RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY
> Stores minerals and lipids (fats)
> respira – to breathe
MUSCULAR SYSTEM (Support and Movement)
Study of the functions of the air passageways and the lungs.
> Locomotion
RENAL PHYSIOLOGY
> Maintains posture
> ren – kidney
> Heat production
Study of the functions of the kidneys.
> Smooth and Cardiac

NERVOUS SYSTEM (Integration and Control)

> Fast-acting control system of the body

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> Responds to internal and external changes by activating > Maintenance of secondary sex characteristics
appropriate muscles and glands.
> Mammary glands in females produce milk to nourish
> Includes Special Senses newborn

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (Integration and Control) CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LIVING HUMAN ORGANISM

> Slow-acting BASIC LIFE PROCESSES

> Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as > Maintaining boundaries
growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells.
Every organism must be able to maintain its boundaries so
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (Regulation and Maintenance) that its ‘inside’ remains distinct from its ‘outside’.

Heart > Digestion

> Pumps blood through blood vessels The process of breaking down ingested food into simple
molecules that can then be absorbed into the blood.
Blood
> Metabolism
> Carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and
wastes away from cells Sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body

> Helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water a. Catabolism – SPLIT (glycogen – glucose)
content of body fluids b. Anabolism – BUILD (amino acids – proteins)

> blood components help defend against disease and repair > Responsiveness
damaged blood vessels
Body’s ability to detect and respond to changes
Blood Vessels
> Movement
> Veins – carry deoxygenated blood
Motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and
> Arteries – carry oxygenated blood even tiny structures inside cells.

> Capillaries – exchange materials between blood and tissues > Growth

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM (Regulation and Maintenance)
> Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the
blood
> Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
> Houses white blood cells involved in immunity
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Regulation and Maintenance)
> Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon
dioxide from blood to exhaled air
> Helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids
> Air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sound
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (Regulation and Maintenance)
An increase in body size that results from an increase in the
size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or
BOTH.
> Development
Changes an organism undergoes through time, beginning
with fertilization and ending at death
a. Differentiation – the development of a cell from and
unspecialized to a specialized state
b. Morphogenesis – change in shape of tissues,
organs, and the entire organism
> Reproduction
The formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or
replacement

> Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food The production of a new individual

> Absorbs nutrients Note: When any one of the life processes ceases to occur
properly, the result is DEATH of cells and tissues, which may
> Eliminates solid indigestible wastes lead to the death of the organism.
URINARY SYSTEM (Regulation and Maintenance) SURVIVAL NEEDS
> Eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes from the body > Nutrients
> Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the > Oxygen
blood
> Water
> Helps regulate production of red blood cells by producing
erythropoietin > Body Temperature

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (Propagation of the Species) > Atmospheric Pressure

> Production of offspring Note: The mere presence of these survival factors is not
sufficient to maintain life. They must be present in appropriate

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amounts as well; excesses and deficits may be equally
harmful.

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