Radiographic Testing

LEVEL 2 (as per ISO 9712)

CODES, STANDARDS, SPECIFICATIONS

AND PROCEDURES

K. A. S. I Saranath
Scientific Officer
NCNDT

1
 Terminology
Quality
• Quality of an industrial product is defined as the "fitness of
the product" to do the job required of it by its user.

Quality Control
• Quality control can be defined as the controls applied at
each manufacturing stage to consistently produce a quality
product.

Standardisation
• Standardisation of a process can be defined as the setting
up of process parameters so that it constantly produces a
product of uniform characteristics.
 Terminology
Standards

• Standards are documents that govern and guide the various

activities occurring during the production of an industrial
product.

• Standards describe the technical requirements for a

material, process, product, system or service.

• They also indicate, as appropriate, the procedures,

methods, equipment or tests to determine that the
requirements have been met.
 Terminology
Codes and Specifications

• Codes and specifications are similar types of standards that

use the verbs "shall' or "will“ to indicate the mandatory use
of certain materials or actions or both.
• Codes differ from specifications in that their use is
mandated with the force of law by governmental
jurisdiction.
• The use of specifications becomes mandatory only when
they are referenced by codes or contractual documents.
• A prime example of codes is the ASME Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Code which is a set of standards that assure the safe
design, construction and testing of boilers and pressure
vessels.
 Terminology
Guides and Recommended Practices

• Guides and recommended practices are standards that are

offered primarily as aids to the user.

• They use verbs such as "should" and "may" because their

use in usually optional.

• However, if these documents are referenced by codes or

contractual agreements, their use may become mandatory.
 Terminology
Procedure

• In non destructive testing, a procedure is an orderly

sequence of rules which describe in detailed terms.

Inspection
• Inspections are the quality control functions which are
carried out during the fabrication of an industrial product by
an "authorised inspector".
 Terminology
Authorised Inspector

• Authorised inspector is a person who is not an employee of

the fabricator of an industrial product but who is properly
qualified and has the authority to verify to his satisfaction
that all examinations specified in the construction code of
the product have been made to the requirements of the
referencing section of the construction code.
 Terminology
Report

• A report of a non destructive examination or of testing is a

document which includes all the necessary information
required to be able to:
 take decisions on the acceptance of the defects revealed by
the examination
 facilitate repairs of unacceptable defects, and
 permit the examination or testing to be repeated
 Terminology
Records

• Records are documents which will give, at any time in the

future, the following information about a non destructive
testing examination,
 the procedure used to carry out the examination
 the data recording and data analysing techniques used, and
 the results of the examination
 Standardization Organizations
• ISO : International Organization for Standardization
• ASME: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
• ASTM : American Society for Testing and Materials
• IIW: International Institute of Welding
• DIN : German Standards Institution (Deutsches Institut fur
Normung)
• ASNT : American Society for Non-destructive Testing
• CSA : Canadian Standards Association
• JSNDI : Japanese Society for Non-destructive Inspection
• API : American Petroleum Institute
• AWS: American Welding Society
 International Organization for Standardization
BS EN and ISO Codes related to Radiographic Testing

 BS EN ISO 17636-1:2013 Non-destructive testing of welds –

Radiographic testing – Part 1: X- and gamma ray techniques with film

 BS EN ISO 17636-2:2013 Non-destructive testing of welds –

Radiographic testing – Part 2: X- and gamma ray techniques with digital
detectors

 BS EN ISO 10675-1:2016 Non-destructive testing of welds – Acceptance

levels for radiographic testing –Part 1: Steel, nickel, titanium and their
alloys

 BS EN ISO 10675-2:2017 Non-destructive testing of welds – Acceptance

levels for radiographic testing –Part 2: Aluminium and its alloys
 International Organization for Standardization
BS EN and ISO Codes related to Radiographic Testing

 BS EN ISO 10893-6:2019 Non-destructive testing of steel tubes – Part 6:

Radiographic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the
detection of imperfections

 BS EN 12681-1:2017 Founding – Radiographic testing – Film techniques

 BS EN ISO 19232-1:2013 Non-destructive testing – Image quality of

radiographs – Part 1: Determination of the image quality value using
wire-type image quality indicators

 BS EN ISO 19232-2:2013 Non-destructive testing – Image quality of

radiographs – Part 2: Determination of the image quality value using
step/hole-type image quality indicators
 International Organization for Standardization
BS EN and ISO Codes related to Radiographic Testing

 BS EN ISO 11699-1:2011 Non-destructive testing – Industrial

radiographic film – Part 1: Classification of film systems for industrial
radiography

 BS EN ISO 11699-2:2011 Non-destructive testing – Industrial

radiographic films – Part 2: Control of film processing by means of
reference values

 BS EN 25580:1992 Non-destructive testing – Industrial radiographic

illuminators – Minimum requirement

 BS EN ISO 5579:2013 Non-destructive testing – Radiographic testing of

metallic materials using film and X- or gamma rays – Basic rules
 International Institute of Welding (IIW)
• IIW have prepared the following collections of reference
radiographs :

(i) Collection of reference radiographs of welds in steel (1962)

(86 radiographs)
(ii) Collection of reference radiographs of welds in aluminium
and aluminium alloys (1965) (51 radiographs)
(iii) Collection of reference radiographs and cross sections of
welds in steel (34 radiographs and 34 drawings/cross sections)
(iv) IIW - Reference Radiographs for Assessment of Weld
Imperfections According to ISO 5817 Film – January 1, 2005
 International Commission on Radiological Protection
(ICRP)
• The International Commission on Radiological Protection is
an independent, international, non-governmental
organization, with the mission to protect people, animals,
and the environment from the harmful effects of ionising
radiation.
• The following publications are of interest to NDT personnel
involved in radiographic testing.
 ICRP Publication 28: Principles for Handling Emergency and Accidental
Exposures of Workers
 ICRP Publication 10: Evaluation of Radiation Doses to Body Tissues from
Internal Contamination due to Occupational Exposure
 ICRP Publication 7: Principles of Environmental Monitoring related to
the Handling of Radioactive Materials
 ICRP Publication 12: General Principles of Monitoring for Radiation
Protection of Workers
 ICRP Publication 22: Implications of Commission Recommendations that
Doses be Kept as Low as Readily Achievable
Historical relationship of ICRP and BSS

ICRP recommendations IAEA basic safety standards

Publication 1 (1959) Safety Series 9 (1962)
Publication 6 (1964)
Publication 9 (1966) Safety Series 9 (1967)
Publication 26 (1977) Safety Series 9 (1982)
Publication 60 (1991) Safety Series 115 (1996)
Publication 103 (2007) General Safety Requirements Part 3 (2014)

Source: THE RADIATION SAFETY IN A “DAILY LIFE” Introduction by Volodymyr Berkovskyy, IAEA

16
 American Petroleum Institute (API)

• API was formed in 1919 as a standards-setting organization

and is the global leader in convening subject matter experts
across segments to establish, maintain, and distribute
consensus standards for the oil and gas industry. In its first
100 years, API has developed more than 700 standards to
enhance operational safety, environmental protection and
sustainability across the industry, especially through these
standards being adopted globally.

 API 1104: Standard for Welding Pipelines and Related

Facilities
 American Welding Society (AWS)

• The American Welding Society (AWS) was founded in 1919

as a non-profit organization to advance the science,
technology and application of welding and allied joining and
cutting processes, including brazing, soldering and thermal
spraying.

 AWS D1.1: Structural Welding Code--Steel

 AWS D1. 2 Structural Welding Code – Aluminum
 Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS)
• Japanese Industrial Standards are the standards used for
industrial activities in Japan, coordinated by the Japanese
Industrial Standards Committee and published by the
Japanese Standards Association.

JIS Codes related to Radiographic Testing

• JIS Z 3104, 95th Edition, October 20, 2020 - Methods of Radiographic
Examination for Welded Joints in Steel
• JIS Z 3105, 3rd Edition, October 20, 2017 - Method of Radiographic
Examination for Welded Joints in Aluminium
• JIS Z 3106, 1st Edition, October 20, 2020 - Methods of Radiographic
Examination for Welded Joints in Stainless Steel
• JIS Z 3107, 93rd Edition, March 20, 2004 - METHOD OF RADIOGRAPHIC
EXAMINATION FOR TITANIUM WELDS BY X-RAY
 INTRODUCTION TO NDT CODES AND
STANDARDS
• Non-destructive examination is very significant means to
ensure reliability of equipment and structural components.
• Quite often a product being designed and manufactured or
fabricated follows a certain reference standard, code, or
specification.
• In relation to NDT inspection, the purpose of standards and
codes is to prescribe a test method or procedure which
would give correct and uniform assessment of the quality of
the product.
• Competent NDT personnel are required to assess the quality
of the product.
• This can only be achieved through proper training and
education in NDT practices.
 INTRODUCTION TO NDT CODES AND
STANDARDS
• The use and the performance of non-destructive testing in
industry depends very much on standards.
• Standards are used to compare results, to calibrate
equipment, to ensure uniform and reproducible results, and
to help one to determine what is acceptable and what is
not.
 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
• Issued every two years, the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code (BPVC) sets the standard for the safe design,
manufacture and maintenance of boiler and pressure
vessels, power-producing machines and nuclear power
plant components.

• The American Society of Mechanical Engineers set up a

committee in 1911 to formulate standard rules for the
construction of steam boilers and other pressure vessels.

• The first code was published in 1914.

 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC)
Section I Power boilers
Section II Materials specifications
Section IIIRules for construction of nuclear power plant components
Section IV Heating boilers
Section V Non-destructive Examination
Section VI Recommended rules for care and operation of heating
boilers
Section VII Recommended rules for care and operation of power
boilers
Section VIII Pressure vessels
Section IX Welding and brazing qualifications
Section X Fibreglass — reinforced plastic (FRP) pressure vessels
Section XI Rules for in-service inspection of nuclear power plant
components
Section XII Rules for Construction and Continued Service of Transport
Tanks
Section XIII Rules for Overpressure Protection
 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC)
Article 1 General Requirement
Article 2 Radiographic Examination
Article 4 Ultrasonic Examination Methods for Welds
Article 5 Ultrasonic Examination Methods for Materials
Article 6 Liquid Penetrant Examination
Article 7 Magnetic Particle Examination
Article 8 Eddy Current Examination
Article 9 Visual Examination
Article10 Leak Testing
Article 11 Acoustic Emission of Fiber Reinforced Plastic Vessels
Article 12 Acoustic Emission of Metallic Vessels during Pressure testing
Article 13 Continuous Acoustic Emission Monitoring
Article 14 Examination of System Qualification
Article 15 Alternating Current Field Measurement Technique
 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC)
Article 16 Magnetic Flux Leakage Examination
Article 17 Remote Field testing Examination Method
Article 22 Radiographic Standards
Article 23 Ultrasonic Standards
Article 24 Liquid Penetrant Standards
Article 25 Magnetic Particle Standards
Article 26 Eddy Current Standards
Article 29 Acoustic Emission Standards
Article 30 Terminology for Non-destructive Examinations Standard
Article 31 Alternating Current Field Measurement Standard
Article 32 Remote Field Testing Standard
Article 33 Guided Wave Standards
 Types of Standards
• Generally the standards belonging to NDT can be grouped
into various categories such as :

• Standards for equipment

• Standards for testing methods
• Standards for training and certification of NDT personnel
• Acceptance Standards
 Standards for Equipment
• Ensuring that the equipment in use is either inherently
capable of or can be adjusted to give a certain
predetermined degree of sensitivity and performance.

Some of standards of this category are:

• ISO 11699-1:2008 Non-destructive testing – Industrial
radiographic film – Part 1: Classification of film systems for
industrial radiography
• ISO 11699-2:1998 Non-destructive testing – Industrial
radiographic films – Part 2: Control of film processing by
means of reference values
• ISO 16526-2:2011 Non-destructive testing – Measurement
and evaluation of the X-ray tube voltage – Part 2: Constancy
check by the thick filter method
 Standards for Testing Methods
• In order to select an optimal test technique for a particular
job.

Some of standards of this category are:

• ASME B & PV Code Section V, Article 2 ( 2021 ) :
Radiographic examination
• ASME B & PV Code Section V, Article 22 ( 2021 ) :
Radiographic Standards
• ISO 17636-1 ( 2013 ) : Non-destructive testing of welds -
Radiographic testing - Part 1: X- and gamma-ray techniques
with film
• ISO 17636-2 ( 2013 ) : Non-destructive testing of welds -
Radiographic testing - Part 1: X- and gamma-ray techniques
with digital detectors
 Standards for Training and Certification of
NDT Personnel
• Recommendations relating to the training and certification
of Non-destructive testing personnel.

Some of standards of this category are:

• ISO 9712- 2021 : Qualification and certification of NDT
personnel

• ASNT SNT-TC-1A-2020 : Recommended practice for non-

destructive testing personnel qualification and certification

• IAEA-TECDOC-628/Rev.3-2013 : Training Guidelines in Non-

destructive Testing Techniques
 Acceptance Standards
• After the defects have been investigated by NDT in terms of
their nature, size and location, it is important to evaluate
their acceptance or rejection.

Some of standards of this category are:

• ASME BPVC.VIII.1-2021 : Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels:
levels for radiographic testing -Part 1: Steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys
• ASME B31.1-2018 : Power Piping
• ISO 5817 -2014 : Welding. Fusion-welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium
and their alloys (beam welding excluded). Quality levels for
imperfections
• ISO 10675-1 ( 2021 ) : Non-destructive testing of welds -Acceptance
• API 1104-2021 : Standard for Welding Pipelines and Related Facilities
 Thank you

2/14/2023 PT Level 2 - NCNDT Training Unit 31