Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Limits - HN
Limits - HN
Limits
Table of contents
Session 01 03
Limits 04
Indeterminate Forms 13
Algebra of limits 15
Methods to solve 16
Rationalisation 20
Session 02 23
Sandwich theorem 29
Important deductions 33
Standard Limits 37
Session 1
Introduction to Limits and
methods to solve
Return To Top
Key Takeaways
Limits:
𝑥 → 𝑎 means 𝑥 tends to 𝑎
Key Takeaways
𝑌
As 𝑥 tends to 3, 𝑓(𝑥)
tends to 3.99
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 3.99
!→$
(2.99,3.99)
(3.01,3.99)
𝑋
Key Takeaways
Limits:
• For RHL 𝑥 = 𝑎 + ℎ
𝑥 =𝑎−ℎ 𝑥 =𝑎+ℎ
For LHL 𝑥 = 𝑎 − ℎ
𝑎
• ℎ is infinitely small +𝑣𝑒 quantity
Key Takeaways
Note:
• lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 𝑓 𝑎 − ℎ
!→# ! %→&
10
𝑓(𝑥)
1 𝑋
−5 −1 1 5 10 15 20
a) lim 𝑓 𝑥
!→'
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 1 − ℎ + 1 = 2
!→'! %→&
2𝑥 − 3
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 2 1 + ℎ − 3 = − 1 𝑥+1
!→'" %→&
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 2 4 − ℎ − 3 = 5
!→( ! %→&
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 2 4 + ℎ − 3 = 5
!→( " %→&
!
lim −1
!→''
L.H.L 𝑥 = 11 − ℎ R.H.L 𝑥 = 11 + ℎ
L.H.L R.H.L
𝑥 =0−ℎ 𝑥 =0+ℎ
% %
lim − #
lim
%→& )% * )% %→& % * % #
)% %
lim lim
%→& %*% # %→& %*% #
)% %
lim lim
%→& % '*% %→& % '*%
L.H.L ≠ R.H.L
Limit does not exist
Key Takeaways
Indeterminate forms:
062 262 4
1. lim 0+62 = 262 = 4 Yes
0→2
2. lim 𝑥8 − 1 − 𝑥 = −∞ 8 − 1 − −∞ → ∞ No
0→67
Key Takeaways
Algebra of limits:
Let lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙, and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑚. If 𝑙 and 𝑚 are finite, then:
!→# !→#
• lim {𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑔 𝑥 } = 𝑙. 𝑚
!→#
$
$ ./0
Ex: lim$ 𝑥. cos 𝑥 = (
%
!→
%
1 ! 3
• lim 2 !
= 4 ,𝑚 ≠ 0
!→#
! # *'
Ex: lim =1
!→' !*'
Key Takeaways
(!)-)(!)$)
lim (!)-))(!)')
!→-
-)$
=
-)'
= −1
0;60+ <=> 05<=> 062
Evaluate: lim 0+62
0→2
3
=
2
0+
Evaluate : lim
0→4 250+ 6 260+
!# '*! # * ')! #
= lim '*! # ) ')! #
!→&
!# '*! # * ')! #
= lim -! #
!→&
'*'
=
-
=1
Key Takeaways
Rationalization:
( !*()-)( !*(*-)
= lim !( !*(*-)
!→&
!*()(
= lim !( !*(*-)
!→&
'
= lim ( !*(*-)
!→&
'
=
(
;6 ?052
Evaluate : lim
0→2 96 83052
$) <!*'
lim
!→' 5) -(!*'
<×'&
=
-(×6
5
==
Session 2
Sandwich theorem and some
standard limits
Return To Top
Key Takeaways
Basics:
,
• Less than 1 =0
,
• Greater than 1 →∞
,
• Exactly 1 =1
A A
lim 3@ + 4@ B is equal to lim 3@ + 4@ + 5@ + 6@ B is equal to
@→7 @→7
'/? '/?
$ ? ( ? $ ? ( ? 5 ?
= lim 4 + = lim 6 6
+ 6
+ 6
+1
?→, ( ( ?→,
&
=4 0+1 & =6 0+0+0+1
= 4×1 = 6×1
=4 =6
A0+62;052 A0+62;05: 8059
Evaluate: lim Evaluate: lim Evaluate: lim
0→7 90+6805: 0→7 8059 0→7 A0+62;05:
C -*&
=5 = 7×∞ = →0
,
C $
A - B -
5 '
C - D -
If 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 is given by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1, then the value of
$ % $& % !'$
lim 𝑓 0 +𝑓 +𝑓 + ⋯+ 𝑓
!→# ! ! ! !
5 '& 5 ?)'
𝑓 0 +𝑓 ?
+𝑓 ?
+ ⋯+ 𝑓 ?
5 '& 5 ?)'
⇒1+ 1+ + 1+ + ⋯+ 1 +
? ? ?
Sandwich Theorem:
𝑙
Since 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝑔 𝑥 ≤ ℎ 𝑥 𝑔(𝑥)
⇒ lim 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ lim 𝑔 𝑥 ≤ lim ℎ 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
!→# !→# !→#
⇒ 𝑙 ≤ lim 𝑔 𝑥 ≤ 𝑙 𝑎 𝑋
!→#
So, lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑙
!→#
Proof:
= 99.99 = 99.99
= 99 = 99
⇒ 99 + 99 = 198
Key Takeaways
Proof:
0KL ] MGL ]
<1<
] ] 𝐵
When 𝜃 → 0
⇒ sin 𝜃 ≅ 𝜃 ≅ tan 𝜃 𝜃 𝐸 𝐷 𝐶
O
0KL ] MGL ]
⇒ lim = 1 & lim =1
]→& ] ]→& ]
𝐴
Remember: 𝜃 → 0
0KL 0GQH
(0GQH)
0KL !
lim !
= 1 only
!→&
0KL(&)
(&)
Similarly,
sin 𝑥 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑥
lim = lim = lim = lim =1
!→& 𝑥 !→& sin 𝑥 !→& 𝑥 !→& tan 𝑥
Evaluate the following :
FGH K0 FGH K0
a) lim b) lim
0→4 0 0→4 IJH L0
FGH K0 FGH K0
a) lim = 𝑎 lim =𝑎⋅1=𝑎
0→4 0 0→4 K0
FGH K0 K FGH K0 L0 K K
b) lim IJH L0 = lim
L 0→4 K0 IJH L0
=L⋅1⋅1=L
0→4
FGH M60
Evaluate : lim
0→M M(M60)
Solution:
If 𝑥 → 𝜋 then 𝜋 − 𝑥 → 0
Let 𝑡 = 𝜋 − 𝑥
Now,
0KL(^)!) 0KL _
lim = lim
!→^ ^ ^)! _→& ^⋅_
Solution:
As 𝑥 → 0 sin 𝑥 , tan 𝑥 ≅ 𝑥
So,
0KL$ -! MGL# $! -! $ $! # =
lim ! 0KL% (!
= = $-
!→& ! (! %
Standard Limits
𝑥 ? − 𝑎?
lim = 𝑛 ⋅ 𝑎?)'
!→# 𝑥 − 𝑎
Proof:
We know that
𝑥 ? − 𝑎? = 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑥 ?)' + 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑥 ?)- + ⋯ + 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑎?)- + 𝑎?)'
! + )# +
⇒ !)#
= 𝑥 ?)' + 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑥 ?)- + ⋯ + 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑎?)- + 𝑎?)'
! + )# +
∴ lim = lim 𝑥 ?)' + 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑥 ?)- + ⋯ + 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑎?)- + 𝑎?)'
!→# !)# !→#
! + )# +
∴ lim = 𝑎?)' + 𝑎?)' + ⋯ 𝑛 times
!→# !)#
= 𝑛 ⋅ 𝑎?)'
𝑥 ? − 𝑎?
lim = 𝑛 ⋅ 𝑎?)'
!→# 𝑥 − 𝑎
𝑥 4 − 𝑎4 𝑚 4)?
lim = ⋅𝑎
!→# 𝑥 ? − 𝑎? 𝑛
𝑎! − 1
lim = log b 𝑎
!→& 𝑥
𝑒! − 1
lim =1
!→& 𝑥
ln 1 + 𝑥
lim =1
!→& 𝑥
<H 30+53052
Evaluate lim
0→4 0
Solution:
ln 4𝑥 - + 4𝑥 + 1 ln 1 + 2𝑥 -
lim = lim
!→& 𝑥 !→& 𝑥
Solution:
! , )5,
lim = 𝑘 ⋅ 5d)' = 500
!→5 !)5
⇒ 𝑘 ⋅ 5d)' = 4 ⋅ 5$
⇒𝑘=4
8e6N e
Evaluate : lim
0→4 0
Solution:
We know that
# ( )' b ( )'
lim !
= log b 𝑎 and lim !
=1
!→& !→&
-( )b ( -( )' ) b ( )'
∴ lim = lim
!→& ! !→& !
-( )' b ( )'
= lim !
− lim !
!→& !→&
-
= log b 2 − 1 = log b
b
;e62
Evaluate : lim
0→4 25062
Solution:
$( )' $( )' '*!*'
lim '*!)'
= lim '*!)'
⋅ '*!*'
!→& !→&
$( )' '*!*'
= lim
!→& !
$( )'
= lim !
⋅ lim 1+𝑥+1
!→& !→&
= log b 3 ⋅ 2 = log b 9
Evaluate : lim 𝑥 8 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥
0→7
Solution:
lim 𝑥 - + 3𝑥 − 𝑥
!→,
! # *$!)! ! # *$!*!
= lim
!→, ! # *$!*!
$!
= lim
!→, ! '* *'
$
(
$
= lim
!→, $
'* *'
(
$
=-