Name : Anas Sugiarto

NIM : 211910201071

Provision of Clean Water in Remote Village / Islet through Solar Energy

Application Case of Indonesia
Water covers around three-quarters of the earth's surface, with 97.5 percent of it being
salt water, primarily in the sea and ocean, and only 2.5 percent being fresh water in
groundwater, lakes, and rivers. Fresh water in sufficient quantity and quality is necessary for
all aspects of human life. Water makes up about 75 percent of body weight in neonates and
55 percent in the elderly, and it is necessary for cellular equilibrium and survival. Humans
can only survive for a few days without water. Poor water quality can contribute to
waterborne infections, malnutrition, vector-borne diseases, and metal toxicity (lead, arsenic,
etc.).
Indonesia is a country in Southeast Asia made up of 16,056 islands and islets. It is the
world's fourth most populous country, with roughly 261.8 million people, and the world's
sixteenth largest country in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).In Indonesia, there are
3,696 seaside settlements. 47 percent of them have access to freshwater sources (e.g., a lake
or a river), while the rest rely on ground or rain water. Rainfall catchment and extraction from
groundwater sources, when feasible, are the most common techniques of water gathering in
rural settlements in Indonesia's interior.Alternative water treatment solutions that enhance
safer water storage and improve boiling effectiveness are in high demand in Indonesia. Water
treatment technologies, in particular, should not be overly complicated or expensive so that
residents in distant inland communities or coastal settlements on islets can accept them,Fresh
water is still a fundamental demand in such villages for residents' daily lives. In this study,
we look at rural villages in the inland that don't have access to running water but can get it
from lakes or rivers.Because the freshwater catchment area on an islet is often small, potable
water plays a significant role in meeting the population' drinking demands. In addition, albeit
in tiny quantities compared to urban people, the population require fresh water for bathing
and sanitation.
A large percentage of isolated / coastal villages in Indonesia do not have access to clean
water or power. Small-scale water treatment using solar energy technologies such as solar
stills, solar membrane distillation, photovoltaic/reverse osmosis, and photovoltaic/electro-
dialysis for either raw fresh water or sea water are among the candidates to be introduced to
these villages as a source of safe drinking water for the residents. Multi-stage flash
distillation, multi-effect distillation, humidification dehumidification, and vapor compression
distillation are examples of water treatment techniques based on physical changes in the
condition of the water or distillation by evaporation. Electro-dialysis, electro-dialysis
reversal, capacitive deionization, reverse osmosis, and membrane distillation are examples of
processes connected with membrane technologies that apply the idea of filtration.In solar
MED, raw water is heated and vapor is condensed by steps to produce clean water in which
solar energy serves as the heat source. Water temperature in solar MED can reach around 70
°C . Yadav , the water quantity obtained from this technique can be more than 3 times
compare to that from the solar still technology. In the solar thermal technique, energy is
mainly from sun but it needs auxiliary electricity for pumping the system .The study of
Müller-Holst revealed that the solar MEH coupled with PV for auxiliary electricity shows
Name : Anas Sugiarto
NIM : 211910201071

competitiveness in price of yielding clean water in the remote areas, as compared to the
ordinary RO technology.
Provision of clean fresh water is one of the most important needs to create a sanitary
living environment for residents in remote villages (inland) and coastal communities (islets).
Remote inland villages frequently have access to raw fresh water resources such as lakes or
rivers. Residents in distant areas use the majority of their water for drinking and food
preparation (about 25 m3/day). Residents in coastal settlements, on the other hand, have a
higher fresh water demand, which includes components for sanitation and bathing in addition
to drinking and food preparation (about 100 m3/day). The Indonesian government and non-
profit organizations have already begun the process of establishing small-scale water
purification plants across the country.