21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES TO THE WORLD

NOTES

LESSON 1

GEOGRAPHIC, LIGUISTIC AND ETHNIC DIMENSIONS OF THE

PHILIPPINE LITERARY HISTORY

What is literature?

The word literature is derived from the Latin term littera which means letter. It has
been defined differently by various writers. These are the following:

1. According to Brother Azurin Literature expresses the feelings of people to

society, to the government, to his surroundings, to his fellowmen, and to his Divine
Creator.

2.(Webster said that Literature is anything that is printed as long as it is related to

the ideas and feelings of the people, whether it is true, or just a product of one’s
imagination.

3. “True literature is a piece of written work which is undying. It expresses the

feelings and emotions of people in response to his everyday efforts to live, to be
happy in his environment and, after struggles, to reach his Creator.”
(PANITIKANG FILIPINO)
 Some loosely interpret literature as any printed material written within a book, a
magazine or a pamphlet. Others define literature as a faithful reproduction of
man’s manifold experiences blended into one harmonious expression. Because
literature deals with ideas, thoughts, and emotions of man, it can be said to be the
story of man. Man’s loves, griefs, thoughts, dreams, and aspirations coached in
beautiful language is literature.

In Panitikang Pilipino written by Atienza, Ramos, Salazar and Nazal, it says that
“true literature is a piece of written work which is undying. It expresses the
feelings and emotions of people in response to his everyday efforts to live, to be
happy in his environment and, after struggles, to reach his Creator.”

Philippine Literature is a diverse and rich group of works that has evolved side –
by – side with the country’s history. It had started with fables and legends made by
the ancient Filipinos long before the arrival of Spanish influence. The main themes
of Philippine literature focus on the country’s pre – colonial cultural traditions and
socio – political histories of its colonial and contemporary traditions.

Literary History/Evolution of the Philippines

1. Pre – Colonial Period

•The evolution of Philippine literature depended on the influences of colonization

and the spirit of the age.

•The first Filipino alphabet called ALIBATA was replaced by the Roman alphabet

•Indigenous Philippine literature was based on traditions and customs of a

particular area of the country.

•Philippines is an archipelago. It consists of several islands, (approximately 7,107

islands), and each of this island has a unique cultures and traditions, bearing
different set of native literature.
•Ancient literatures were written in a perishable materials like dried leaves,
bamboo cylinder, and bark of the trees.

• Literatures were handed down to us orally.

There were two literary forms during the pre-colonial period:

A. Written literatures

Examples:

a. Riddles or bugtong. These are effective ways to inculcate the ability of logical
thinking of a child.

b. Epigrams or salawikain. It reflects the hidden meaning through the good lines. It
provides good values.

c. Poems or tanaga – These are common forms of poetry which has a quatrine with
7 syllables each with the same rhyme at the end of each line. It also expresses
insights and lessons in life.

B. Oral literatures

Examples:

a. Chant. It is used in witchcraft and enchantment. while, ambahan is a traditional

poetry of Hanunoo Mangyans of Oriental Mindoro which teaches lesson about life.
It is recited by parents to educate their children by the youth expressing their love,
by the old to impart experiences, or by the community in tribal ceremony.

b. Balagtasan. This is a Filipino form of debate done in verse. The term is derived
from the surname of Francisco Balagtas the author of Filipino epic Florante at
Laura.

2. The Spanish Colonial Period (1565-1897)

Sixteenth Century was the start of the deprivation of the indigenous Philippine
literature. Spanish colonial government finally got in the scene. They were able to
manipulate literature by monopolizing it under the religious orders. Literature
revolved mainly on the themes of Spanish/ European culture and of course, the
Roman Catholic religion.

Literary Influences during Spanish colonization

a. Christian Doctrine or Doctrina Christiana was the first book ever printed in the
Philippines in 1593 by the Dominican press.

b. Libro de la Lengua Tagala by Fernando Bagongbanta is a tagalog translations to

the Spanish lines, still with the superiority of the Spanish language.

c. Pasyon is influenced by the Spanish contexts of Christianity. At least, they

embodied several Filipino sentiments and values (the feeling of Filipino mother
towards a suffering son).

Filipino writers in Spanish became conscious for the search of freedom

a. Pasyon Dapat Ipag-alab ng Puso by Marcelo H. del Pilar expressed his rebellious
writing style and was identified.

b. Pascual Poblete’s Patnubay sa Binyagan associated Filipinos’ struggle for

independence with Jesus’ life.

c. Jose Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo made a very powerful

contributions to the awakening of Filipinos as it introduce the rejection of Spanish
rule. He also influenced the succeeding writers.

d. The narrative poems Awit and Corrido talked about world of royals, warriors,
and lovers (the basic concept in Florante at Laura).

e. Komedya. Francisco Baltazar’s Florante at Laura embodied the concept of

colonization and oppression which gave voice to their revolutionary action towards
freedom.

3. The American Colonial Period (1898-1945)

• Philippine literature in Spanish time started to lose its track on the first decade.

• The poems of Fernando Ma. Guerrero (Crisalidas), Balmori’s Se deshojo la Flor

novel, and many others discussed revolution and sentiments for patriotism and
reform proved that Philippine literature was used to claim freedom from the
colonizers.

• Even though Philippine literature was in English, the preservation of the content
for Filipino experiences was achieved.

• Short story writers in English like Manuel Arguilla in his “A Son is Born,” were
one of the foundations of Philippine literature. Poetry in English was also founded.

• Sarzuela was overpowered by English drama.

4. The Contemporary Period (1946 to present)

This period started during the rebirth of freedom in (1946 to present). The
Americans returned in 1945. Filipinos rejoiced and guerrillas fled to the mountain
and joined the liberating American Army. On July 4, 1946, the Philippines
regained its freedom and the Filipino flag waved joyously alone. The chains were
broken.

The State of Literature during this Period

The early post – liberation period was marked by a kind of “struggle of mind and
spirit” posed by the sudden emancipation

from the enemy, and the wild desire to see print.

a. Heart of The Islands (1947) is a collection of poems by Manuel Viray

b. Philippines Cross Section (1950) is a collection of prose and poetry by Maximo

Ramos and Florentino Valeros

c. Prose and Poems (1952) by Nick Joaquin

d. Philippine Writing (1953) by T.D. Agcaoili

e. Philippine Havest by Amador Daguio 7

f. Horizons Least (1967) is a collection of works by the professors of UE, mostly in

English (short stories, essays, research papers, poem, and drama) by Artemio
Patacsil and Silverio Baltazar. The themes of most poems dealt with the usual love
of nature, social and political problems. Toribia Maño’s poems showed deep
emotional intensity.

g. Who Spoke of Courage in His Sleep by NVM Gonzales

h. Speak Not, Speak Also by Conrado V. Pedroche

i. Other poets were Toribia Maño and Edith L. Tiempo, Jose Garcia Villa’s Have
Come, Am Here has won acclaim both here and abroad.

The New Filipino Literature during this Period

Philippine literature in Tagalog was revived during this period. Most themes in
writings dealt with Japanese brutalities, of the poverty of life under the Japanese
government, and the brave guerilla exploits.

a. Period of Activism (1970-1972)

Many young people became activists to ask for change in the government. In the
expression of this desire for change, the writings of some youth who were fueled
with nationalism in order to emphasize the importance of their petitions.

The Literary Revolution

The youth became completely rebellious during this period. This was proven not
only in the bloody demonstrations in the
sidewalk but also in literature. Campus newspapers showed rebellious emotions.
The once aristocratic writers developed awareness for society. They held pens and
wrote on placards in red paint the equivalent of the word MAKIBAKA (To dare!).

Writings During the Period of Activism

The irreverence for the poor reached its peak during this period of the mass
revolution. It was also during this period that

Bomba films started to come out to discredit our ways as Filipinos.

b. Period of the New Society (1972-1980)

The period of the New Society started on September 21, 1972. The Carlos Palanca
Awards continued to give annual

awards. Almost all themes in most writings Dealt with the development and
progress of the country – like Green Revolution, family planning, proper nutrition,
environment, drug addiction, and pollution. The New Society tried to stop
pornography and those writings that badly influenced the moral of the people. All
school newspapers were temporarily stopped and so with school organizations.

Filipino Poetry during the Period of the New Society

Themes of most poems dealt with patience, regard for native culture, customs and
the beauties of nature, and surroundings.

The Play under the New Society

The government led in reviving old plays and dramas, like the Tagalog Zarzuela,
Cenaculo and the Embayoka of the Muslims which were presented in the rebuilt
Metropolitan Theater, the Folk Arts Theater, and the Cultural Center of the
Philippines.

Radio and Television

Radio continued to be patronized during this period. The play series like Si Matar,
Dahlia, Ito Ang Palad Ko, and Mr. Lonely

were the forms of recreation of those without Television.

Filipino Films

A yearly Pista ng mga Pelikulang Pilipino (Yearly Filipino Film Festival) was held
during this time. During the festival which

lasted usually for a month, only Filipino films were shown in all theaters in Metro
Manila.

1. Maynila…Sa Mga Kuko Ng Liwanag was written by Edgardo Reyes and filmed
under the direction of Lino Brocka. Bembol

Roco was in the lead role.

2. Minsa’y Isang Gamu-Gamo, Nora Aunor was the lead performer.

3. Ganito Kami Noon…Paano Kayo Ngayon was led by Christopher de Leon and
Gloria Diaz.

4. Insiang by Hilda Koronel

5. Aguila was led by Fernando Poe Jr., Jay Ilagan, and Christopher de Leon.

Comics, Magazines and other Publications

In the period of the New Society, newspapers donned new forms. News on
economic progress, discipline, culture,

tourism, and the like were favored more than the sensationalized reporting of
killings, rape, and robberies.

c. Period of the Third Republic (1981-1985)

After ten years of military rule and some changes in the life of the Filipino which
started under the New Society, Martial

Law was at last lifted on January 2, 1981.

1. Filipino Poetry – Poems during this period were romantic and revolutionary.
Writers wrote openly of criticism against

the government. The supplications of the people were coached in fiery, colorful,
violent, profane, and insulting language.

2. Filipino Songs – Many Filipino songs dealt with themes that were really True –
to – life like those of grief, poverty,

aspirations for freedom, love of God, country, and fellowmen.

Philippine Films during the Period

The yearly Festival of Filipino Films continued to be held during this period. The
people’s love for sex films also was unabated. Below is the table of the list of the
Philippine Film during the Third Republic.

d. Rebirth of Freedom (1986-present)

History took another twist. Once more, the Filipino people regained their
independence which they lost twenty years ago.

In the span of four days from February 21-25, 1986, the so – called People Power
(Lakas ng Bayan) prevailed. Together,

the people barricaded the streets petitioning the government for changes and
reforms.

Newspapers and other Publications

Newspapers, which were once branded crony newspapers, became an instant

opposition paper overnight. This was true

of BULLETIN TODAY which became the opposition paper.

Books

The Philippine revolution of 1986 and the fire of its spirit that carried the Filipinos
through another epoch in Philippine

history is still being documented just as they have been in the countless millions
who participated in body and spirit in its realization.

W2
The IIocos Region, located northwest of Luzon, is home to four provinces: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La
Union, and Pangasinan. The inhabitants of this region often experience heavy rains and typhoons due to
their geographical boundaries. Poetry-

an imaginative awareness of experience, is expressed through meaning, sound, and rhythmic language
choices to evoke an emotional response.

Imagery is a poetic element that creates mental images through the use of figureal language.

The poem "Gabu" depicts the coastline in Ilocos, highlighting the importance of water and the sea in life.
The poem's structure is simple, consisting of four quatrains and four lines

. An essay is a form of writing in paragraph form, using informal language and citing literary works.

The blog discusses the impact of the Filipino language on combating colonial mentality and
commercialism. It highlights the contributions of writers like Efren Abueg, Rogelio Ordoñez, Edgardo
Reyes, Dominador Mirasol, and Rogelio Sikat who incorporated their works in the vernacular to
showcase the potential of Tagalog short stories in the Filipino state of mind.

the power of language

The essay emphasizes the importance of a national language in fostering patriotism and love for the
country

A taste of creative nonfiction

. The Visayas region, a major geographical division in the Philippines, is known for its sea-based culture
and strong religious foundations. Marjorie Evasco, a feminist Filipina and Don Carlos Palanca Memorial
Awardee, is a notable contributor to the blog.

Encountering Regional Literature

The blog also highlights the adaptation of literature from different regions of the Philippines to the digital
age, reducing the divide between English and Filipino users.

Five Brothers, One Mother

The story revolves around the Cinco Hermanos house in Marikina, Philippines, where the family moved
in after an ultimatum. The house was unfinished, with no electricity, no screens, and mosquitoes. The
family's living room features the same furniture and decor as the Marikina house, but with less space. The
kitchen is well-planned, with cooking and eating areas clearly defined. The boys' rooms upstairs have
custom-made beds and a loft or attic, but the attic has two big bedrooms and a wide hall. The boys' rooms
have no bathroom, making toilet use a challenge.

The house's location is more basic and dramatic than the swanky part of Ortigas. Cinco Hermanos is split
into two phases by a road, leading to Major Santos Dizon and Olandes, a dense community of pedicabs,
narrow streets, and poverty. The noise from the tricycles, chattering on the street, and trucks hurtling
down Marcos Highway dispels any illusions of returning to a state of bliss. The family's experiences
highlight the importance of reaching audiences through their mother tongues and the growing recognition
of local writers' voices globally.

The first floor of a house is designed to create a clear separation between family and guest areas, allowing
guests to entertain without disturbing the house's inhabitants. The mother is the entertainer and host,
maintaining cleanliness and organization in the living room, patio, and dining room. Over the last ten
years, the mother has become more involved in her cooking and becomes more attentive to meals. She
also brings out special dishes, cups, saucers, platters, glasses, bowls, coasters, and doilies she herself
crocheted.

During Christmas and New Year get-togethers, the mother brings out special dishes, cups, saucers,
platters, glasses, bowls, coasters, and doilies she herself crocheted. Sunday lunches are always different in
the household, and the family spends time there, learning to ride a bicycle, play tennis, and play baseball.
The house was torn down when the author's father moved into it, and the house is now over sixty years
old (The author discusses the loss of a house, which provided a sense of security and familiarity. They
question if the loss was a final orphaning, as they had lost their parents years before. The author
acknowledges that houses are a symbol of the fundamental uncertainty of life, as reference points for life's
course are constantly changing. Despite the loss of houses, the author still appreciates the beauty of the
world and the interconnectedness of lives.)when he and his brothers and sisters let it go. It made sense to
sell it, but I wonder if

anything was bargained away in the transaction. He had lost his parents years

before. Was losing the house a final orphaning?

***

Is this the last one? Am I here for good? Or should I keep the boxes and packing tape handy? Houses
provided us the
necessary certainties – somewhere to come home to where you’d find your family, your things, a hot
dinner, a bed or a

good couch. Write to me here. Call me at this number. But I’ve changed a

dresses and phone numbers enough times to know better. Perhaps that’s what houses are really about: the

fundamental uncertainty of life, the slowly learned fact that the reference points by which we draw our
maps and chart

our course are ever shifting, and a life’s cartography is never quite done. That isn’t necessarily a sad
thing. Perhaps the

houses are no longer, but somewhere inside me I am still marveling at the break of day, at the way the
moon illuminates

the grass, at the way the lives of those I’ve lived with have crisscrossed and intertwined with mine, no
matter how

tangled up it all sometimes got. I count my blessings, the ghosts of houses past included.

W3
JOSE GARCIA VILLA

Born in Manila in 1908, Doveglion is a renowned contemporary poet known for his introduction of the
reversed consonance rhyme scheme in poetry. He was named the National Artist for Literature in 1973
and gained international recognition. He was a recipient of the Guggenheim Fellowship and wrote
controversial poems, such as Man Songs, which was considered too bold by the University of the
Philippines. He is also known for his comma poems.

AMADO VERA HERNANDEZ

Born in 1903, Amante Hernani was a labor leader and journalist. He was imprisoned in 1951 for alleged
subversive activities but returned to journalism, writing the first Filipino sociopolitical novel, Mga Ibong
Mandaragit.

NICK JOAQUIN(nicomedes onching)

Born on May 4, 1917, Paco, Manila a Poet, fictionist, essayist, biographer, playwright
Pen name: Quijano de Manila. Philippine National Artist 1976 . “Before 1521, we could have been
anything and everything not Filipino; after 1565, we can be nothing but Filipino.” -Culture and History,
1988 . Regarded by many as the most distinguished Filipino writer in English writing . Starting as a
proofreader for the Philippines Free Press, Joaquin rose to contributing editor and essayist .Bienvenido
Lumbera writes that his significance in Philippine literature involves his exploration of the Philippine
colonial past under.Spain and his probing into psychology of social changes (Doña Jeronima, Candido’s
Apocalypse and The Order of Melchizedek) . Wrote The Woman Who had Two Navel, (1961) which
examines his country’s various heritages . A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino (1966), a celebrated play,
attempts to reconcile historical events with dynamicchange .Manila, My Manila: A History for the Young
(1990) non-fiction, The Ballad of the Five Battles (1981) a poetry, Rizal in Saga, Almanac for Manileños,
Cave and Shadows (1983) occurs in the period of martial law under Ferdinand Marcos .Died on April 29,
2004

CARLOS P ROMULO

, born in 1898 in Intramuros, Manila, was a prominent Filipino writer, fictionist, essayist, biographer, and
playwright. He was a National Artist for Literature in 1982 and wrote 18 books. Romulo's most famous
work is Luha ng Buwaya. Born on May 4, 1917, in Paco, Manila, he was known for his exploration of the
Philippine colonial past under Spain and the psychology of social changes. Romulo also wrote The
Woman Who had Two Navel, A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino, Manila, My Manila: A History for the
Young, and The Ballad of the Five Battles.

FRANCISCO ARCELANA

Writer, poet, essayist, critic, journalist, teacher

A Filipino teacher and a contemporary writer
One of the prominent Filipino fictionists in English
Poignant short stories
The Flowers of May, The Mats, How to Read
The Flowers of May, The Mats, Christmas Gift were adapted as screenplays.
Pioneer the development of the short story as lyrical prose-poetic form
Pride of fiction is that it is able to render truth, that is able to present reality.
Some of his well-known literary works are the short stories Frankie, The Man Who would be
Poe, Death in a Factory, A Clown Remembers, Lina
Known for innovating and exploring new literary forms and experimenting with different
techniques in short story writing.
A member of the group The Veronicans, which was composed of influential Filipino writers
who aimed to use
sensible literature in order to create a greater impact on the Philippines.

F. Sionil Jose
, born on December 3, 1924, was a prominent Filipino writer, poet, essayist, critic, journalist, and teacher.
He was a member of the group The Veronicans, which aimed to use sensible literature to create a greater
impact on the Philippines. Jose was influenced by Dr. Jose P. Rizal and edited various literary and
journalistic publications. He founded the Philippine PEN and opened Solidaridad Publishing House in
1965. He was a recipient of numerous awards, including the Nobel Peace Prize in Literature. He died on
December 15, 1985.

F. Sionil Jose, a renowned Filipino writer, has won numerous awards and is widely read in English. His
works, including the Rosales Saga, are set from the Spanish colonial period to the 1970s. Jose has also
written short stories, such as The God Stealer and Waywaya: Eleven Filipino Short Stories. He is the
country's most influential living writer, employing realism through his narrative techniques.

VIRGILIO S ALMARIO

a Filipino artist known for his poetry and literary criticism, was proclaimed National Artist for Literature
in 2003. He pioneered the second modernist movement in Filipino poetry, defining modernist poetry as
sparing, suggestive, and restrained in emotion. Almario founded the Galian sa Arte at Tula (GAT) and the
Linangan sa Imahen, Retorika, at Anyo (LIRA) organizations. He served as chairman of the Unyon ng
mga Manunulat sa Pilipinas (UMPIL) and executive director of the National Commission for Culture and
the Arts (NCCA). In 2013, he became the chairman of the Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino (KWF).

Alejandro R. Roces

was a Filipino literary writer born in 1924. He was a playwright, essayist, and short story writer, known
for his short story "We Filipinos Are Mild Drinkers." He also wrote "My Brother's Peculiar Chicken," the
first Filipino zarzuela in English, and Fiesta. Born in Lipa, Batangas, he graduated cum laude in 1954 and
wrote in English and Filipino. He received numerous awards for his work, including the Special Prize
from the Palanca Awards for his poetry collection Sunog sa Lipa at Iba Pang Tula in 1975, the Ramon
Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature, and Creative Communication Arts in 1993, and the
Philippine Centennial Literary Prize for Drama in 1998. He was conferred as National Artist for
Literature in 2006

BIENVENIDO S LUMBERA

Was called Beny when he was a young boy, was born in Lipa, Batangas on April 11, 1932. His parents
had passed away before he turned five.
Lumbera took a degree in journalism at the University of Santo Tomas in 1950 and graduated cum laude
in 1954. A year before his graduation, his first published work, the poem Frigid Moon, appeared in the
Sunday magazine of the Manila Chronicle.
Lumbera writes in English and Filipino. Below are some of his works.
Poetry Collections
Likhang Dila, Likhang Diwa (1993)
Balaybay: Mga Tulang Lunot at Manibalang (2002)
Critical Works
Abot Tanaw: Sulyap at Suri sa Nagbabagong Kultura at Lipunan (1987)
Writing the Nation/Pag-Akda ng Bansa (2000)
Tagalog Poetry, 1570–1898: Tradition and Influences in Its Development (2001)
Librettos
Tales of the Manuvu (1977)

Rama Hari (1980)

Sa Sariling Bayan: Apat na Dulang May Musika (2003)
Lumbera has received numerous awards for his work. The most notable ones were the Special Prize from
the
Palanca Awards for his poetry collection Sunog sa Lipa at Iba Pang Tula in 1975, the Ramon Magsaysay
Award for Journalism, Literature, and Creative Communication Arts in 1993, and the Philippine
Centennial Literary Prize for Drama in 1998. Lumbera received the title of National Artist for Literature
in 2006.

CIRILO F BAUTISTA

A poet, fictionist, essayist, critic, and writer of nonfiction, he was awarded an honorary degree at the
University of Iowa. He has received numerous awards, including Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards,
Philippines Free Press Awards for Fiction, Manila Critics' Circle National Book Awards, and the Pablo
Roman Prize for the Novel. His poems have appeared in major literary journals, papers, and magazines in
the Philippines and in anthologies published in the United States, Japan, the Netherlands, China,
Romania, Hong Kong, Germany, and Malaysia. He has dedicated his life to his works, forging new paths
and directions for future generations of Filipino artists. The Order of National Artist (ONA) is the highest
national recognition given to Filipino individuals who have made significant contributions to the
development of Philippine arts.

W4

21st Literary Genres

POETRY- is an imaginative awareness of experience expressed through meaning, sound and rhythmic
language choices

so as to evoke an emotional response. It has been known to employ meter and rhyme. The very nature of
poetry as an
authentic and individual mode of expression makes in nearly impossible to define.

DRAMA- is a composition in prose or verse presenting in dialogue or pantomime a story involving

conflict more contrast

of character, especially on intended to be acted on a stage: a play. It may be any situation or series of
events having vivid,

emotional, conflicting or striking interest.

FICTION- is a literature created from the imagination, not presented as fact, though it may be based on a
true story or

situation. Types of literature in the fiction include the novel, short story and novella.

NON-FICTION- is based on facts and author’s opinion about a subject. The purpose of non-fiction
writing is to inform and

sometimes to persuade. Its examples are biographies, articles from textbooks and magazines and
newspapers.

21st Century Literature Genre

ILLUSTRATED NOVEL

 Story through text and illustrated images

 50% 0f the narrative is presented without words

 The reader must interpret the images in order to comprehend completely the story.

 Textual portions are presented in traditional form.

 Some illustrated novels may contain no text at all.

 Span all genres.

(, The Invention of HUGO Cabret Book)(the arival-The Invention of HUGO Cabret Book)

DIGI-FICTION

 Triple Media Literature

 Combines three media: book, movie/video and internet website

 In order to get the full story, students must engage in navigation

 reading, viewing in all three forms.

GRAPHIC NOVEL

 Narrative in comic book formats

 Narrative work in which the story is conveyed to the reader

using comic form.

 The term is employed in a broad manner, encompassing nonfiction works and thematically linked short
stories as well as

fictional stories across a number of genres.

MANGA

 Japanese word for comics

 It is used in the English-speaking world as

a generic term for all comic books and

graphic novels originally published in

Japan.

 Considered as an artistic and storytelling

style.

 Ameri-manga- sometimes used to refer to

comics created by American artists in

manga style.

 Shonen- Boy’s Manga (Naruto, Bleach,

One Piece)

 Shojo- Girl’s Manga (Sailormoon)

 Seinen- Men’s Manga (Akira)

 Josei- Women’s Manga (Loveless, Paradise

Kiss)

 Kodomo- Children’s Manga (Doraemon,

Hello Kitty)
DOODLE FICTION

 Literary presentation where the author incorporates doodle

writing and drawings, and handwritten graphics in place of

traditional font.

 Drawing enhance the story, often adding humorous elements

that would be missing if the illustrations were omitted.\

TEXT-TALK NOVEL

 Blogs, email and IM format narratives

 Stories told almost completely in dialogue

simulating social network exchanges.

CHICK LIT or CHICK LITERATURE

 Is genre fiction which addresses issues of modern

womanhood, often humorously and lightheartedly.

 Chick Lit typically features a female protagonist

whose womanhood is heavily thermalize in the plot

FLASH FICTION

 Is a style of fictional literature of extreme brevity

 There is no widely accepted definition of the length and category. It could range from word to a
thousand.

SIX-WORD FLASH FICTION

 Ernest Hemingway: For sale: baby socks, never worn.

 Margaret Atwood: Longed for him. Got him, Shit.

CREATIVE NON-FICTION

 Also known as literary non-fiction or

narrative non-fiction

 A genre of writing that uses literary

styles and techniques to create

factually accurate narratives.

 Contrasts with other non-fiction, such

as technical writing or

 journalism, which is also rooted in

accurate fact, but is not primarily

written in service to its craft.

 As a genre, creative non-fiction is still

relatively young, and is only

beginning to be scrutinized with th

same critical analysis given to

fiction and poetry.

SCIENCE FICTION

 Is a genre of speculative fiction dealing with imaginative concepts

such as futuristic science and technology, space travel, time travel,

faster than light travel, parallel universe and extra-terrestrial life

 Often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other

BLOG

A web log; a website containing short articles called posts that are changed regularly.Same blogs are
written by one

person containing their own opinions, interests and experiences, while others are written by many
different

people
HYPER POETRY

 Digital poetry that uses links using hypertext mark-up

 It can either involved set words, phrases, lines, etc. that are presented in variable order but sit on the
page much as
tradition poetry does, or it can contain parts of the poem that move and/or mutate.

 It is usually found online, through CD-ROM and diskette versions exist. The earliest examples date to
no later than

the mid 1980’s.