Sociology 13th Edition Macionis Test Bank

Sociology 13th Edition Macionis Test
Bank
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CHAPTER 7: GROUPS AND ORGANIZATIONS
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The chapter-opening story of the McDonald's organization explains:

a. that “fast food” is really not served very efficiently.
b. that the McDonald’s idea never caught on abroad.
c. why so many small businesses do not succeed.
d. that the guiding principles of McDonald’s have come to dominate our social life.
(Factual; answer: d; page 162)
2. What do sociologists call two or more people who identify and interact with one another?
a. a dyad
b. a social group
c. a network
d. a crowd
(Conceptual; answer: b; page 162)
3. What is the correct sociological term for all people with a common status, such as
“college students.”
a. a crowd
b. a group
c. a category
d. a network
(Conceptual; answer: c; page 162)
4. A temporary, loosely formed collection of people who may or may not interact is a:
a. crowd.
b. group.
c. category.
d. population.
(Conceptual; answer: a; page 162)
5. Imagine you are watching several dozen passengers sitting in an airport gate area waiting
to board a plane. These people are an example of a:
a. crowd.
b. group.
c. category.
d. network.
(Applied; answer: a; page 162)
121
6. Charles Cooley referred to a small social group whose members share personal and
enduring relationships as:
a. an instrumental group.
b. an expressive group.
c. a primary group.
d. a secondary group.
7. Why did Cooley refer to some groups as "primary groups"?

a. They are among the first groups we experience in life.
b. They have primary importance in the socialization process.
c. They contain the people most important in our lives.
d. All of the above are correct.
(Conceptual; answer: d; page 163)
8. Which of the following is every society's most important primary group?

a. the peer group
b. the work group
c. the family
d. the play group
(Factual; answer: c; page 163)
9. Assume you are one of many people assembled at a university graduation ceremony. The
term that best describes this gathering is a:
a. peer group.
b. category.
c. primary group.
d. secondary group.
(Applied; answer: d; page 163)
10. A secondary group is a social group that:

a. we experience late in life.
b. is impersonal and engages in some specific activity.
c. engages in many, very important activities.
d. is generally much smaller than a primary group.
11. Read the list of traits below. Which of these traits is NOT a characteristic of secondary
groups?
a. large size
b. weak emotional ties
c. personal orientation
d. often short-term duration
122
12. Which of the following is the best example of a primary group?
a. a family that has gathered to celebrate a religious holiday
b. carpenters gathering at a work site
c. a student government meeting
d. a reunion of the graduating class of 1977
13. Which of the following is the best example of a secondary group?

a. a fraternity chapter meeting on campus
b. a Microsoft Corporation awards banquet
c. parents meeting with their daughter and her coach
d. girl scouts at a cookout
(Factual; answer: b; page 163)
14. In general, we see the _______ as a means to an end; we see the _____ as an end in itself.
a. expressive group; instrumental group
b. crowd; category
c. secondary group; primary group
d. primary group; secondary group
15. What is the term for group leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks?
a. democratic leadership
b. authoritarian leadership
c. expressive leadership
d. instrumental leadership
16. Which concept refers to group leadership that emphasizes collective well-being?
a. democratic leadership
b. authoritarian leadership
c. expressive leadership
d. instrumental leadership
17. You are part of a task force with a group leader who has a distant relationship with group
members and who is concerned with getting the job done. Which type of leader does your
task force have?
a. a laissez-fair group leader
b. a democratic leader
c. an expressive leader
d. an instrumental leader
(Applied; answer: d; page 164)
123
18. In your group, the leader is skillful at using humor to reduce tension and to lighten
serious moments. Which type of leader does your group have?
a. a democratic leader
b. a laissez-faire leader
c. an expressive leader
d. an instrumental leader
(Applied; answer: c; page 164)
19. Which type of leadership style takes charge of making decisions and makes sure people
do what they are told?
a. authoritarian leadership
b. democratic leadership
c. laissez-faire leadership
d. expressive leadership
20. Which type of leader encourages everyone in a group to have a say in what happens?
a. authoritarian leader
b. democratic leader
c. laissez-faire leader
d. expressive leader
21. What type of leader downplays their own power, letting the group function more or less
on its own?
a. authoritarian leaders
b. democratic leaders
c. laissez-faire leaders
d. instrumental leaders
22. Solomon Asch’s research, in which subjects were asked to match lines, showed:
a. people seek out friends with whom they tend to agree.
b. people defined as “leaders” have great power over their subjects.
c. people tend to see most things differently.
d. group membership has the power to generate conformity.
23. Which of the following statements is consistent with the findings of Solomon Asch?
a. Many people are willing to compromise their own judgment to avoid being seen
as different by others.
b. Many people have weak self-images and seek social approval.
c. Ordinary people are often not truthful to people who are in power.
(Factual; answer: a; page 164)
124
24. Stanley Milgram’s research, in which subjects used a “shock generator,” showed:
a. people become angry when others disagree with them.
b. the ability to withstand pain varies with cultural background.
c. people are surprisingly likely to follow the orders of not only real authority
figures but also groups of ordinary individuals.
d. that ordinary people are surprisingly independent in their judgments.
25. Which of the following illustrates the operation of groupthink?

a. A group shares information widely and makes an effective policy decision.
b. A group leader makes a decision without consulting anyone, and the decision
turns out to be a bad one.
c. Group members seek consensus, discouraging people from speaking freely, and
end up making a decision based on limited information.
d. A group gets different ideas from everyone and is unable to come up with any
decision at all.
(Applied; answer: c; pages 165-166)
26. What is the sociological term coined by Irving Janis for a limited understanding of some
issue resulting from group conformity?
a. reference group consciousness
b. groupthink
c. in-group thinking
d. tunnel vision
27. Here are four statements describing group dynamics. Which of them is NOT an
expression of groupthink?
a. Group members quickly settle on a position, then they treat other possibilities as
oppositional.
b. Group members encourage each other to see the issue from only one point of
view.
c. Group members treat reaching consensus as more important than encouraging
everyone to speak up openly.
d. The group seeks diverse members and ends up being unable to reach a consensus.
(Applied; answer: d; pages 165-166)
28. Which of the following concepts refers to a social group that people use as a point of
reference in making evaluations or decisions?
a. peer group
b. reference group
c. out-group
d. dyad
125
29. Samuel Stouffer’s study of soldier morale during World War II led to what conclusion?
a. The greater the chances of getting ahead, the happier people are.
b. Happiness is a matter of personal values and standards.
c. Whatever their situation in absolute terms, people evaluate themselves
making comparisons to others in specific reference groups.
d. The less chance for promotion, the higher soldiers' morale.
30. Which type of social group commands a member's esteem and loyalty?
a. an in-group
b. an out-group
c. a reference group
d. a social network
31. A social group toward which a person feels competition or opposition is which of the
following?
a. an in-group
b. an out-group
c. a reference group
d. a social network
(Conceptual; answer: b; pages 166-167)
32. Which concept refers to a social group with only two members?
a. a primary group
b. a dyad
c. a triad
d. a bond
33. Which statement correctly reflects Simmel’s understanding of the dyad?

a. Dyads are less stable than groups with many members.
b. Typically, dyads involve less intense interaction.
c. Most people find dyads less meaningful than triads.
d. Dyads are more stable than groups with many members.
(Conceptual; answer: a; pages 167)
34. The concept "triad" refers to which of the following?

a. any pyramid-shaped organization
b. a trial marriage
c. a social group with three members
d. a temporary social group
126
35. If you want your social group to be open to any and all people as new members, which of
the following policies would you support?
a. members should be socially diverse
b. the group should be large
c. the group should not be physically segregated
36. Which sociological concept refers to a number of weak social ties among persons who
have little common identity and little interaction?
a. primary group
b. triad
c. network
d. dyad
37. Which of the following is typically true of a social network?

a. Networks are built on primary relationships.
b. Networks are “fuzzy” groups made up of people we “know of” rather than those
we know well.
c. Networks encourage a strong sense of membership.
d. Networks have clear boundaries defining membership.
(Conceptual; answer: b; pages 168-169)
38. In general, which of the following categories of people are "well connected" in terms of
social networks?
a. young people
b. well-educated people
c. people living in cities
(Factual; answer: d; page 168-169)
39. Formal organizations are:

a. small groups with elected leaders.
b. large secondary groups with a goal orientation.
c. networks that have many members.
d. only agencies that are part of the government.
40. Which type of formal organization is sometimes called a “voluntary association”?

a. normative organizations
b. coercive organizations
c. utilitarian organizations
127
41. If you were a prisoner, a maximum-security prison would be which of the following
types of organizations from your point of view?
a. a normative organization
b. a coercive organization
c. a utilitarian organization
d. a voluntary organization
(Applied; answer: b; page 170)
42. Which type of formal organization do people join to obtain money and other material
benefits?
a. normative organization
b. coercive organization
c. utilitarian organization
43. Assume you are a parent of a child in school. From your point of view, what type of
organization is a school’s Parent-Teacher Association (PTA)?
44. From the point of view of anyone considered an "inmate," what type of formal
organization is the person in?
d. a voluntary organization
(Applied; answer: b; page 170)
45. The concept "bureaucracy" refers to:

a. a large, normative organization.
b. any source of inefficiency in organizational operation.
c. an organizational model that operates informally.
d. an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently.
46. Max Weber noted many traits of bureaucracy. Which of the following list is NOT one of
them?
a. favoring family members over strangers
b. arranging offices in a hierarchy
c. enacting many rules and regulations
d. providing workers with highly specialized jobs
(Factual; answer: a; pages 170-171)
128
47. In principle, bureaucratic organizations pay little attention to:
a. formal policies.
b. completing tasks efficiently.
c. tradition.
d. the technical competence of members.
48. What concept refers to all factors outside an organization that affect the organization's
operation?
a. oligarchy
b. organizational environment
c. secondary environment
d. competition
49. Max Weber argued that formal organizations were efficient, but he cautioned that they
can have harmful effects on people. What is the danger?
a. organizations create social inequality
b. organizations create conflict among workers
c. organizations create alienation
d. organizations create conformity
50. What is Robert Merton’s term for a preoccupation with rules and regulations to the point
of keeping an organization from accomplishing its goals?
a. bureaucratic ritualism
b. bureaucratic alienation
c. bureaucratic innovation
d. bureaucratic inertia
51. The emergency room clerk who keeps a bleeding patient waiting while filling out lots of
paperwork is a classic example of:
a. bureaucratic ritualism.
b. bureaucratic alienation.
c. bureaucratic innovation.
d. bureaucratic inertia.
129
52. The tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves—to keep
themselves going—is called:
a. bureaucratic retreatism.
b. bureaucratic ritualism.
c. bureaucratic innovation.
d. bureaucratic inertia.
53. Which of these concepts was used by Robert Michels to refer to the rule of the many by
the few?
a. bureaucracy
b. formal organization
c. oligarchy
d. authoritarian leadership
54. In the “iron law of oligarchy,” Robert Michels stated:

a. bureaucracy always means inefficiency.
b. bureaucracy always means the few rule the many.
c. bureaucracy always means formal rules and regulations.
d. bureaucracy always means alienation.
55. The basic idea behind scientific management is that:

a. both science and formal organizations are rational.
b. organizations benefit from employees with scientific knowledge.
c. applying scientific principles can make a business more efficient.
56. The scientific management approach was developed by:

a. Frederick Taylor.
b. Robert Merton.
c. Robert Michels.
d. Rosabeth Moss Kanter.
(Factual; answer: a; page 175)
57. In brief, what does Rosabeth Moss Kanter’s research show?

a. Organizations must “open up” their structure to bring out the best in their
employees.
b. Employees who hustle are the ones who get ahead.
c. Organizational structure has little to do with employee performance.
d. Formal organizations typically become oligarchies.
(Factual; answer: a; pages 175-176)
130
58. According to Deborah Tannen, what traits make up a “female advantage”?
a. a greater information focus
b. placing greater emphasis on communication
c. more flexible leadership
59. During the last fifty years, Japanese formal organizations have differed from those in the
United States by being:
a. less efficient.
b. less profitable.
c. more collective in their orientation.
d. more hierarchical.
(Factual; answer: c; pages 176-177)
60. Today's business organizations in the United States differ from those a century ago in a
number of ways. Which of the following is NOT a way in which today’s U.S. business
organizations differ from those a century ago?
a. today, there is more creative autonomy
b. today, we find more use of competitive work teams
c. today's organizations have a steeper, pyramid shape
d. today's organizations have more flexibility
61. Think about the process of McDonaldization. Looking at the list below, all but one of the
traits is correctly linked to McDonaldization. Which is NOT a trait of McDonaldization?
a. efficiency
b. creativity
c. ability to calculate results
d. control through automation
(Factual; answer: b; pages 178)
62. The concept "McDonaldization of society" refers to:

a. McDonald's organizational principles coming to dominate all of society.
b. the spread of McDonald's restaurants around the world.
c. society becoming more filled with red tape and inefficiency.
d. the less and less predictable nature of today’s society.
63. Read the four statements below. Which of them is NOT evidence of the process called
the "McDonaldization of society?"
a. Bank tellers are being replaced with automatic teller machines (ATMs).
b. People shop in carefully designed, climate-controlled malls.
c. Colleges select students in terms of applicants' grades and test scores.
d. Many new jobs demand creativity and imagination.
(Applied; answer: d; pages 178-179)
131
64. The text speaks of “opposing trends” in today’s world of formal organizations because:
a. some organizations are getting bigger, but most are getting smaller.
b. men dominate formal organizations, but women are gaining fast.
c. some organizations have evolved toward flatter, more flexible forms, but others
remain rigid organizations patterned on McDonald’s.
(Factual; answer: c; pages 180-181)
132
TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS
65. People riding together on a subway are correctly called a social group.
(Applied; answer: F; page 162)
66. Members of a social group usually think of themselves as a special "we."

(Factual; answer: T; page 162)
67. The sociologist who explored the primary group was Charles Horton Cooley.
68. The boundary that distinguishes members from nonmembers is clearer in secondary
groups than in primary groups.
(Conceptual; answer: F; page 163)
69. Generally, people in secondary relationships think of others as a means to some end.
(Conceptual; answer: T; page 163)
70. In general, people in secondary groups are more likely than people in primary groups to
"keep score" in terms of who owes what to whom.
71. Expressive leaders are more likely than instrumental leaders to enjoy more personal
affection from group members.
72. Expressive leadership emphasizes the completion of tasks.

(Factual; answer: F; page 164)
73. The leadership style that allows group members the most autonomy is “laissez-faire.”
74. Asch’s experiment in group conformity shows most people would not compromise their
personal judgment to avoid being seen as different.
75. Milgram’s experiment showed that people are easily influenced by both “ordinary
people” and legitimate authority figures.
76. Irving Janis demonstrated how discussion always improves decision making in a social
group.
(Factual; answer: F; pages 165-166)
77. "Groupthink" is a form of social conformity in groups.

133
78. Reference groups can be primary groups but never secondary groups.
79. In the process of anticipatory socialization, people use social groups they wish to join as
reference groups.
80. One person’s in-group may well be another person’s out-group.

(Applied; answer: T; pages 166-167)
81. As the number of members in a group goes up, the number of possible relationships
among them goes up much faster.
(Factual; answer: T; pages 167)
82. The number of people in a group does not affect how the members interact with one
another.
83. As groups grow larger, they become less stable.

84. As groups increase in size, interaction between members becomes more intense and more
personal.
85. Simmel referred to a group of three as a dyad.

86. A social network is really a web of weak social ties.

87. Internet sites such as Facebook.com help people create vast social networks.
88. Typically, the people with the largest social networks are young, well educated, and live
in big cities.
89. Formal organizations are designed to meet the personal needs of participants.
90. A psychiatric hospital can be a coercive organization for a patient, a utilitarian

organization for a psychiatrist, and a normative organization for a part-time volunteer.
(Applied; answer: T; page 170)
134
91. Bureaucracy places more importance on personal ties than on technical competence.
92. Max Weber believed that the spread of bureaucracy would greatly improve the quality of
life for modern people.
93. Oligarchy refers to the rule of the many by the few.

94. Scientific management was an effort to humanize the workplace.

95. Rosabeth Moss Kanter's research shows that clear rules, firmly and uniformly applied,
increase a business’s profitability.
96. Compared to U.S. organizations, many formal organizations in Japan have had more
qualities of primary groups.
97. Today's business organizations make greater use of competitive work teams.
98. Today's more competitive organizations have a more hierarchical, pyramid shape.
99. Frederick Taylor, the creator of "scientific management," would have favored a flatter
organizational shape and more organizational flexibility.
(Applied; answer: F; pages 177-178)
100. The “McDonaldization of society” thesis echoes Weber’s belief that rational systems are
efficient but dehumanizing.
(Conceptual; answer: T; pages 178-179)
101. As large organizations have expanded in the United States, privacy has increased.
135
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
102. What are the differences between categories and social groups?
(Conceptual; page 162)
103. What are the important differences between primary and secondary groups?
(Conceptual; page 163)
104. What does the research by Solomon Asch and Stanley Milgram show us about the ability
of social groups to affect the opinions and behavior of group members?
(Applied; pages 164-165)
105. What is the meaning of "in-group" and "out-group?" How do they both affect the
opinions and behavior of individuals?
(Conceptual; pages 166-167)
106. List the traits that Max Weber used to describe bureaucratic social organization. How do
these traits promote organizational efficiency?
(Factual; pages 170-171)
107. What is the “McDonaldization of society?” List the four principles that define this
organizational pattern.
(Conceptual; page 178-179)
136
ESSAY QUESTIONS/TOPICS FOR SHORT PAPERS
108. Based on your understanding of this chapter, discuss (1) how group size affects the
behavior of group members and (2) how diversity in group membership affects the
behavior of group members. Illustrate your responses with examples from everyday life.
(Applied)
109. In this essay, list the key characteristics of bureaucracy. What was it about bureaucracy
that Max Weber saw as positive? What did he see as negative?
(Conceptual)
110. How have formal organizations changed over the course of the twentieth century?
Describe the ideal formal organization in the eyes of scientific management analyst
Frederick Taylor, who wrote his business principle a century ago. How and why do
today’s more flexible organizations strive to be different from those described by Taylor?
(Factual)
111. Discuss the “McDonaldization of society” thesis. What, exactly, does this phrase mean?
How might this thesis, assuming it is correct, affect your own life in college and after?
(Applied)
112. Why do many analysts claim that the spread of formal organizations threatens personal
privacy? What do you think can be done about the erosion of personal privacy?
(Factual)
113. Explain the "opposing trends" that are shaping the future of organizations in the United
States. Why are workers in some large organizations rewarded for developing their
creativity and imagination, whereas those in other organizations are prevented from doing
anything other than what they are told?
(Factual)
114. Explain the operation of Internet sites such as Facebook.com as a way to create social
networks. What do people who use Facebook gain? What might they lose?
(Applied)
137
Name ________________________________
Quick Quiz: Chapter 7

Groups and Organizations
Multiple Choice:

a. the peer group c. the family
b. the work group d. the play group
2. Read the list of traits below. Which of these traits is NOT a characteristic of secondary groups?
a. large size c. personal orientation
b. weak emotional ties d. often short-term duration
3. In general, which of the following categories of people are "well connected" in terms of social
networks?
a. young people c. people living in cities
b. well-educated people d. All of the above are correct.

a. formal policies. c. tradition.
b. completing tasks efficiently. d. the technical competence of members.

a. Frederick Taylor. c. Robert Michels.
b. Robert Merton. d. Rosabeth Moss Kanter.
6. During the last fifty years, Japanese formal organizations have differed from those in the United States
by being:
a. less efficient. c. more collective in their orientation.
b. less profitable. d. more hierarchical.
7. Think about the process of McDonaldization. Looking at the list below, all but one of the traits is
correctly linked to McDonaldization. Which is NOT a trait of McDonaldization?
a. efficiency c. ability to calculate results
b. creativity d. control through automation
True/False
__________ 8. The sociologist who explored the primary group was Charles Horton Cooley.
__________ 9. Asch’s experiment in group conformity shows most people would not compromise their
personal judgment to avoid being seen as different.
Short Answer
10. List the traits that Max Weber used to describe bureaucratic social organization. How do these traits
promote organizational efficiency?
138
Name ________________________________
Quick Quiz: Chapter 7

Groups and Organizations
Multiple Choice:

a. the peer group c. the family
b. the work group d. the play group
2. Read the list of traits below. Which of these traits is NOT a characteristic of secondary groups?
a. large size c. personal orientation
b. weak emotional ties d. often short-term duration
3. In general, which of the following categories of people are "well connected" in terms of social
networks?
a. young people c. people living in cities
b. well-educated people d. All of the above are correct.

a. formal policies. c. tradition.
b. completing tasks efficiently. d. the technical competence of members.

a. Frederick Taylor. c. Robert Michels.
b. Robert Merton. d. Rosabeth Moss Kanter.
6. During the last fifty years, Japanese formal organizations have differed from those in the
United States by being:
a. less efficient. c. more collective in their orientation.
b. less profitable. d. more hierarchical.
7. Think about the process of McDonaldization. Looking at the list below, all but one of the traits
is correctly linked to McDonaldization. Which is NOT a trait of McDonaldization?
a. efficiency c. ability to calculate results
b. creativity d. control through automation
True/False
___True____ 8. The sociologist who explored the primary group was Charles Horton Cooley.
___False___ 9. Asch’s experiment in group conformity shows most people would not
compromise their personal judgment to avoid being seen as different.
Short Answer
10. List the traits that Max Weber used to describe bureaucratic social organization. How
do these traits promote organizational efficiency?
139

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Sociology 13th Edition Macionis Test

1. The chapter-opening story of the McDonald's organization explains:

7. Why did Cooley refer to some groups as "primary groups"?

8. Which of the following is every society's most important primary group?

10. A secondary group is a social group that:

13. Which of the following is the best example of a secondary group?

25. Which of the following illustrates the operation of groupthink?

33. Which statement correctly reflects Simmel’s understanding of the dyad?

34. The concept "triad" refers to which of the following?

37. Which of the following is typically true of a social network?

39. Formal organizations are:

40. Which type of formal organization is sometimes called a “voluntary association”?

45. The concept "bureaucracy" refers to:

54. In the “iron law of oligarchy,” Robert Michels stated:

55. The basic idea behind scientific management is that:

56. The scientific management approach was developed by:

57. In brief, what does Rosabeth Moss Kanter’s research show?

62. The concept "McDonaldization of society" refers to:

66. Members of a social group usually think of themselves as a special "we."

72. Expressive leadership emphasizes the completion of tasks.

77. "Groupthink" is a form of social conformity in groups.

80. One person’s in-group may well be another person’s out-group.

83. As groups grow larger, they become less stable.

85. Simmel referred to a group of three as a dyad.

86. A social network is really a web of weak social ties.

90. A psychiatric hospital can be a coercive organization for a patient, a utilitarian

93. Oligarchy refers to the rule of the many by the few.

94. Scientific management was an effort to humanize the workplace.

Quick Quiz: Chapter 7

1. Which of the following is every society's most important primary group?

4. In principle, bureaucratic organizations pay little attention to:

5. The scientific management approach was developed by:

Quick Quiz: Chapter 7

1. Which of the following is every society's most important primary group?

4. In principle, bureaucratic organizations pay little attention to:

5. The scientific management approach was developed by:

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