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Jurnal Ikm2
Jurnal Ikm2
NamaAnggotaKelompok:
FREDERICK G. HAYDEN, M.D., LARISA V. GUBAREVA, PH.D., ARNOLD S. MONTO, M.D., THOMAS C. KLEIN, M.D.,
MICHAEL J. ELLIOTT, M.D., JANET M. HAMMOND, M.D., PH.D., STEPHEN J. SHARP, M.A., AND MICHAEL J. OSSI, M.D.,
FOR THE ZANAMIVIR FAMILY STUDY GROUP*
ABSTRACT
Background As prophylaxis against influenza in
INFLUENZAVIRUSES are frequently transmit-ted
within households. In some epidemics, up to
families, amantadine and rimantadine have had in- 50 percent of households have one or more
consistent effectiveness, partly because of the trans- members who become infected. The average
mission of drug-resistant variants from treated index secondary attack rates among family members is
patients. We performed a double-blind, placebo-con- 25 percent,1 although family composition, the
trolled study of inhaled zanamivir for the treatment and circulat-ing viral strain, and the presence or
prevention of influenza in families. absence of ex-posure outside the household2
Methods We enrolled families (with two to five influence the likeli-hood of secondary cases.
members and at least one child who was five years of Amantadine and rimantadine selectively inhibit the
age or older) before the 1998–1999 influenza sea-son.
ion-channel function of the M2 protein of influenza A
If an influenza-like illness developed in one mem-ber,
the family was randomly assigned to receive ei-ther viruses.3 These drugs have been used for post-
inhaled zanamivir or placebo. The family member with exposure prophylaxis in households, with reductions in
the index illness was treated with either 10 mg of influenza among family members (household con-
inhaled zanamivir (163 subjects) or placebo (158) tacts) of the index patient ranging from 3 to 100 per-
twice a day for 5 days, and the other family members cent.4-7 No significant protection was found in two
received either 10 mg of zanamivir (414 subjects) or studies that involved concurrent treatment of ill house-
placebo (423) once a day as prophylaxis for 10 days. hold members who had index cases of influenza, 4,6 in
The primary end point was the proportion of families in
part because of the rapid emergence of a drug-
which at least one household contact had symp-
tomatic, laboratory-confirmed influenza. resistant strain of virus in the treated index cases and
Results The proportion of families with at least one its apparent spread to household contacts.4
Inhaled zanamivir, a potent and selective inhibitor of
initially healthy household contact in whom in-fluenza
influenza A and B virus neuraminidases, is effective in
developed was smaller in the zanamivir group than in
treating acute influenza in adults and adolescents. 8-10
the placebo group (4 percent vs. 19 percent, P<0.001); In addition, seasonal prophylaxis with once-daily za-
the difference represented a 79 percent re-duction in namivir is effective in preventing influenza in adults.11
the proportion of families with at least one affected We performed a study to assess the efficacy of
contact. Zanamivir provided protection against both post-exposure prophylaxis with zanamivir in
influenza A and influenza B. A neuramini-dase- household contacts and to assess the possible
inhibition assay and sequencing of the neura-minidase emergence of drug-resistant variants when the
and hemagglutinin genes revealed no za-namivir- drug was used concur-rently to treat household
resistant variants. Among the subjects with index members with index cases of influenza.
cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza, the median
duration of symptoms was 2.5 days shorter in the
zanamivir group than in the placebo group (5.0 vs. 7.5 From the University of Virginia, Charlottesville (F.G.H., L.V.G.); the
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (A.S.M.); Heartland Research,
days, P=0.01). Zanamivir was well tolerated. Wichita, Kans. (T.C.K.); Glaxo Wellcome, Research Triangle Park,
Conclusions When combined with the treatment of N.C. (M.J.E., J.M.H., M.J.O.); and Glaxo Wellcome Research and
Development, Green-ford, United Kingdom (S.J.S.). Address reprint
index cases, prophylactic treatment of family mem- requests to Dr. Hayden at the University of Virginia, Health Sciences
bers with once-daily inhaled zanamivir is well toler- Center, Box 800473, Char-lottesville, VA 22908.
*Other members of the Zanamivir Family Study Group are listed in
ated and prevents the development of influenza. In this the Appendix.
study there was no evidence of the emergence of
resistant influenza variants. (N Engl J Med 2000;
343:1282-9.)
©2000, Massachusetts Medical Society.
1282 · November 2, 2000
Clinical Monitoring
The study participants recorded the
absence or presence of sev-en symptoms
METHODS
of influenza (headache, sore throat,
Study Design feverishness, my-algia, nasal symptoms,
weakness, and loss of appetite) and the se-
The study was a randomized, verity of cough and overall symptoms on
double-blind, placebo-controlled, diary cards twice daily for 14 days. The
parallel-group trial conducted at 15 severity of the illness and of specific
centers in the United States, Canada, symptoms was graded on a scale from 0
the United Kingdom, and Finland from (absent) to 3 (severe), with higher scores
October 1998 through April 1999. indicating greater severity. Temperature was
also recorded twice daily, with the use of a
Families tympanic thermometer. Patients with index
cases of influenza were assessed in the
Eligible families (those with two to five
home or during a clinic visit on days 1 and 5
members, including at least one adult
and, if symptoms continued, on day 14.
and at least one child who was 5 to 17
Household contacts were screened by
years old) were prospectively recruited
telephone on days 5 and 14 and in person
during the fall of 1998. Family mem-bers
on days 11 and 28. Adverse events and
who met any of the following criteria
concurrent use of other medications were
were not assigned to a study drug: an
documented, and diary cards were
age of less than five years,
inspected to ensure appropriate use of
hypersensitivity to za-namivir, an
medication and to monitor for illness.
immunocompromised state, use of an
anti-influenza agent, pregnancy, or
Virologic Monitoring
breast-feeding. Female participants of
child-bearing potential were required to Respiratory secretions (from
use an acceptable means of con- nasopharyngeal or throat swabs or both,
traception and to have a negative urine nasal washings, or nasal aspirates) were
test for pregnancy. All sub-jects or their collected from the sub-
legal guardians provided written informed
consent. The consent form was
approved by the ethics committee of
each participating center.
R
E
S
U
L
T
S
Families
A total of 799
contacts in whom
symptomatic,
laboratory-
group and 4 in the
confirmed influenza
zanamivir group)
developed was 19
withdrew from the
percent in the
study prematurely
placebo group and 4
(Fig. 1). The
percent in the
numbers of fam-
zanamivir group
ilies in which the
(P<0.001) (Table 2).
index case of
Among families in
influenza which the index
developed in a illness was lab-
child younger than oratory-confirmed
five years, who influenza, the
did not re-ceive proportion of fam-
treatment, were ilies in which
small (10 in the influenza developed
placebo group in contacts was 29
and 6 in the percent in the
zanamivir group). placebo group and 8
The rate of percent in the
compliance with the zanamivir group
medication regi-men (P<0.001). Among
was high in both families in which the
groups, with at least index illness was
98 percent of all not influenza, the
participants and 98 proportions were 8
percent of all percent and 1
children 5 to 11 percent,
years old taking 8 to respectively
10 doses of the (P=0.04). The rate
study drug. of protection against
influenza in healthy
Prophylactic Efficacy
household contacts
Among all was 79 percent in
randomized the overall sam-ple,
families, the 72 percent in the
proportion of group of families
families with one or with influ-
more household
TABLE 1.
CHARACTERIST
ICS OF THE
STUDY
PARTICIPANTS.
HOUSEHOLD
CHARACTERISTIC SUBJECTS WITH INDEX ILLNESSES CONTACTS*
PLACEBO ZANAMIVIR PLACEBO ZANAMIVIR
(N=158) (N=163) (N=423) (N=414)
Female sex — no. (%) 99 (63) 86 (53) 225 (53) 236 (57)
Age — yr† 18.9±13.1 20.0±14.5 26.5±16.4 25.9±15.6
White race — no. (%) 138 (87) 148 (91) 372 (88) 377 (91)
Vaccinated — no. (%) 13 (8) 20 (12) 78 (18) 57 (14)
Influenza confirmed — no. (%)‡ 79 (50) 78 (48) 66 (16) 26 (6)
Influenza A 52 (33) 51 (31) 48 (11) 21 (5)
Influenza B 27 (17) 27 (17) 18 (4) 4 (1)
Influenza not confirmed — no. (%) 79 (50) 85 (52) 357 (84) 388 (94)
Smoker — no. (%) 15 (9) 16 (10) 30 (7) 38 (9)
Underlying respiratory conditions — 11 (7) 10 (6) 25 (6) 26 (6)
no. (%)§
Th
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En
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Downloaded from nejm.org
on September 17, 2015. For
personal use only. No
other uses without
permission.
Copyright
© 2000
Massachu
setts
Medical
Society.
All rights
reserved.
INHALED ZANAMIVIR FOR THE PREVENTION OF INFLUENZA IN FAMILIES
PROTECTIVE
LABORATORY-CONFIRMED INFLUENZA RELATIVE RISK P EFFICACY
IN CONTACT PLACEBO ZANAMIVIR (95% CI) VALUE (95% CI)
*Analyses were performed separately for all randomized families (intention-to-treat analysis), families with
influenza-positive index cases, and families with influenza-negative index cases.
†Symptomatic, laboratory-confirmed influenza developed in a total of 40 of the 423 household contacts (9 percent) in the
placebo group and in 7 of the 414 (2 percent) in the zanamivir group. Among household contacts of subjects with influenza-
positive index cases, 33 of 215 (15 percent) in the placebo group and 6 of 195 (3 percent) in the zanamivir group had
laboratory-confirmed influenza. Asymptomatic or symptomatic influenza developed in 66 household contacts (16 percent) in
the placebo group and in 26 (6 percent) in the zanamivir group overall and in 51 (24 percent) and 18 (9 percent) of contacts
in families with influenza-positive index cases in the placebo and zanamivir groups, respectively. No families in the intention-
to-treat analysis were enrolled twice in the drug-administration phase. In six families in the placebo group, prophylaxis failed
in more than one member; there were two failures in five of the families and four in one family. There were no multiple
prophylactic failures in the families treated with zanamivir.
‡In the intention-to-treat analysis, the proportion of families in which at least 1 household contact had symptomatic
influenza confirmed by culture or serologic tests (but not by RT-PCR assay alone) was 18 percent (30 of 168) in the
placebo group and 4 percent (6 of 169) in the zanamivir group (P<0.001). The approximate relative risk of 0.19
repre-sents a protection rate of 81 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 59 to 91 percent) for zanamivir as
compared with placebo.
§Two other zanamivir recipients had fever (temperature, »37.8°C) and culture-positive influenza that did not meet
the case definition.
¶In five families with influenza-positive index cases (four families in the placebo group and one in the zanamivir
group), household contacts had influenza of a different type from that of the index case.
¿Four families were given the wrong treatment. In the analyses of influenza in household contacts according to
whether the index case was positive or negative for influenza, the number of families in each treatment group was
the number that actually received the treatment, whereas in the intention-to-treat analysis, the number of families in
each group was the number randomly assigned to the group. For this reason, within each treatment group, the
number of families with influenza-positive index cases and the number with influenza-negative index cases do not
add up to the total number in the intention-to-treat analysis.
received zanamivir than for the 81 who minidase-inhibition assay (IC50 value, <11
received pla-cebo (5.0 vs. 7.5 days, nM) (Ta-ble 3). In five subjects with index
P=0.01). Among household contacts infections who re-ceived zanamivir, the
with laboratory-confirmed influenza, the sensitivity of the isolate obtained on day 1
me-dian time to the alleviation of was similar to that of the isolate obtained
symptoms without use of medications on day 5 (the IC50 values differed by a
was 5.5 days for the 7 subjects who factor of no more than three). Similarly, in
received zanamivir and 8.0 days for the five families in the za-namivir group and
40 who re-ceived placebo. The five representative families in the placebo
proportion of subjects with com- group, viral isolates from both the family
plications leading to the use of member with the index case and the ill
antibiotics was low in both the placebo household contact showed no changes in
group (8 percent) and the zanami-vir IC50 values that were indicative of the
group (5 percent). emergence of resistance.
We also performed sequence analysis
Monitoring of Viral Susceptibility of the hemag-glutinin gene (the region
All 64 viral isolates recovered from encoding the HA1 subunit) of viruses
household con-tacts and their respective recovered from ill household contacts (17
family members with index infections were with influenza A and 8 with influenza B)
sensitive to zanamivir in the neura- and their re-
1286 · November 2, 2000
INHIBITION OF
NEURAMINIDASE
ACTIVITY (IC50)† INFLUENZA A INFLUENZA B
PLACEBO ZANAMIVIR PLACEBO ZANAMIVIR
Mean ±SD (nM) 2.3±0.7 2.5±0.8 2.6±0.6 2.6±0.7 6.0±1.9 7.2±2.2 7.5±2.3 7.7±1.3
Range (nM) 1.3–3.3 1.6–4.3 1.8–3.5 1.6–3.5 3.8–9.0 4.1–10.5 4.9–9.5 6.5–9.0
*The values are the mean results of one to three replicative assays. Values for index cases are from isolates
obtained on day 1.
†IC50 denotes the concentration of zanamivir that reduced neuraminidase activity by 50 percent.
no. (%)
*Pneumonia developed in this subject four days after the start of treatment with zanamivir and
resolved approximately one week later.
†The patient had nausea and vomiting.
‡One patient had gastrointestinal discomfort and pain, and the other had
headaches. §The patient had headaches.
response, or if A
P
there is no
P
immune E
response to N
vaccination. D
I
Zanamivir does X
not impair the In addition to the authors,
humoral immune the following investigators
participated in the Zanamivir
response to Family Study Group: A.D.
Bremner, Glasgow,
inactivated influ- Scotland;
MedQuest
R.
Centers
Bro-ker,
for
enza vaccine.28 Research, Greer, S.C.; D.M.
Fleming, West Midlands,
Our findings United Kingdom; D. Henry,
Salt Lake City; L. Herlocher,
indicate that Uni-versity of Michigan, Ann
Arbor; R. Keeney, WakeMed
prophylax-is Clinical Research Institute,
Raleigh, N.C.; J. Perry,
with zanamivir Endwell, N.Y.; M.
Pichichero, University of
is an effective Rochester Medical Center,
Rochester, N.Y.; O.
option for Ruuskanen, Turku, Fin-land;
R. Stoltz, GFI
prevent-ing the Pharmaceutical Services,
Evansville, Ind.; R. Turner,
transmission of Medical University of South
Carolina, Charleston; C.
influenza within VanHook, Longmont
Medical Research,
households. Longmont, Colo.
Further studies R
of prophylactic E
administration of F
E
in-haled R
zanamivir in E
other high-risk N
C
groups, such as
E
severely S
immunocompro 1. Nicholson KG.
mised patients Managing influenza in
primary care. Oxford,
who are un- England: Blackwell
Science, 1999:24.
likely to have a 2. Longini MI Jr,
Koopman JS, Monto AS,
Fox JP. Estimating 5. Galbraith AW, Oxford
household and JS, Schild GC, Watson GI.
community transmission Protective effect of 1-
parameters for influenza. adamantanamine
Am J Epidemiol hydrochloride on influenza
1982;115:736-51. A2 infections in the family
3. Hayden FG, Aoki FY. environment: a controlled
Amantadine, rimantadine, double-blind study. Lancet
and related agents. In: Yu 1969;2:1026-8.
VL, Merigan TC Jr, 6. Idem. Study of 1-
Barriere SL, eds. adamantanamine
Antimicrobial therapy and hydrochloride used
vac-cines. Baltimore: prophylactically during the
Williams & Wilkins, Hong Kong influenza
1999:1344-65. epidemic in the family
4. Hayden FG, Belshe environment. Bull World
RB, Clover RD, Hay AJ, Health Org 1969;41:677-
Oakes MG, Soo W. Emer- 82.
gence and apparent 7. Bricaire F, Hannoun C,
transmission of Boissel JP. Prévention de la
rimantadine-resistant grippe A: efficacité et
influenza A virus in tolérance du chlorhydrate
families. N Engl J Med de rimantadine. Presse
1989;321:1696-702. Med 1990;19:69-72.
ABSTRAK
METODE
Studi Desain
Keluarga
Pemantauan klinis
HASIL
Sebanyak 799 keluarga menjalani pengawasan influenza.
dari 337 keluarga secara acak menerima plasebo atau
zanamivir. Di antara keluarga di mana penyakit indeks
laboratorium- influenza dikonfirmasi, proporsi keluarga di
mana influenza berkembang di keluarga adalah 29 persen
pada kelompok plasebo dan 8 persen di Kelompok
zanamivir (P <0,001). Di antara keluarga di mana penyakit
indeks tidak influenza, proporsi adalah 8 persen dan 1
persen, masing-masing (P = 0,04).
Tingkat perlindungan terhadap influenza di sehat kontak
rumah tangga adalah 79 persen pada keseluruhan sampel,
72 persen pada kelompok keluarga yang terkena influenza:
* Jumlah rata-rata kontak per keluarga adalah 2,5 pada
kelompok plasebo dan 2,4 di zanamivir yang
kelompok.
Tabel 1 Karakteristik Dari Partisipan
PLACEBO PLACEB
(N=158) (N=423)ZANAMIVIR
ZANAMIVIR(N=163)
(N=414)
White race — no. (%) 138 (87) 148 (91) 372 (88) 377 (91)
PEMBAHASAN
Solusi
Imunisasi babi
Imunisasi unggas
Imunisasi pada manusia
Kemoprofolaksis Antivirus dengan menggunakan
zanamivir
Pencegahan pribadi :
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
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