LOW COST HOUSING

Low Cost Housing Researches

PREPARED BY:
MOHAMMED UMAR SULTAN
[20B41A0108]

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ABSTRACT

This paper presents summary of the findings of some researches on Low Cost Housing :-
- Low Cost Housing Study (1982).
-Low Cost Housing Project (2006).
-Factors and Building Elements Contributing to Affordable Housing for Urban Dwellers
(2001).

The paper presents the outcome of the low cost housing study (1982) which is a construction
project for the Khartoum region. The project examined successively the plotting, the basic core,
extensions, assemblies and the low cost sanitation systems.
The paper focuses on the low cost housing project (2006) and presents the proposed pilot house
type (3) with emphasis on : plotting , the basic core, extensions, foundation type, walling units
and roofing system.

The paper reviews the out come of the analysis and recommendations of the study of the factors
and building elements contributing to affordable housing for urban dwellers (2003).

The paper concludes with some outlines for important areas which need future research such as :
- Land utilization and adequate space utilization
- Planning and Design of housing clusters and housing units
- Building elements (foundation, walls, roofs, etc)
- Development and promotion of manufacturing of raw materials
- Promotion of the existing potentials of building industry
- Financial resources and lending policies for the low income groups
- Provision of adequate services

1- INTRODUCTION

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Shelter is a basic need for human beings. The problem of shelter in Greater Khartoum.- The
capital of Sudan- is evident in the high need for housing and deficient supply of housing.
The Building and Road Research Institute (BRRI) is concerned with the housing problem and
several researches have been carried out to find solutions to that problem especially housing
projects for the low income groups.
This paper presents summary of the findings of some researches :-

- Low Cost Housing Study (1982).

-Low Cost Housing Project (2006).
-Factors and Building Elements Contributing to Affordable Housing for Urban Dwellers
(2001).

The paper examines the outcome of the low cost housing study (1982) which is a construction
project for the Khartoum region. The project examined successively the plotting, the basic core,
extensions, assemblies and the low cost sanitation systems. The proposed sanitation systems
includes;-
- Improved privy with a ventilated tank.
- Agua privy with a direct fall.
The paper focuses on the low cost housing project (2006) and presents the proposed pilot house
type (3) with emphasis on:-
Plotting, the basic core, extensions, assemblies, foundation type, walling units and roofing
system.
The paper reviews the out come of the analysis and recommendations of the study of the factors
and building elements contributing to affordable housing for urban dwellers (2003).

The paper concludes with some outlines to guide future research on low cost housing.

2-Low Cost Housing Study (1982).

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The government of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan and the Agency Cooperation et
Management are established a low cost housing study. The cooperation et Management signed a
contract on December 23, 1982 with the Building and Road Research Institute (U. of K.) to
participate in preparing this study.
The study includes:-

- Institutional and Financial Context.

- Design layout devices of pilot schemes.
- Low cost sanitation systems.
- Roofing Systems.
- Earth construction techniques.
- The production of burned bricks in the Sudan and its improvements.
- Lime study.
- Plaster in the Sudan.

Construction Project for the Khartoum Region

The project is an approach which may lead to numerous different alternatives.
This solution originates from the desire for compatibility with the proposed sanitation systems
and making possible the direct transfer of some of the urban management problems to a resident
community by creating semi-public spaces, and for consistency with the ways of life of the vast
majority of the population.
The project examined successively:-
- Plotting.
- The basic core.
- Extensions.
- Assemblies.

Plotting
The proposed layout of the plots must meet the following requirements:
- 10 to 20 plots must be grouped around a semi-public interior space accessed by narrow
pedestrian ways.
- The size of the plots shall vary (180 to 220m2).
- Each plot shall be accessible by a road suitable for cars.
- There shall be two entrances to a plot, one on the car road and the other in the inner
space.
- The north-south aspect shall be preferred to provide the optimal ventilation in relation to
prevailing winds.
- The sanitary blocks (toilet and shower) shall be grouped at the rear of the plot in the inner
space side.
- The inner space shall be large enough to provide a play ground for children or
sports ground.
The study examined several layouts with their advantages and their drawbacks.

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The selected alternative (see fig. (1)) is the one which seems to meet best the requirement for the
least amount of money and which because of its size is best adapted to the implementation of a
pilot project.

Advantages
- Good ventilation of all plots.
- Simple design of the plots plan.
- Direct access for cars of all plots.
- Savings on sewage network.
- Good dimensions of the inner space.

Drawbacks
- Risk of monotony on a larger scale.
- Considerable size of public spaces.
This solution is the one answering best the requested demands in terms of economy. The
fourteen plots are grouped around the inner space which is accessible by means of narrow
pedestrian passages (3m large). Ten of these plots type A (10x20) (see fig. 2 &3) are
facing North-South and four of them Type B (12x18) (see fig. 4 &5)
Plot surface : 64%
Private or semi-private surface : 81%

Density : From 160 to 250 people/hectare.

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Proposed layout of plots

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Fig (1)
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Fig (2)

House plan
type (A)

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Views house type (A)

Fig (3)

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Fig (4)
House plan
type (B) Page 9
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Views house type (B)

Fig (5)

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The Test Houses

The test house includes a basic core which can be easily expandable by the addition of one other
room or more.

The basic core

It includes:-
- A block with a surface of 32.20m 2 consisting in the sala and one adjustment room
slightly set off.
- A water block at the rear of the plot with toilet and shower (surface : 2m2).
- A fence (2m high) with two accesses.
The layout of the basic core meets the climatic cultural and economic requirements:-
- Transversal layout in relation to prevailing winds (North-South).
- A few or no openings on the East and West facades for protection against the sun.
- Direct access for visitors to the reception area.
- Intimacy provided by the physical separation of the reception areas and the areas for
family activities.
- At the rear of the plot separate access for the family, leading to the common inner area.
- At the rear of the plot free space for family activities.
- Possibility to park a car near the access on the road.
- Direct access for visitors to the toilet.
- Basic core laid out with common walls.
- Construction of common walls to facilitate a future expansion.
- Water supply located at the rear of the plot (toilet, shower)

The sale and bedroom block

- The sala is a covered area with a surface of 20m 2 (5.9x3.42) with large openings and
where most family activities take place. The adjacent room with a surface of 11.70m2
(3.42x3.42) will be used as a bedroom or reception room.
The block is built with lime stabilized earth blocks on burned brick foundations and it has a
flat roof – a possible alternative is a single-pitch roof made of asbestos-cement. The openings
are built according to a bearing-out system in order to save on lintels. It is also possible to
build relieving arches. The heights have been determined in accordance with the thermal
comfort recommendation.

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The water block

This block is located at the rear of the plot it includes a toilet and a shower. The proposed
sanitation systems are:
- Improved privy.
- Aqua privy.
The Extensions
The design of the basic core makes it possible to build an other room or more for future
enlargements. Example :
I. Basic core + one kitchen (2.18 mx2.80 m) the total surface 40.3m2.
II. Basic core + one kitchen + two bedrooms (11.70 m²) the total surface is 52m2.
III. Basic core + one kitchen+ two bedrooms (11.70 m²) the total surface is 63.7m2.
These extensions are built with lime stabilized earth blocks and they have an asbestos-cement
single-pitch roof.
As in the case of the basic core the openings are built according to a bearing-out system.
It must be noticed that a one storey vertical extension may be considered. It would provide two
additional bedrooms above the basic core.
Low-cost Sanitation System
The proposed system has to meet certain conditions: the system must be cheap, not public,
require little or no safe water, operate even in case of improper use, require little control, not
need a cesspool, catch all waste waters, treat them appropriately so as to avoid any risks for users
and not need mechanical equipment.
It is difficult to meet all these conditions simultaneously. It will therefore be necessary to take
certain options and to favor certain aspects taking into account the specific problems of
Khartoum.
The proposed systems are:
- Improved privy with a ventilated tank.
- Privy with a set-off and ventilated tank (single and double).
- Aqua privy with direct fall.
 Discharge of the outflow through a soak away.
 Discharge of the outflow through an absorption field.

Improved privy with a ventilated tank.

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This system is similar to the pit latrine largely in use in popular neighborhoods.The
differences are basically the following:-
- Installation of a ventilation system with a diameter of 15-20cm; fitted at the end
with wire netting. This system is intended for odour exhaust and catching insects.

- The shed must be roofed and fairly dark so that the insects coming inside may be
attracted by the light coming from the ventilation system and trapped into the wire
netting.
- The cesspool shall be of a reasonable depth 3-8m approximately. It is necessarily
emptying the cesspool periodically once every 5 years.
Privy with a set-off and ventilated tank
The operation of this system is fairly similar to that of the previous one. The proposed
system uses two tanks which are set off in relation to the seats. The first tank is used until
it is full. It is then tightly closed and the second tank becomes in use. It takes about one
year to fill each tank. When the second tank is about full, the first one is emptied (either
manually or mechanically). The wastes are discharged in a land fill. The first tank is then
used again while the second one is closed. The two tanks are thus used by turns.
The tanks are set off in order to provide for easier emptying as well as to prevent the shed
from collapsing, as it is already occurred in the Sudan.
Aqua Privy

Before installing this system, it will therefore be necessary to launch an

information campaign for the population. However, it has been included in
proposals as it is the only one which makes its possible, for a low cost, to channel
the effluent to an absorption field after settling and pre-treatment.

This solution is interesting, because it uses the weather conditions instead of the
purifying power of the soil. This is particularly interesting as regards black soil
for cotton growing.

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1- Low Cost Housing Project (2006)

This study of Low Cost Housing is prepared in response to a request by Savings and
Social Development Bank. The study covers planning and Design of Three types of
houses:
Type (1): Compact design with vertical development.
Type (2): Compact design with possibility of vertical extension.
Type (3): Scattered design with horizontal development.
The Pilot House Type (3)
The house type (3) is a semi-detached house designed for the low- income group.
The paper will focus on houses type (3) and it will examine successively.
Plotting
The lay-out of the plots has to meet the following requirements.
- The cluster contains 64 plots with two symmetrical open spaces (30.4m x 40m)
(see fig (6) ).
- The size of the plots is the same (13.2x20) 264m2.
- Each plot shall be accessible by a road suitable for cars-10m wide, inner corner
plots opening onto another pedestrian road-8m wide and outer plots opening onto
a larger open space.
- There shall be one entrance to a plot on the car road and the corner plots have two
entrances.
- Each two houses have shared walls of the built area.
- All plots are North-South to provide the optimal ventilation to the built area.
- The sanitary blocks (toilet and shower) shall be grouped at the front of the plot.
- There shall be one soak away pit for each two houses located in the road.
- The inner open space shall be large enough to provide a play ground for children.

The core unit

- The houses type (3) which intend to build on the selected sites in Khartoum and
other parts of Sudan include a basic core unit, water block, a kitchen and wall
fence. The core unit can be lived in immediately and can be expanded in future by
the addition of other spaces (a room, a sala, a veranda) See Fig (7&8).

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House plan
type (3)

Fig (7)

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Views house type (3)

Fig (8)

The core unit includes

- A main block with a surface area 37.5m2, consisting of a sala (4.8m x3.6m) and
one adjacent room (4.5m x 4.5m) forming L shape.
- A kitchen at the rear corner of the plot with a surface of 8.7m2.
- A water block (toilet + shower) at the front side of the plot with surface of 5.4m2.
- A fence 2.20m high with one access.

The localization of the basic core meets the following climatic, cultural and economic
requirements:
- The lay-out in relation to prevailing winds (North – South).
- No openings on the East-West sides for protection against the sun.
- Direct access for male visitors to the reception area and rear access for females
and family members and visitors.
- Physical separation of the reception areas and the areas for the family activities.
- Free space at the front of the plot for guest entertainments at early mornings and
evenings.
- Free space At the rear side of the plot for family activities.
- Construction of shared walls between each two houses.
- Direct access for visitors to the toilet.
- Water supply located at the front of the plot for the water block and extended to
the rear side of the plot for the kitchen.

The main block

- The main block consists of a sala and a room. The sala with a covered surface area
(4.8 m x 3.6 m ) 17.28m 2 where most family activities take place. The adjacent
room with a surface area of (4.5 m x 4.5 m) 20.25m2 may be used as a reception.
This block is built with stabilized earth on reinforced concrete. strip foundation and it has
a ribbed roof. The openings are semi-arch and made from steel. The heights are 3.0m.
The water block
This block is located at the front of the plot. It includes a toilet and a shower. Sanitation is
improved aqua-privy. Each two houses share one soak-away pit outside of the plots See
Fig (9).

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The Kitchen
The kitchen has a surface area of (3.6 m x 2.7m) 8.72m 2. It is located at the rear corner of
the plot and has two shared walls with other two plots.
The extensions
The design of the basic core makes it possible to build other spaces for future extensions.
For these extensions we propose possible lay-outs which meet the requirements already
mentioned. The extensions may be built in stages.
Example: -
(I) Basic core plus one room (20.25m2). The total surface is 71.9m2
(II) Basic core plus one room plus a sala (20.5m2) and a veranda (8.7m2). The total
surface is 1022.2m2.
(III) Basic core plus one room plus a sala plus a veranda plus another room
(14.4m2). The total surface area is 115.5m2

Foundation Type
Foundation is the most important structural compound of buildings and if not properly
designed; the life time of the building will be tremendously reduced.
Foundation type for any building depend mainly upon the following aspects:
(i) The sub-soil conditions.
(ii) Type and number of loadings.
(iii) The environmental conditions.
Under normal condition (non-problematic sub-soils), and light loads, the strip-foundation
type is the best option to adopt. The strip foundation shall be rigid enough and of suitable
size to transfer safely the loads due to building to the underneath soil strata without
successive deformations or settlement. Also, the strip foundation shall be situated at
sufficient depth to avoid seasonal fluctuation of the ground moisture. Concrete on grade
strip foundations (beams), stepped masonry strip foundation (rock, brick blocks) build
with cement sand mortars; or with dry rocks strip foundation (foundation trenches filled
with compacted rocks and granular material) are the most convenient types of footings or
load bearing walls.
The reinforced concrete strip foundation had good performance records, can withstand
aggressive environmental conditions and transfer evenly the exerted loads, can withstand
large deformations however its cost is relatively high.

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The masonry stepped strip footing is suitable where firm subsoil strata are encountered. It
is relatively cheap compared with reinforced concrete strip, if properly sized and can
transfer loads safely, but its construction needs skilled labour, sound masonry units
(rocks, blocks bricks) shall be sound to absorbent water. This type of foundation can not
withstand large deformations.
The dry rock strip foundations although intended to absorb the swelling pressures of the
soil beneath, but individual rocks tend to rotate or fracture, under loads, thus inducing
movement to the wall above leading to wall cracking. Also, in case of a localized wetting
of the soil beneath, the individual rocks can sink independently causing localized arch
like failure for walls. Needless to say, that among all of the case studies of wall building
failures conducted in the BRRI, the dry rock fill foundation was the main contributor to
these building failures.
During the study of the project of the low- cost housing the option of the reinforced
concrete strip foundation was selected to be suitable for most of sites despites its cost
implications. Some modifications were made to the strip foundations to improve their
performance in sites where problematic soils (expensive soil) are dominant.
The construction technique for strip foundation is rather simple straightforward and needs
less formwork, but certain precautionary measures are needed to be taken for optimum
utilization of materials and better performance of the footing, these include the following:
(i) The foundation trenches (excavation) shall extend well below the active zone of the
expansive soil, and below the loose top soils.
(ii)The bed of the trenches in site of expansive soils, shall be overlaid by a cohesive
compacted non-expansive soil layer to act as a cushion between the natural soil and
the strip foundation.
(iii)The materials used (concrete) and workmanship adopted shall be of good quality.

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Walling units
Stabilized soil bricks will be the walling units for the proposed housing project due to
availability of main raw material ( in situ-soil) and because it is easy to produce and to
build with and expected to be cheaper in comparison with other building materials.
Materials Used In Production of Stabilized Soil Bricks
Many types of soil can be used in production of stabilized soil bricks provided that it
contains appreciable amount of fines (silt and clay). The type of soil in other hand,
determines the type of stabilizer, in sandy soils cement is the suitable stabilizer, whereas
lime is suitable for clayey soil.
The following table gives some indicators for particle size distribution of soil which are
thought to be suitable for production of stabilized soil bricks.
- Gravel 0 – 40%
- Sand 25 – 80%
- Silt 10 – 25 %
- Clay 8 - 30%
Technology for Production of Stabilized Soil Bricks
Different types and sizes of stabilized soil bricks can be produced where blocks (290 x
140 x 100 mm) and bricks can be produced, only by changing moulds.
Good production depends on thorough dry mixing of soil alone and then soil and
stabilizer. Water is added as mixing is proceeding.
The type of soil and stabilizer determine the quantity of water added, but it is generally
slightly drier as than optimum moisture content (o.m.c) for sandy soils and slightly wetter
than (o.m.c) for clayey soil.
The percentage of cement is generally between 4 – 8% by weight of soil weight where as
the percentage of lime lying between 6 – 12% by weight of soil weight.
The forming pressure should be high in order of 150 -180 bar , wherever pressure is high
the density of produced bricks will be high and accordingly less water permealituy ,
become the goal of stabilization ( compression and additional of stabilizer) is to increase
water resistance of soil . After production, the bricks left for curing for period not less
than 14 days, knowing that the sufficient period for stabilization is 6 months.
The most suitable environment for curing is the hot humid environment; this is why
curing under direct sun and under plastic sheets will rise both temperature and humidity

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Properties of Stabilized Soil Bricks

4.1 The most important property of stabilized soil bricks is its resistance to water
(immersion, capillary action, sprinkling etc)
4.2 To have reasonable compressive strength when wet and that wet strength in half dry
strength.

4.3 Variations in dimensions should be kept to the minimum.

Roof System

Roof is the building element that offers the users or occupants of the building, the necessary
shelter against the sun rays and lights, wind and storm, rainfalls and snowfalls, dust falls, and the
day and summer heats and the nights and winter colds for this reason any person who possessed
a shed is considered protected.

Different types of roofs and roof materials are known to be used for buildings these are:-

(i) Traditional ( local) roof, straw and mud roofs, (Baladi)

(ii) Corrugated sheet roofs.
(iii) Timber boards roofs
(iv) Jack arch roofs.
(v) Ribbed slab roofs
(vi) Reinforced concrete, slab roofs
(vii) Ferocement roofs.

a) The traditional / local roofs are constructed from the near by forest /farms materials. It is
composed from a main beam, timber pole, joist and secondary beams , wood purlins,
overlayed by palm leaves, straw and a layer of mud and plastered with zibala, mortar of
animal residue and fine straw. Such type of roofs although are easy to construct but they
have short life time, needs periodic maintenance and considered hazardous to
environment.
b) The corrugated sheet roofs are lighter offers better appearance to roofs, especially slopes
roofs, easy to erect, needs less maintenance. Different materials are used for the
corrugated sheets, such as iron asbestos, etc. The corrugated iron roof sheets are the most
widely used especially in urban areas, however these roof sheets are good conductors to
heat and colds, rendering the interior environment of the building unfriendly for this
reason, some modification or improvement are needed, such as sand plasting the sheets or
simply by adding a false ceiling below. Obviously such modification increases the overall

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cost of the roof element. The asbestos roof sheets proved to have hazardous effect on
human health and is no longer used. In the Building and Road Research Institute (BRRI),
a research was conducted to use kenaf fibers and cement mortars for the production of the
corrugated roof sheets. The researchers concluded that it is visible and possible to
produce such roofs sheets. One of the BRRI workshops (Carpenter workshop) in addition
to a primary school of El Hag Yousif were roofed with these sheets a pilot project for the
industry and the interested bodies and persons.
c) The timber board roofs depends mainly on timber products (boards, joist..etc.) needs
treatment against insects, shall be water proofed by overlaying them with waterproofing
streets, have less life time for all these reason such roofs are scarcely used these days and
even if used they are temperate nature.
d) The Jack Arch roofs (English Arch) are well known roof types since the nineteen century.
The were used before the concrete inventions. Jack Arch roof composed of hot rolled
steel joist as main beams and brick vaults supported by the beams. These type of roof
have a good performance records and is suitable in aggressive environments and can
support upper floor loads. However, its construction technique needs special care.
e) Ribbed slab roofs (one way or two way) normally used in large span slab where it is
necessary to reduce own weight of the slab to control deflection. The ribs are from
reinforced concrete and the voids between ribs are filled with bricks (hollow or solid) and
overlayed by a reinforced concrete topping. The rubbed slab can be designed as a floor or
roof and needs formworks and shuttering to construct it, it offers good interior
appearance and living environment.
f) Reinforced concrete slab roofs/floors are mostly and widely used in multi storey
structures. The reinforced concrete slab needs also formworks and shuttering to
constructs and it offers good interior appearance and living environment and can resist
higher live loads.
g) The ferrocement roofs were studied in Sudan (SUST). These type of roofs are classified
as shell roof (vaults or domes). The shell is constructed form expanded wire mesh formed
into the desired shape and them covering that mesh with cement /sand/aggregate mortar.
These types of roofs are only suitable for a single storey building and needs formworks
and skilled labour.

A cost study was carried out in the BRRI for the different type of roofs and the results of the
study are shown presented below.

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Item Type of Roof Roof Cost ratio to

traditional
1 Local/traditional 1.0
2 Corrugated iorn sheet 1.0
3 Ferro-cement 1.25
4 Corrugated sheet plus false ceiling 1.4
5 Ribbed slab 2.2
6 Jack Arch 2.4
7 Reinforced concrete slab 2.9

During the study for the savings and Social Development Bank projects, the option of the ribbed
slab roof was chose for the following reasons:
(i) Easy to construct.
(ii) Offers good appearance and interior environment.
(iii) Durable i.e. long life time.
(iv) Can support floor live loads if vertical extension is intended.
(v) Relatively of low cost if combared with R.C. slab or jack arch.

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4- Factors and Building Elements Contributing to Affordable

Housing for Urban Dwellers (2001).
The study covers aspects related to the cost of housing in its different parameters whether
planning, design, and construction, building materials or finance.
The main objective of the study is to analyse the cost of different building elements and
components to identify the most promising areas in which appreciable cost reduction could be
achieved since cost of housing is greater than to be met by the urban poor.

The study is based on the local conditions and it dealt with single storey load bearing buildings
due to the fact that multi story buildings are affordable to the high income segment of the
population. For the purpose of the analysis a model dwelling unit design is worked out from the
most popular house design since design is adebatable issue. The model dwelling unit is then
divided into construction stages i.e. sub-structure and super- structure.

Building elements in each stage were further divided into components and each component is
assessed in terms of cost of materials labour and over- heads set in a form of analysis table.

From this table the cost of different elements and components were compared so that the most
critical cost items could be identified. Then critical cost parameters wether materials. Labour or
over- heads were discussed and comments regarding the required intervention that may bring
their cost down are stated.

The analysis carried out in the study revealed that building materials were found to be the
bottle neck in the process of housing unit construction. A maximum cost reduction could
be obtained with optimum utilization of labour, materials and equipment as chief
production factors.

Standardization is an important principle in rationalization and requires that the dwelling

unit should be built of standardized components. This can apply to dimensions, materials
used, composition of materials, characteristics etc. This will make mass production of
housing possible thus reducing cost per housing unit.

The analysis also revealed that the most costly elements in the construction of the
dwelling unit were found to be roofs and walls respectively. It is important to find
methods to modify the existing types and also to seek to invent suitable alternatives for
them at an acceptable cost.

Concerning sanitary systems the analysis discovered that the septic tank and cess-pool
system proved to be the most expensive on site disposal systems. The use of shared
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communal discharge system, such as, shared septic tanks and cess-pools for a number of
dwelling units can result in a considerable reduction of cost of such a system but this
requires some institutional arrangements, such as, permits from local authorities.
The traditional pit latrin is found to be the cheapest on site disposal system, yet it is not
the ideal one. Its cost could still be modified through the decrease of the depth of the pit
but this will necessitate the improvement of maintenance service.

Concerning sewer system, the analysis discovered that the introduction of a shallow
sewer system might be an adequate option since its cost can be shared by a number of
plots (e.g. 20 plots for a single sewer).The system is most suitable for housing schemes
rather than individual housing units. One of the privileges of this system is that it collects
all waste water from the household solving the problem of wastewater.

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Conclusion
The process of housing provision is a complex process , it involves many activities ( eg
the provision of land , planning, design and building of housing unit).
Many factors govern this long process, in order to provide comprehensive low cost
housing projects, research work should study better utilization of all those factors.

Here are some out lines for important areas which need future research: -

- Land utilization and adequate space utilization, research should be tend to

optimize the size of plots and adopt optimum standards of services.
- Planning and Design of housing clusters and housing units should be oriented
towards reduction of space (open areas, streets and plots).
- Building elements (foundation, walls, roofs, etc) should be thorough studied in
order to be developed.
- Development and promotion of manufacturing of raw materials to substitute
imported building materials.
- Promotion of the existing potentials of building industry in the formal and
informal sectors.
- Availability of Financial resources and lending policies for the low income groups.
- Provision of adequate services (water supply, sewage, sewers, electricity, cabbage
collections.

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 LOW COST HOUSING

References:
- Ministry of finance & economic planning. Low cost housing study – final report- book 1. January
1984.

- Abdalla Salah Eldin Abd Elrazic. Factors & building element contributing to affordable housing for
urban dwellers – the case of Khartoum. August 2001.

- B.R.R.I Study of low cost housing for Saving & Social Development Bank. Final report.
September 2007.

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