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Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 9th Edition Gravetter Solutions Manual
Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 9th Edition Gravetter Solutions Manual
There are several possible solutions to the matchstick problem in the Chapter 10 Preview but all
involve destroying two of the existing squares. One square is destroyed by removing two
matchsticks from one of the corners and a second square is destroyed by removing one
matchstick. The three removed matchsticks are then used to build a new square using a line that
already exists in the figure as the fourth side. One solution is shown in the following figure.
2. The standard error for the independent measures t provides an estimate of the standard
distance between a sample mean difference (M1 – M2) and the population mean difference
(μ1 – μ2). When the two samples come from populations with the same mean (when H0 is true),
the standard error indicates the standard amount of error (distance) between two sample means.
3. a. The size of the two samples influences the magnitude of the estimated standard error in
the denominator of the t statistic. As sample size increases, the value of t also increases
(moves farther from zero), and the likelihood of rejecting H0 also increases.
b. The variability of the scores influences the estimated standard error in the denominator.
As the variability of the scores increases, the value of t decreases (becomes closer to
zero), and the likelihood of rejecting H0 decreases.
5. a. The first sample has s2 = 12 and the second has s2 = 8. The pooled variance is 80/8 = 10
(halfway between).
b. The first sample has s2 = 12 and the second has s2 = 4. The pooled variance is 80/12 =
6.67 (closer to the variance for the larger sample).
6. a. The first sample has a variance of 10, the second sample variance is 6, and the pooled
variance is 8 (halfway between).
b. The first sample has a variance of 10, the second sample variance is 14, and the pooled
variance is 112/10 = 11.2 (closer to the variance for the larger sample).
10. a. The estimated standard error for the sample mean difference is 4 points.
b. The estimated standard error for the sample mean difference is 2 points.
c. Larger samples produce a smaller standard error.
13. a. Using df = 30, , because 34 is not listed in the table, and α = .05, the critical region
consists of t values beyond 2.042. The pooled variance is 81, the estimated standard
error is 3, and t(34) = 7.6/3 = 2.53. The t statistic is in the critical region. Reject H0 and
conclude that there is a significant difference.
b. For 90% confidence, the t values are 1.697 (using df = 30), and the interval extends
from 2.509 to 12.691 points higher with the calming music.
c. Classroom performance was significantly better with background music, t(34) = 2.53, p <
.05, 95% CI [2.509, 12.691].
14. a. The pooled variance is 90, the estimated standard error is 4, and t = 9/4 = 2.25. With
df = 22 the critical value is 2.074. Reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is a
significant difference in attitude between males and females.
b. r2 = 5.06/27.06 = 0.187 or 18.7%
c. The results show a significant difference between males and females in their attitude
toward food, t(22) = 2.25, p < .05, r2 = 0.187.
15. a. For the offensive linemen, the standard error is 0.97 and t = 4.54. For a one-tailed test
with df = 16, the critical value is 2.583. Reject the null hypothesis. The offensive
linemen are significantly above the criterion for BMI.
b. For the defensive linemen, the standard error is 0.80 and t = 2.375. For a one-tailed test
with df = 18, the critical value is 2.552. Fail to reject the null hypothesis. The defensive
linemen are not significantly above the criterion for BMI.
c. For the independent-measures t, the pooled variance is 14.01, the estimated standard error
is 1.25, and t(34) = 2.00. For a two-tailed test using df = 30 (because 34 is not listed), the
critical value is 2.750. Fail to reject the null hypothesis. There is no significant
difference between the two groups.
16. a. The pooled variance is 0.24, the estimated standard error is 0.22, and t = 1.18. For a
two-tailed test with df = 18 the critical value is 2.101. Fail to reject the null hypothesis.
There is no significant difference between the two groups.
b. For these data, r2 = 1.39/19.39 = 0.072 or 7.2%.
c. The data showed no significant difference in attitude toward functional foods for males
compared with females, t(18) = 1.18, p > .05, r2 = 0.072.
18. a. The pooled variance is 7.2, the estimated standard error is 1.2, and t(18) = 3.00. For a
one-tailed test with df = 18 the critical value is 2.552. Reject the null hypothesis.
There is a significant difference between the two groups.
b. For 95% confidence, the t values are 2.101, and the interval extends from 1.079 to 6.121
points higher for boys.
c. The results indicate that adolescent males have significantly higher self-esteem than girls,
t(18) = 3.00, p < .01, one tailed, 95% CI [1.079, 6.121].
19. a. The null hypothesis states that there is no difference between the two sets of instructions,
H0: μ1 – μ2 = 0. With df = 6 and α = .05, the critical region consists of t values beyond
±2.447. For the first set, M = 6 and SS = 16. For the second set, M = 10 with SS = 32.
For these data, the pooled variance is 8, the estimated standard error is 2, and t(6) = 2.00.
Fail to reject H0. The data are not sufficient to conclude that there is a significant
difference between the two sets of instructions.
b. For these data, the estimated d = 4/√8 = 1.41 (a very large effect) and r2 = 4/10 = 0.40
(40%).
20. The pooled variance is 63, the estimated standard error is 3.00, and t = 7/3 = 2.33. With df =
26 the critical value is 2.056. Reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is a significant
difference between the two sleep conditions.
21. The humorous sentences produced a mean of M = 4.25 with SS = 35, and the non-
humorous sentences had M = 4.00 with SS = 26. The pooled variance is 2.03, the
estimated standard error is 0.504, and t = 0.496. With df = 30, the critical value is 2.042.
Fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is no significant difference in memory
for the two types of sentences.
22. a. The null hypothesis states that the type of sport does not affect neurological performance.
For a one-tailed test, the critical boundary is t = 1.796. For the swimmers, M = 9 and SS
= 44. For the soccer players, M = 6 and SS = 24. The pooled variance is 6.18 and t(11) =
2.11. Reject H0. The data show that the soccer players have significantly lower scores.
b. For these data, r2 = 0.288 (28.8%).