S U B J E C T

Curriculum Integration Reading Program

L9

W O R K B O O K
Science

1
Vo l c a n o
Effects of Volcanoes

A Choose the correct words for the definitions.

generate mineral beneficial obvious pose

plateau peninsula ash destruction fertilizer

thermal utilize deadly simultaneous regardless of

Word Definition

1. beneficial adj. helpful

2. thermal adj. related to heat

3. regardless of prep. without being affected by something

4. simultaneous adj. happening at the same time

5. peninsula n. a piece of land that sticks out from a larger area of land
surrounded by the sea

6. generate v. to make something or cause something to be made

7. destruction n. the act of destroying something

8. pose v. to present or create

9. obvious adj. easy to see and understand

10. utilize v. to use something

11. mineral n. a substance such as gold, coal, salt, etc. that is formed naturally
in the earth

12. ash n. the soft gray powder that remains after something burns

13. plateau n. a high, flat area of land

14. deadly adj. very dangerous; likely to cause death

15. fertilizer n. something that makes soil better for growing plants

Lesson 1 • Volcano 3
 Science

B Circle the correct words in the boxes. 2 Volcanic Roc s

Vo l c a n o

Volcanoes are natural wonders that have attracted people (A) for / since ancient times. The word
“volcano” comes from the name of the Roman god of f ire —Vulcan. Ancient Romans believed that A Choose the correct words for the definitions.
Vulcan (B) lives / lived under the island of Vulcano, a volcanic island that continued to erupt into
the late 1800s. Though Vulcano may not have erupted for centuries, many other volcanoes still do. picture harden rub polish iron

In fact, on January 11, 2013, four simultaneous volcanic eruptions (C) recorded / were recorded determine dough igneous solid fortress

on the Kamchatka Peninsula! Volcanoes still affect people’s lives in many ways. These effects can be weapon cobblestone abrasive rich treat

both negative and positive.

Word Definition
C Choose the grammatical error in the passage.
1. dough n. a mixture of flour and a liquid such as water or milk
The negative effects of volcanoes are obvious. Lava flows can destroy houses, buildings, plants, and
2. solid adj. having a physical form; not liquid or gas
wildlife habitats. Not only that, (A) but mixtures of hot gas and ash from an eruption can travel
up to 150 km/h and kill anything in (B) their path. Heavy volcanic ash can make (C) them hard 3. cobblestone n. a round stone that is used for making streets
for people to breathe and can cause houses to collapse. It can also damage jet engines. In 2010,
4. rich adj. containing a lot of something
thousands of people (D) were stuck in airports for weeks when a volcanic eruption in Iceland
produced a giant ash cloud. With all (E) these negative effects, it might be hard to imagine that 5. harden v. to become hard
volcanoes could benefit people too.
6. fortress n. a place that protects against attack

7. determine v. to decide what will happen

D Choose the correct words to complete the summary.

Although volcanoes can be dangerous, they can also be major tourist attractions. For example, people 8. iron n. a common type of metal
travel from all over the world to see Mount Vesuvius in Italy, generating jobs and money. Also,
9. abrasive adj. having a rough quality
volcanic eruptions can be beneficial for farming. The ash produced by volcanic eruptions often acts
as a natural fertilizer. A third benefit to living near volcanoes is that steam produced by volcanic heat 10. polish n. a substance used to make a surface shiny

can be utilized to create electricity. Thanks to science and technology, people have learned to take weapon
11. n. an object used to attack or defend
advantage of the benefits that volcanoes offer. Regardless of these positive effects, though, people
12. rub v. to move something back and forth along the surface of something else
should always be aware of the dangers that volcanoes pose.

Although there are many benefits to living (A) volcanoes, people should always 13. treat n. something that tastes good

keep in mind that they can pose (B) to their safety. igneous
14. adj. formed when liquid magma or lava cools

(A) (B) (A) (B) 15. picture v. to imagine something

a. far from threats b. far from support
c. near threats d. near support
e. near answers
4 Lesson 2 • Volcano 5
 ial Studies
Soc

B Circle the correct words in the boxes. 3 The Giant ’ s Causeway

Vo l c a n o

Imagine your favorite pizza being made. The toppings, temperature, and baking time all determine
how the pizza will turn out. Now picture the dough in the oven. As the soft dough cooks and A Choose the correct words for the definitions.
hardens, all the different ingredients are heated up and (A) combines / combined to form one
perfect pizza. That’s exactly how volcanoes form a type of (B) rock / rocks called igneous rock! phenomenon curiosity crack pretend conservation

Well, not exactly, but the process is similar. Much like (C) how / where the soft dough cooks and devastating bishop existence warrior weathering

hardens to form a tasty treat, magma and lava harden to form igneous rock. Igneous rock has many column attraction countless litter scenery

important uses.

Word Definition
C Choose the grammatical error in the passage. 1. attraction n. something interesting that people want to visit, see, or do

Igneous rock forms when liquid magma or lava from a volcano cools and becomes solid. There are 2. bishop n. a high-ranking official in some Christian churches
two types of igneous rock. One type (A) is known as intrusive rock. Intrusive rock forms under the
3. litter n. pieces of trash thrown on the ground
earth’s surface, when the temperatures are extremely hot. (B) That takes the magma a very long time
to cool and harden. Granite and diorite are examples of intrusive igneous rock. (C) The other type of 4. phenomenon n. a specific event that can be observed and studied
igneous rock is called extrusive rock. When magma (D) reaches the earth’s surface through volcanic
5. warrior n. a person who fights; a soldier
eruptions, it is called lava. When lava cools and hardens, it becomes extrusive rock. Examples of
extrusive igneous rock (E) include basalt and pumice. 6. pretend v. to act as if something is true

7. column n. a large structure that goes up in the air and is made of steel, stone, etc.

D Choose the correct words for the blanks. 8. conservation n. the act of protecting and maintaining something
Both the intrusive and extrusive igneous rock have many different uses. Granite is a hard intrusive
9. devastating adj. causing great damage or harm
igneous rock that is often used to make buildings, gravestones, and kitchen counters. Diorite is
another hard intrusive igneous rock. Ancient people used it to make art, fortress walls, and weapons. 10. scenery n. a natural landscape

(A) those purposes no longer exist, it is still common to see cobblestone streets made of diorite. countless
11. adj. very many
Basalt is an extrusive igneous rock that is rich in iron. It is normally used to make roads or statues.
Pumice is an extrusive igneous rock that has thousands of tiny bubbles in it. (B) the bubbles, 12. curiosity n. the desire to learn about something

pumice is very light, and people often rub it on their feet to remove dead skin. It is also used in existence
13. n. the condition of being alive or real
pencil erasers, polishes, and abrasive hand soaps.
14. crack v. to break along a line on the surface
(A) (B) (A) (B)
a. Although Because of b. Although In spite of weathering
15. n. the changing of the condition of something because of the effects of
c. Since Because of d. Unless In spite of rain, sun, wind, etc.
e. Unless Instead of

6 Lesson 3 • Volcano 7
 ratu
Lite re

B Circle the correct words in the boxes. 4 The Story of Pele

Vo l c a n o

Natural disasters like earthquakes and hurricanes have killed a countless (A) number / numbers of
people and have even destroyed entire towns and cities. Although volcanic eruptions can be equally A Choose the correct words for the definitions.
as dangerous and destructive, some have produced beautiful new natural landscapes. The Giant’s
Causeway in County Antrim, Northern Ireland is one example of this phenomenon. It is believed chant sacred slope settle furious

(B) when / that the Bishop of Derry discovered the Giant’s Causeway in 1692. He then spread goddess length discourage attracted cliff

word of its existence (C) to / from others, and curiosity about this natural landscape has continued sibling shore grove disturb chief

to grow.

Word Definition

1. slope n. the side of a mountain or hill

C Choose the grammatical error in the passage.
2. furious adj. extremely angry
Since the 1800s, the Giant’s Causeway (A) has been a popular tourist attraction. One of its most
well-known features (B) is its about 40,000 basalt columns, but millions of years of weathering have 3. attracted adj. the state of having romantic feelings for someone
also caused certain structures to resemble objects. Some examples are the Giant’s Boot, the Giant’s
4. length n. amount of time
Harp, and the Giant’s Gate. People come to this area both to see the Giant’s Causeway and
(C) to enjoy the beautiful scenery along the coast. Like with any other natural wonder, steps must 5. grove n. a small group of trees
(D) be taken to preserve the Giant’s Causeway. Many people work as conservation volunteers to
6. disturb v. to bother something
help preserve the area and keep it clean. It is important (E) preserving the Giant’s Causeway so that
its beauty can be appreciated for years to come. 7. chant n. words or a song that are repeated many times

8. cliff n. a high, steep surface of rock, earth, or ice

D Choose the correct place for the following sentence. 9. chief n. a leader of a group of people

10. settle v. to move to a place to live

He pretended to be his own baby, and Fingal was afraid of how big the baby’s father
must have been. 11. shore n. land beside an ocean, sea, lake, or river

According to one version of an Irish legend, the Giant’s Causeway was formed when a Scottish giant 12. sibling n. a brother or sister
named Fingal came to Ireland to fight with an Irish warrior named Finn McCool. (A) The Irish
13. sacred adj. holy or worthy of respect
warrior was much smaller, so he tricked Fingal. (B) When Fingal ran away back to Scotland, he tore
up the causeway behind him so that Finn could not follow. (C) However, scientists now know that 14. goddess n. a female god
the Giant’s Causeway is the result of volcanic activity. (D) When Antrim experienced heavy volcanic
15. discourage v. to make someone less hopeful about something or persuade
activity about 50 to 60 million years ago, molten basalt created a lava plateau. (E) This hardened and
someone not to do something
cracked as it cooled, forming the basalt columns that have made the Giant’s Causeway so famous.

8 Lesson 4 • Volcano 9
 Science

B Circle the correct words in the boxes. 5 Bouncing and Bending Light
Light

Pele, the goddess of fire, is one of Hawaii’s most well-known (A) goddess / goddesses . Ancient
Hawaiian chants describe her as “She who shapes the sacred land.” Legend has it that Pele made A Choose the correct words for the definitions.
her older sister, the goddess of the sea, angry and was chased to Hawaii. She tried to make her home
on each of the Hawaiian Islands. She started with Kauai and then moved to the other islands, but smooth bounce bend linear scatter

her older sister flooded her home each time. Eventually, she settled on the mountain of Mauna path outcome refract occur rough

Loa on the Big Island, (B) which / where the slopes were too high for water to reach. Here, Pele flat skyscraper material manner equivalent

welcomed her brother, the king of sharks and water, to come join her. A cliff on Kilauea Mountain is
said to be sacred to this brother. That is why Pele never allows it to be disturbed (C) at / by clouds
Word Definition
of volcanic steam.
1. linear adj. straight; like a line

2. refract v. to make waves of light change direction when passing through something
C Choose the grammatical error in the passage.
3. manner n. the way something is done
Pele’s favorite sibling was her youngest sister, Hi‘iaka, the spirit of dance. One day, Pele turned
(A) into a spirit and visited the north shore of Kauai with Hi‘iaka. There, Pele fell in love with a 4. rough adj. having a surface that is not regular

young chief (B) named Lohi‘au. She had to return to the Big Island, though, so she told Hi‘iaka
5. bend v. to become curved
(C) to go back to Kauai to bring the chief to her. Hi‘iaka promised to discourage Lohi‘au if he
became (D) attracted to her, and Pele promised not to send f ire and lava flows to a grove of trees 6. material n. a solid substance

where Hi‘iaka (E) likes to dance with her friend.

7. path n. a route from one place to another

8. equivalent adj. having the same value

D Choose the best phrase for the blank.
9. bounce v. to strike a surface and then move up or away
By the time Hi‘iaka reached Kauai, Lohi‘au had already died of sadness because Pele had left.
However, Hi‘iaka put Lohi‘au’s spirit back into his body, bringing him back to life. It took Hi‘iaka 10. occur v. to happen

and Lohi‘au 40 days to return to the Big Island. It was taking such a long time that Pele believed 11. scatter v. to go in many different directions
that Hi‘iaka had broken her promise. Pele got so furious that she burned down Hi‘iaka’s grove of
12. skyscraper n. a very tall building that is usually in a city
trees with a flood of lava. She also sent another flow of lava to kill Lohi‘au. Even to this day, people
say that Pele . 13. outcome n. the final result of a process or activity

a. enjoys dancing in the grove of trees b. is returning to the Big Island 14. smooth adj. not curved (two possible answers)
c. has the power to bring people back to life d. causes all of the volcanic eruptions in Hawaii
flat
e. is waiting for Hi‘iaka to return with Lohi‘au

10 Lesson 5 • Light 11
 Art

B Circle the correct words in the boxes. 6 Georges-Pierre Seurat

Light

Light is a form of energy that allows you (A) seeing / to see objects. It has different colors, and the
ones that can be detected with the human eye include red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and A Choose the correct words for the definitions.
violet. You probably know that light travels in a linear path. But that is only true (B) while / until
it hits something! When light strikes an object, there are three possible outcomes: the object can blend emerge complete crucial fascination

absorb the light, reflect it, or refract it. Absorption occurs when an object takes in light. When light capture depict dot physically renowned

hits an object, some of its colors are absorbed. Dark-colored objects usually absorb the most light. theory vivid masterpiece strive canvas

Something that absorbs all colors of light (C) appear / appears black.

Word Definition

1. physically adj. in a way that is related to things you can see

C Choose the grammatical error in the passage.
2. fascination n. great interest
Reflection occurs when light bounces off an object. Light reflects off smooth and rough surfaces in
3. depict v. to show something in a painting or other art form
different manners. When it bounces off a rough surface, it (A) scatters. This scattered reflected light
is (B) which allows us to see things. Also, an object will reflect any colors that are not absorbed. This 4. masterpiece n. a great piece of art
is what makes things (C) look certain colors. For example, a leaf absorbs all colors except green. The
5. strive v. to work hard to achieve something
green light bounces off the leaf ’s surface. This is (D) why it appears green to us. Something that
reflects all colors of light (E) appears white. 6. dot n. a small round mark

7. renowned adj. famous and respected

8. vivid adj. brightly colored

D Choose the correct words for the blanks.
9. canvas n. a piece of cloth on which a picture is painted
When light hits a smooth, flat surface like glass or metal, it bounces off. However, it does not scatter.
(A) , it is reflected at an equivalent angle, producing a mirror image. This is what happens when 10. blend v. to mix two or more things together
we see ourselves in a mirror, or when we see clouds reflected in the glass windows of a skyscraper.
11. complete v. to finish something
Finally, refraction occurs when light bends. Light refracts as it passes from one material to another.
(B) , refraction can occur if light travels from air to water. Refracted light can make a solid 12. emerge v. to come into existence
object seem like it has two parts. Have you ever seen a pencil in a glass of water? The pencil may be
13. capture v. to succeed in expressing a particular feeling or quality
perfectly straight, but it appears bent in the water because of refraction.
14. crucial adj. necessary; extremely important
(A) (B) (A) (B)
a. Likewise However b. Likewise For example theory
15. n. an idea about how something happens or works
c. Instead For example d. Instead However
e. Otherwise However

12 Lesson 6 • Light 13
 Science

B Circle the correct words in the boxes. 7 Bioluminescence

Light

Impressionism was a new style of painting that emerged in France (A) in / on the late 1800s.
Impressionist artists used tone and color to show the changing effects of light in nature. By focusing A Choose the correct words for the definitions.
on (B) how / why objects appeared under certain types of light, the artists strived to capture
different moods and emotions in their paintings. In order to depict the effects of light on objects at possess progress camouflage predator diverse

different moments in time, impressionist artists had to paint quickly. They even mixed their paints remarkable sticky medical potential prey

(C) direct / directly on their canvases to be able to work faster. mate infection track convert trapped

Word Definition
C Choose the grammatical error in the passage.
1. track v. to follow the development of something
Georges-Pierre Seurat was an artist who lived (A) during the impressionist movement. He was
2. possess v. to have or own
inspired by impressionism, and especially by its use of light. But he wanted to use a more scientif ic
method (B) to depict light and color in his own paintings. His most renowned painting (C) is sticky
3. adj. made of a substance that stays fixed to any surface it hits
A Sunday on La Grande Jatte. The painting represents a Sunday on the island of La Grande Jatte in
4. diverse adj. different from one another
France. If you look at the painting (D) closely, you will notice that all of the scenery and people in
it are made up of many dots. Seurat placed over three million dots of different colors next to each 5. infection n. a disease that is caused by a virus or bacteria
other on the canvas. He started the painting in 1884. It took two years (E) to him to complete it
6. prey n. an animal that is hunted and eaten by another animal
using this technique, which became known as pointillism.

7. camouflage v. to disguise by resembling one’s environment

8. convert v. to change from one thing into another

D Choose the correct order for the passage.
9. medical adj. related to the treatment of illness
The idea behind pointillism is not to physically mix colors on the canvas.
10. predator n. an animal that hunts another animal
(A) Instead, it uses a lot of tiny dots of color to form a picture. When viewing the picture, the
11. trapped adj. being in a situation that is difficult to escape from
human eye will naturally blend the color spots into a fuller range of tones.
(B) Seurat’s fascination with the science of color and light helped him to develop a new style of 12. remarkable adj. unusual in a way that people admire
painting. A Sunday on La Grande Jatte is now considered a masterpiece, and Seurat’s unique
13. progress n. development over time
methods and ideas have played a crucial role in the development of modern art.
(C) Seurat realized that, because of the subtractive color theory, the more colors that are mixed 14. mate n. an animal’s partner
together, the darker the color becomes. By using pointillism, he could introduce more light into
15. potential adj. able to possibly be or happen
his painting and make the colors look brighter and more vivid.

a. (A)-(B)-(C) b. (A)-(C)-(B) c. (B)-(A)-(C) d. (C)-(A)-(B) e. (C)-(B)-(A)

14 Lesson 7 • Light 15
 ial Studies
Soc

B Circle the correct words in the boxes. 8 Diwali

Light

Have you ever seen a small glowing light in a forest at night and thought your eyes (A) are / were
playing tricks on you? Don’t worry. You were not imagining things! You probably saw a f irefly. Some A Choose the correct words for the definitions.
animals possess the ability to glow or light up. These remarkable creatures are called bioluminescent
animals. Bioluminescence happens (B) where / when a living creature sends out light from its row triumph decorate harvest lunar

body. This is caused by a chemical reaction. During this reaction, chemical energy is converted demon originally pray integral exiled

(C) to / for light energy. This allows the animal to glow. A diverse range of animals—and even display organize rooftop take part pay tribute to

some plants—can produce light this way.

Word Definition

1. pay tribute to v. to honor something

C Choose the grammatical error in the passage.
2. exiled adj. the situation in which someone is forced to go away
Bioluminescent animals light up for different reasons. Some animals use their lights to communicate.
Fireflies warn other fireflies of danger by (A) flashing the lights in their tails. They also use their 3. row n. a straight line made of many of a certain thing
lights to attract potential mates. Some animals use their lights to catch prey. Glow-worms make sticky
4. integral adj. important to a whole
threads (B) that are similar to the threads spiders make webs with. These threads hang from the tops
of caves. The glow-worms then light up to attract other insects. The insects fly over and get (C) stuck 5. decorate v. to make something more attractive, usually for a special occasion
in the threads. The trapped creatures become tasty treats for the glow-worms. Other animals use their
6. take part v. to participate in something
lights to avoid becoming dinner. Some kinds of jellyfish and squid light up to camouflage (D) them in
bright water. Their lights make them difficult (E) to see. So predators swim by and leave them alone. 7. originally adv. first of all; in the first place

8. harvest n. the gathering of crops

9. organize v. to arrange for something to happen

D Choose the best phrase for the blank.
10. demon n. an evil spirit
Scientists have been studying bioluminescence in animals for medical purposes. This has helped them
create new methods to test people for cancer using light. They have also discovered new ways to detect 11. lunar adj. having to do with the moon
infections, and better ways to track the progress of serious diseases like Alzheimer’s. So not only are
12. pray v. to speak to a god in order to ask for something
bioluminescent animals amazing to watch, !

13. rooftop n. the top of a house

a. they are also amazing to listen to
b. they also teach us about the process of evolution 14. display n. a collection of things arranged for people to look at
c. they are also helping to save the environment
d. they also have the ability to cause serious diseases 15. triumph n. victory
e. they are also helping to improve things for the human race

16 Lesson 8 • Light 17
 cial Studies
So

B Circle the correct words in the boxes. 9 Frightening Phobias

Fe a r

Diwali is the biggest and most important holiday in India. The name Diwali means “a row of lights”
and people often refer to the holiday (A) as / with the “festival of lights.” Diwali celebrates the A Choose the correct words for the definitions.
triumph of light over darkness and good over evil. The holiday originally (B) begins / began as a
way to celebrate the final harvest each year before the start of winter. Indian people would thank rarely gradually trigger proper overcome

the goddess of wealth, Lakshmi, for a good harvest. They would also ask her for good fortune in the gene descendant germ overall interfere

coming year. Nowadays all businesses pray to Lakshmi for good luck at Diwali. People also honor embarrassed address response face compact

several myths about past kings and lords (C) since / during the holiday.

Word Definition

1. overall adv. generally

C Choose the grammatical error in the passage.
2. overcome v. to succeed in dealing with something
Each region of India has (A) its own local legends that they celebrate during Diwali. One of these
stories is about Rama, an exiled prince who defeated a demon named Ravana. People lit rows of 3. gene n. a part of the DNA received from one’s parents

oil lamps (B) to help Rama find his way home so that he could become king. Diwali takes place in trigger
4. v. to cause something to happen
October or November and lasts for five days. The exact dates of the holiday (C) are based on the
Hindu lunar calendar, so they change every year. During Diwali, Indian people decorate their homes 5. interfere v. to make something more difficult to do

with light. They put hundreds of small oil lamps around their houses, in their gardens, and on their compact
6. adj. small; without much room
rooftops. They do this (D) because the story of Rama and also to help Lakshmi f ind them and bring
7. response n. reaction
them luck. And at night, there are huge f irework displays that (E) light up the sky.

8. embarrassed adj. feeling shame or nervous about something that happened

9. proper adj. correct

D Choose the correct place for the following sentence.
10. rarely adv. not often
Diwali is one of the most famous of these holidays.
11. descendant n. a relative of someone who lived in the past

Light plays an integral part in our everyday lives. (A) So, it is not surprising that light is celebrated gradually
12. adv. slowly; bit by bit
throughout the year on holidays, at festivals, and in ceremonies all over the world. (B) It is a
wonderful opportunity to learn about India’s rich culture. (C) Many cities around the world have 13. germ n. a small life form that causes disease

Indian communities that organize their own Diwali celebrations. (D) So, if your city has any Diwali address
14. v. to deal with a problem (two possible answers)
events, you should definitely take part in the fun! (E)
face

18 Lesson 9 • Fear 19
 Science

B Circle the correct words in the boxes. 10 The Science Behind Goosebumps
Fe a r

Nobody likes to be afraid, but fear is a natural human response. (A) Believe / Believing it or not,
fear actually helps us survive. Without fear, people would not know to avoid dangerous situations. A Choose the correct words for the definitions.
The people who (B) fear / feared dangerous situations throughout human history survived and
passed these genes on to their descendants. Too much fear, though, can be harmful. Extreme fear of chiefly advantageous resemble adrenaline tiny

a certain thing or situation is known as a phobia. Phobias make people more afraid of potentially exactly protrude originate feather significantly

dangerous things or situations (C) than / that they should be. For example, someone with a goosebumps connection chill frigid pluck

phobia of water may rarely wash their hands or drink water.

Word Definition

C Choose the grammatical error in the passage. 1. resemble v. to look like or have similar characteristics to something else

There are many kinds of phobias. One very common kind of phobia is social phobia. A person with 2. connection n. a situation when two things have the same or similar causes,
social phobia is afraid to (A) embarrass in front of others. Having social phobia (B) makes it very hard goals, etc.

for people to make friends or even talk to other people. Claustrophobia is (C) another common type of
3. exactly adv. without any missing information; accurately
phobia. People with claustrophobia are afraid of compact spaces. A phobia can develop if a person has
an especially scary experience. For example, a person who had a particularly scary experience (D) being 4. goosebumps n. small bumps that appear on the skin

bitten by a dog may develop a phobia of dogs. This happens because something in the brain called the pluck
5. v. to pull something out
amygdala remembers strong (E) emotional experiences.
6. adrenaline n. a chemical in the body that is produced when you are scared,
excited, or afraid
D Choose the correct words to complete the summary.
7. originate v. to begin somewhere or in a situation
Phobias cause so much fear in a person that it interferes with his or her normal life. Fortunately,
8. tiny adj. very small
though, there are ways to overcome phobias. One way is to gradually face your fears. Start by
addressing what is least scary about your fear. Then slowly work your way up to what is most scary. 9. frigid adj. extremely cold
By the time you’re done, your phobia will be gone. Talking with doctors or taking medicine can also
10. advantageous adj. providing benefits
help people overcome phobias. With proper coaching and treatment, you can get rid of your fear!
11. significantly adv. in a way that is large
Although phobias can (A) people’s daily lives, with proper treatment, people
can (B) them. 12. protrude v. to stick out from a surface

13. chiefly adv. mainly

(A) (B) (A) (B)
a. bother overcome b. bother coach chill
14. n. a sudden feeling of coldness
c. bother leave d. frighten overcome
e. frighten coach 15. feather n. one of many soft things that covers a bird

20 Lesson 10 • Fear 21
 Art

B Circle the correct words in the boxes. 11 Danse Macabre

Fe a r

Suddenly the lights in your house go out. You get a chill down your back and “goosebumps” on your
skin. Then later that day, you go swimming because it’s hot outside. You step out of the warm water A Choose the correct words for the definitions.
and feel a cool breeze blow over your body. Again, you feel (A) chill / chilly and get goosebumps.
These events have no connection, yet your body reacts to them in the same way. So what exactly are imitate portray horror grim genre

goosebumps? Goosebumps are tiny bumps on the skin that (B) is / are caused by small muscles pandemic medieval rattling grave skeleton

connected to individual hairs. When the muscles contract, it causes certain areas of the skin discriminate composer superstition incorporate turn away

(C) protruding / to protrude and form bumps. It also causes the hairs to stand up.

Word Definition

1. composer n. a person who writes music

2. rattling adj. shaking or making a series of short loud sounds

C Choose the grammatical error in the passage.

The term “goosebumps” originates from the fact that the skin resembles (A) those of birds 3. grave n. the place where someone is buried after they die
after their feathers are plucked. Different countries have different names for this, but (B) most
4. discriminate v. to treat two things differently
English-speaking countries include the word “goose” in the term. For example, some people call it
“gooseflesh” or “goosepimples” (C) instead of goosebumps. People chiefly get goosebumps (D) when 5. horror n. the terrible nature of something

they are cold or afraid. So what’s the connection between feeling cold and feeling afraid? The answer pandemic
6. n. a disease that spreads over a large area
is adrenaline. The body produces adrenaline in both cases, and adrenaline is (E) what causes the
body’s hairs to stand up. 7. genre n. a particular style of art

8. superstition n. belief that is not based on facts or real possibilities

9. turn away v. to refuse to accept

10. portray v. to describe or represent

D Choose the correct place for the following sentence.

11. incorporate v. to include something as part of a larger whole

The same thing happened when people were afraid.
12. medieval adj. related to the middle ages
In ancient times, humans had significantly more hair on their bodies than they do now. (A) Frigid
temperatures caused hair on the skin to stand up so that it could trap air and keep the body warmer. 13. grim adj. depressing or gloomy
(B) The hair caused the person to look larger and scarier for protection. (C) Although getting
14. imitate v. to act similar to someone or something else
goosebumps may have been advantageous for our ancient ancestors, it’s not very useful to us now.
(D) People nowadays generally don’t have enough body hair to keep themselves warm or make 15. skeleton n. an entire set of bones

themselves look larger when they get goosebumps. (E)

22 Lesson 11 • Fear 23
 Science &
ial Studies
Soc

B Circle the correct words in the boxes. 12 Sin holes

Fe a r

Danse Macabre, or Dance of Death, is a medieval art genre that focuses on the fact that everyone
must die. By the mid-1300s, the Black Death pandemic (A) killed / had killed between 75 million A Choose the correct words for the definitions.
and 200 million people across Europe. At that time, when the Black Death started to
(B) go / be gone away, death became a common theme in European dance, art, and music. Danse construct range swallow enormous underneath

Macabre emphasized that material things such as wealth and beauty didn’t matter, and it served as a story depth drain clay redirect

reminder (C) that / which death could come at any time. destruction unexpected clogged enlarge at risk

Word Definition

1. swallow v. to completely surround and destroy something

C Choose the grammatical error in the passage.
2. clogged adj. blocked so that nothing can pass through
There are many examples of the Dance of Death genre in medieval painting. One famous example,
(A) simply titled The Dance of Death, shows skeletons dancing around a grave. It was painted by 3. drain n. a hole or pipe that allows liquids to escape
the German painter Michael Wolgemut in 1493. Wolgemut wanted (B) using his painting to
4. underneath prep. below
warn German society not to turn away from God. His painting (C) clearly portrays the horrors of
death, and it shows that death does not discriminate between rich and poor or male and female. The 5. destruction n. the complete ruin of something
Triumph of Death is (D) another grim Dance of Death painting. (E) Painted by Pieter Bruegel the
6. at risk adj. in danger of something
Elder, it shows an army of skeletons killing and destroying everything in its path.

7. depth n. a measurement of how deep something is

8. construct v. to build

9. enlarge v. to make something bigger

D Choose the correct words for the blanks.

The Dance of Death genre can be found (A) in painting, but in music as well. The famous 10. enormous adj. extremely large
French composer Camille Saint-Saëns’s Danse Macabre is one example. It represents an old French
11. clay n. thick, wet soil
superstition in which skeletons rise from their graves on Halloween night and dance to the music
of a violin. The skeletons dance all night long, and then they must return to their graves until the 12. unexpected adj. surprising
following year. The piece incorporates many instruments that create a scary atmosphere. (B) ,
13. range v. to have different amounts, sizes, limits, etc.
the xylophone is used to imitate the sound of the skeletons’ rattling bones!
14. story n. a single level in a house or building
(A) (B) (A) (B)
a. both However b. both For example 15. redirect v. to cause something to move in a different direction
c. mostly In addition d. not only In addition
e. not only For example

24 Lesson 12 • Fear 25
 cial Studies
So

B Circle the correct words in the boxes. 13 The Evolution of Language

Lan
guage

Every year, thousands of people move to Florida to enjoy (A) its / their warm weather and
beautiful beaches. But the state is now dealing with an unexpected problem—giant sinkholes A Choose the correct words for the definitions.
opening up in the ground and swallowing buildings, cars, and even people. What’s a sinkhole? It’s a
hole that forms underground, (B) caused / causing the surface above it to collapse. Sinkholes have extinct implement dialect evolve observe

become a very common problem around the world. They range in size and depth. Some can be as grasp distinct gender status endangered

small as a coin, while (C) others / the other can be enormous. dependent region alive vanish cease

C Choose the grammatical error in the passage. Word Definition

In some areas beneath the earth’s surface, there is a layer of rock that (A) can naturally be dissolved 1. alive adj. living; not dead
by groundwater. Sinkholes are most common in these areas. The top layer of land (B) is made of
2. distinct adj. different or separate
sand and clay, (C) while the next layer is limestone. Sinkholes form when the layer of limestone
dissolves. When water falls to the ground, it passes through the sand to the rock below. Along the 3. dependent adj. needing something else in order to exist
way, it absorbs chemicals. This water then passes through the cracks and spaces in the limestone,
4. dialect n. a version of a language spoken in a particular area
(D) creating big, empty spaces. When the rock can (E) not longer support the land above, it
collapses and forms a sinkhole. 5. status n. the position or rank in relation to others

6. observe v. to watch or pay attention to

D Choose the correct words to complete the summary.
7. endangered adj. in a state of being very rare and at risk of dying out completely
Sinkholes can cause a lot of destruction. Many people around the world have died when sinkholes
8. cease v. to stop doing something
suddenly opened up and swallowed homes, buildings, and cars. They can also cause floods. If the flow
of water draining from a sinkhole becomes clogged, the sinkhole begins to fill with water, eventually 9. extinct adj. having once been alive or existent, but not any longer
overflowing and causing the area above it to flood. Although sinkholes appear unexpectedly, there are
10. implement v. to begin to do or use
ways to prevent them from forming. Improved drain systems can redirect surface water away from areas
that can turn into sinkholes. Another way is to treat underground limestone so that it won’t dissolve in 11. grasp v. to understand something that is difficult
water. Improved construction planning could help as well. Cities should be aware of the areas where
12. evolve v. to change or adapt over time
sinkholes are likely to form and avoid building there.
13. region n. a specific part of a country or the world
Sinkholes are very (A) , but steps can be taken to (B) them from forming.
14. vanish v. to disappear
(A) (B) (A) (B)
15. gender n. the state of being male or female
a. predictable prevent b. predictable avoid
c. destructive prevent d. destructive warn
e. destructive avoid
26 Lesson 13 • Language 27
 History

B Circle the correct words in the boxes. 14 Crac ing the Copiale Cipher
Lan
guage

Did you know there are about 6,000 to 7,000 languages in the world? It is hard to grasp that so
many unique and distinct languages exist. Many languages change over time, and some may even A Choose the correct words for the definitions.
become extinct. (A) Although / Because language is dependent on society, social changes can cause
languages to change. For example, in the 1950s, people started to use “Ms.” to refer to a woman discover analyze manuscript ritual candidate

instead of “Miss” or “Mrs.” Like “Mr.,” the word “Ms.” doesn’t show (B) if / whether or not a crack admit abstract decode initiation

woman is married. Languages also change because of new inventions and technology. The words letter consonant eyebrow baffle come up with

“television” and “computer” did not exist in the English language until these objects
(C) invented / were invented .
Word Definition

1. manuscript n. a written copy of a book

C Choose the grammatical error in the passage.
2. crack v. to solve or find an answer to a difficult problem
How do languages become extinct? When the last speaker of a language dies, that language ceases
(A) to exist. The Bo language, for example, became extinct in 2010, when its last speaker died. And 3. eyebrow n. the hair above one’s eye
even more recently, a Scottish dialect (B) called Cromarty became extinct when its last speaker died
4. abstract adj. difficult to understand
in 2012. There (C) have been many other languages around the world (D) that have become extinct.
In fact, language experts estimate that about 50 % to 90 % of the languages (E) speaking today will 5. consonant n. a sound spoken by stopping some or all of the air from flowing
become extinct within the next one hundred years. through the mouth; not a vowel

6. initiation n. the process or ceremony of introducing someone into a group or club

D Choose the correct order for the passage.
7. baffle v. to completely confuse

Many people and organizations are now working to preserve endangered languages. discover
8. v. to find (out) something

9. admit v. to say that something is true when you don’t want to

(A) How about the language in your country? Has it changed over time? Have new words been
created? By paying attention to the way that your language changes, you can help keep it from come up with
10. v. to create; to think of
becoming extinct.
11. ritual n. an activity that is repeated according to strict rules
(B) People can also use the site to try to learn new languages. With so many languages already
extinct, it is important to preserve the ones that are left for future generations. 12. letter n. a symbol used to write a language
(C) Google, for instance, has developed and implemented the Endangered Languages Project
13. analyze v. to study closely
website to save more than 3,000 endangered languages from vanishing. Through the website,
speakers of the same language can connect through social media, audio, and video to try to keep 14. candidate n. a person who wants to enter an organization
their language alive.
15. decode v. to change from a secret code to ordinary language
a. (A)-(C)-(B) b. (B)-(A)-(C) c. (B)-(C)-(A) d. (C)-(A)-(B) e. (C)-(B)-(A)

28 Lesson 14 • Language 29
 cial Studies
So

B Circle the correct words in the boxes. 15 Spea Differently, Thin Differently
Lan
guage

In the 1970s, a secret German document known as the “Copiale Cipher” was discovered in the East
Berlin Academy. This secret code (A) believes / is believed to have originated in the late 1700s. It A Choose the correct words for the definitions.
is 105 pages long and contains 75,000 characters, including Greek letters, Roman letters, and abstract
symbols. The different letters and symbols made the document difficult (B) decoding / to decode . debate translate state native specific

Scientists compared the text and symbols to 80 different languages to try to decode it, but were philosopher linguist hypothesis scholar psychologist

unsuccessful. After realizing the purpose of the letters was to baffle the reader, they then analyzed despite furthermore concrete at best put an end to

just the symbols. They found it was these symbols that made up the words, not the letters. It took
(C) near / nearly 40 years to crack the code, but the scientists finally succeeded in April 2011 by
Word Definition
using computer technology.
1. psychologist n. a person who studies how the mind works

2. despite prep. in spite of

C Choose the grammatical error in the passage.
3. linguist n. a person who studies languages
So who made the Copiale Cipher? At the time this document (A) was written, there were many
secret societies in Europe. These secret societies mainly wanted (B) to challenge the power of kings 4. put an end to v. to make something stop happening
and religious leaders, so they had to be careful (C) not to get caught. Researchers believe a group
5. state v. to write or say something
called the Oculists wrote the Copiale Cipher. The word “oculus” means “eye” in Latin, and some
parts of the text (D) refers to strange rituals involving the eye. In fact, although (E) none of the 6. concrete adj. certain and clear
Oculists were eye doctors, they were fascinated with eye surgery.
7. native adj. related to the place where a person was born or grew up

8. hypothesis n. a prediction or educated guess that can be tested

D Choose the best phrase for the blank.
9. debate v. to argue about a topic
The Copiale Cipher contains initiation rituals that potential members who wanted to join the
n. an argument or discussion
Oculists had to perform. One such ritual involved telling the candidate to read a blank piece of
paper. After the candidate admitted that he could not, he had an “operation” in which one eyebrow 10. furthermore adv. besides; in addition

hair was plucked. The blank paper was then replaced by a document with the group’s teachings. at best
11. adv. even when considered in the best way
The amount of time it took for scientists to decode the Copiale Cipher shows just how complex it
12. specific adj. certain; detailed
is. Try to come up with your own secret code and exchange it with a friend. You can tell who has the
more complex code by seeing . philosopher
13. n. a person who studies ideas about knowledge, truth, etc.

a. how many people use it b. which one takes longer to crack 14. scholar n. a person who deeply studies a particular subject
c. how many symbols each one uses d. which one is the easiest to remember
e. who can make their code the fastest 15. translate v. to change words into another language

30 Lesson 15 • Language 31
 Sports

B Circle the correct words in the boxes. 16 Baseball Hand Signals

Lan
guage

The way we think affects our language, but does language affect the way we think? People have
debated this idea for years. The famous Greek philosopher Plato believed the world around A Choose the correct words for the definitions.
(A) we / us determined our language and thoughts. The 18 century German scholar Wilhelm von
th

Humboldt believed thoughts were determined by language. And in the 1950s, the American linguist umpire revolutionize deaf credit alike

Benjamin Whorf ’s “Sapir-Whorf hypothesis” (B) became / has become known to the world. It signal dummy owe genius pitcher

states that people who speak different languages think and see the world (C) different / differently . concentrate fist hammer envision be supposed to

C Choose the grammatical error in the passage. Word Definition

1. be supposed to v. to be expected or intended to be something or do something

Benjamin Whorf strongly believed that language influences our thoughts and (A) what we see. For
example, people see the colors of a rainbow differently based on (B) the number and types of words 2. pitcher n. the player who throws the ball to the batter in baseball
used to describe colors in their language. Also, according to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, (C) since
3. envision v. to imagine
the Inuit language has many words to describe snow, Inuit people think about snow differently than
others. A psychologist named Lera Boroditsky ran a series of experiments to test Whorf ’s ideas. She 4. alike adv. in a similar way
found evidence that language (D) affecting thought. She discovered that native Russian speakers
5. signal n. a light, sound, gesture, etc. that gives information about something or
were faster than English speakers at (E) identifying specific colors. This is believed to happen
tells people what to do
because the Russian language has more distinct names for colors than English.
6. revolutionize v. to completely change

7. fist n. a hand with the fingers bent under tight

D Choose the correct words for the blanks.
8. deaf adj. unable to hear
Despite evidence that supports the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, not everyone believes it is correct. The
fact that different languages can be translated from one to another shows that all languages are not concentrate
9. v. to focus on something
so different after all. (A) , there is still no concrete evidence that language influences thought.
10. umpire n. the person in a baseball game who makes sure everyone follows the rules
At best, all studies can do at this point is suggest that thoughts are at least a little bit influenced
by language. Because it is hard to study and record thought, a perfect test of the Sapir-Whorf genius
11. adj. very smart
hypothesis does not exist yet. (B) , the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has succeeded in drawing
12. dummy n. a stupid person
attention to the possibility that thought is influenced by language. As technology and research
become more advanced, maybe one day the perfect test will f inally put an end to this debate. 13. credit n. recognition of having done something good
(A) (B) (A) (B)
14. owe v. to indicate someone that made something possible
a. On the other hand As a result b. On the other hand Moreover
c. On the other hand However d. Furthermore As a result 15. hammer n. a tool made of a piece of metal with a flat end
e. Furthermore However

32 Lesson 16 • Language 33
 B Circle the correct words in the boxes.
Memo
Have you ever watched the umpire (A) give / to give hand signals in a baseball game? Without
those signals, it (B) will / would be hard to understand the game. Hall of Fame umpire Bill
Klem is usually given credit for having first used hand signals in baseball in 1905. However, there is
evidence that hand signals were actually first used by a deaf baseball player, William Ellsworth Hoy,
as far back as the late 1880s. Hoy was born in 1862, and he was the first deaf superstar in Major
League Baseball. He (C) received / was received the nickname “Dummy” because he was deaf,
but he revolutionized the game of baseball with his genius idea.

C Choose the grammatical error in the passage.

William Ellsworth Hoy began (A) using hand signals when he played in Oshkosh. At first, Hoy had
to ask his coach (B) what the umpire’s calls were. While (C) wait for the answer, pitchers quickly
struck him out before he could even attempt to hit the ball. That’s when Hoy came up with a system
of hand signals with his third base coach. If the pitch was a strike, the third base coach held up one
finger, and he held up two fingers if it was a ball. This enabled Hoy (D) to concentrate on the game,
and pitchers could no longer throw surprise pitches. Hand signals soon became popular with other
players and umpires, and they’re still used today. However, teams today keep their hand signals secret
(E) so that other teams cannot understand them.

D Choose the correct place for the following sentence.

This is because umpire hand signals are supposed to be understood by both players and
fans alike.

The hand signals used by umpires are different from those used by players. (A) To call a strike, the
umpire raises his right arm, bends his elbow 90 degrees, and makes a fist. (B) To signal that a runner
is out, the umpire makes a similar motion, but he also makes a short hammer motion with his fist.
(C) When the umpire raises both arms to shoulder level, the player is safe. (D) It’s hard to envision
the game of baseball without hand signals. (E) Baseball players, umpires, and fans all owe thanks to
William Ellsworth Hoy, who proved that he was no “dummy.”

34
Memo