International Confer c e o n S h o t Pe e n i n g a n d B l a s t C l e a n i n g

SHOT PEENING A N D ITS I M P A C T O N

FATIGUE LIFE OF ENGINEERING COMPONENTS

R . K . Pandey M. N. Deshmukh
Department of Applied Mechanics
Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India

INTRODUCTION

Shot Paening is a m e t h o d of cold w o r k i n g i n w h i c h

c o m p r e s s i v e stresses are induced i n t h e exposed surface
layers o f metallic p a r t s b y t h e i m p i n g e m e n t o f a stream o f
s h o t s directed a t t h e m e t a l surface at h i g h v e l o c i t y under
c o n t r o l l e d conditions. The s h o t peening c a n b e applied t o
various materials and their w e l d m e n t like steels c a s t steels,
c a s t iron, C u alloys, A l alloys. Ti alloys and s o m e plastics.
T h e m a j o r a p p l i c a t i o n s are r e l a t e d t o i m p r o v e m e n t and
restoration o f f a t i g u e life and reliability of machine elements
b y increasing their fatigue strength, straightening and
f o r m i n g o f machine elements(meta1 parts), pretreatment prior
t o plating, p r e t r e a t m e n t f o r c o m p o n e n t s t o b e metallized or
c o a t e d w i t h plastics, enhancement o f resistance t o stress
c o r r o s i o n cracking and corrosion f a t i g u e e t c . I n t h e r e v i e w
presented, t h e role o f s h o t peening o n t h e service l i f e o f
engineering c o m p o n e n t s and materials subjected t o cyclic
loading a n d also t o aggressive e n v i r o n m e n t has been
discussed.

SHOT PEENING PARAMETERS

The o u t c o m e o f s h o t peening is t h e r e s u l t o f i n t e r a c t i o n
b e t w e e n t w o sets o f parameters namely (i) t h e s h o t peening
p a r a m e t e r s a n d (ii) t h e m a t e r i a l p a r a m e t e r s . These a r e
outlined below :
Shot peening parameters
t h e s h o t speed
t h e d i m e n s i o n s , shape, n a t u r e and hardness o f t h e s h o t
@ t h e p r o j e c t i o n angle
0 t h e e x p o s u r e t i m e t o t h e s h o t peening
surface coverage
Peening 1 repeening c y c l e
A n i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n p e e n i n g o p e r a t i o n is k n o w n as t h e
"peening intensity" w h i c h is governed b y t h e velocity,
hardness, size a n d w i d t h o f t h e s h o t p e l l e t s a n d - t h e angle
o f p r o j e c t i o n against t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e w o r k p i e c e . Peening
i n t e n s i t y decreases w i t h decreasing velocity, decreasing shot
size and d e c r e a s i n g angle o f impingeme'nt ( b e l o w 90°).

Material parameters
These i n c l u d e m i c r o s t r u c t u r e , hardness, s u r f a c e c o n d i t i o n
and h a r d e n i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e m a t e r i a l . T h e r e s u l t o f
t h e i r i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h t h e s h o t peening p a r a m e t e r s is:
0 g e n e r a t i o n o f r e s i d u a l stresses
0 s t r a i n h a r d e n i n g o f t h e s u r f a c e and s u b - s u r f a c e layers
0 c h a n g e s i n m i c r o s t r u c t u r e and s u b s t r u c t u r e o f m a t e r i a l
0 change i n surface conditions
T h e b e n e f i c i a l e f f e c t o f s h o t p e e n i n g d e p e n d s o n the
following effects:
8 n a t u r e o f d i s t r i b u t i o n o f i n d u c e d residual stress
0 level o f m a x i m u m c o m p r e s s i v e residual s t r e s s ( C R S )
0 l o c a t i o n o f t h e maximum CRS
0 d e p t h o f p l a s t i c a l l y d e f o r m e d layer
h n e s s c a u s e d by s h o t

f resid~nalstre
S O M E C O M M O N EFFECTS OF SHOT PEENING
Surface I Subsurface deformation
W h e n individual particles i n a high velocity stream contact
a m e t a l surface, t h e y produce slight rounded depressions i n
t h e surface, stretching i t and causing plastic flow o f surface
m e t a l a t t h e instant o f contact.The effect usually extends
t o a b o u t 0 . 1 2 - 0 . 2 5 m m b e l o w t h e surface. T h e m e t a l b e n e a t h

O.+ 0.6 0.6

Shot Dia. (mm)

Fig.1. E f f e c t of Ma-terial Hardness, Shot Dia, Almen

Intensity on Work Hardening Depth.
t h i s layer is n o t plastically deformed. In t h e stress distribution
that results, the surface metal has induce residual
compressive stress parallel t o t h e surface, w h i l e m e t a l
b e n e a t h has r e a c t i o n i n d u c e d tensile s t r e s s . T h e s u r f a c e
c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e s s m a y b e several t i m e s g r e a t e r t h a n t h e
subsurface tensile s t r e s s [ l ] . The d e p t h o f plastically
d e f o r m e d layer i s i n f l u e n c e d b y :
t h e n a t u r e o f m a t e r i a l s h o t peened
t h e projection velocity
s h o t size
hardness o f material
The d e p t h o f d e f o r m e d layer decreases w i t h increasing
h a r d n e s s o f t h e m a t e r i a l t r e a t e d . A l s o t h e d e p t h increases
w i t h i n c r e a s i n g p r o j e c t i o n v e l o c i t y (i.e. t h e A l m e n i n t e n s i t y )
( F i g . Ia ) . T h e i n c r e a s i n g d i a m e t e r o f t h e s h o t increases t h e
w o r k h a r d e n e d d e p t h and t h e e f f e c t s a t u r a t e s a t a l i m i t i n g
d i a m e t e r (Fig. Ib ) . Furthermore, t h e w o r k h a r d e n e d d e p t h
increases m o r e r a p i d l y w i t h a p r o g r e s s i v e r e d u c t i o n i n t h e
h a r d n e s s o f t h e m a t e r i a l s h o t peened (Fig.1 c ) [ 2 ] .

Surface Finish
S h o t peening m a y also be used t o enhance t h e s u r f a c e f i n i s h
o f a c o m p o n e n t . It is k n o w n t h a t t h e s u r f a c e f i n i s h has
considerable effect o n fatigue strength and corrosion
c r a c k i n g r e s i s t a n c e o f alloys. To i m p r o v e t h e s u r f a c e f i n i s h
a d o u b l e s h o t peening o p e r a t i o n m a y b e r e q u i r e d i n w h i c h a
heavy shot peening operation is followed b y a micro-ball
s h o t p e e n i n g o p e r a t i o n . S o m e t i m e s t h e s u r f a c e i's also
s u b j e c t e d t o c h e m i c a l or electrochemical p o l i s h i n g after s h o t
peening t o i m p r o v e t h e surface finish. The surface roughness
increases w i t h increase i n Almen intensity caused by
increasing v e l o c i t y ( F i g . 2 a ) . Also a greater increase i n surface
r o u g h n e s s is n o t i c e d i n t h e m a t e r i a l w i t h l o w e r hardness
level. The e f f e c t o f s h o t size o n surface roughness, h o w e v e r ,
is n o t v e r y clear. For a n y g i v e n m a t e r i a l hardness, t h e r e is
 I I
so o Hoo MOO ' 0.4 0.6 0.8
Projection Velocity (RPM) Shot Dia (mm)
(a) (b)

Fig.2. Effect of ( a ) Projection Velocity 9 b ) Shot dia,

on the surface finish

a n o p t i m u m b a l l d i a m e t e r ( s h o t size) t h a t r e p r e s e n t s t h e b e s t
surface finish obtainable(Fig,2b)[3].

Residual Stress Distribution

W i t h i n c r e a s i n g p r o j e c t i o n v e l o c i t y (i.e. A l m e n i n t e n s i t y ) ,
t h e r e s i d u a l s t r e s s g r a d i e n t decreases. T h e h a r d n e s s o f s h o t
peened material also a f f e c t s t h e residual stress distribution.
I n a m a t e r i a l w i t h l o w e r hardness, t h e m a x i m u m c o m p r e s s i v e
residual stress increases w i t h projection velocity more
s i g n i f i c a n t l y t h a n t h e m a t e r i a l w i t h h i g h h a r d n e s s as s h o w n
i n Fig.1 c.[2].

T h e e f f e c t o f s h o t size o n r e s i d u a l s t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n i s
s i m i l a r as t h a t o f t h e p r o j e c t i o n v e l o c i t y . A l s o t h e m a x i m u m
s t r e s s increases w i t h increasing hardness o f t h e s h o t m a t e r i a l
a n d s t a b i l i z e s a t a c e r t a i n l e v e l o f s h o t h a r d n e s s as s h o w n
i n Fig.1 b , [ 2 ] .
 Depth (rnrn) Dept h(rnrn)
(4 (b)

F i g . 3 . Stress relaxation after shot peening due t o

( a ) fatigue cycling ( b ) tempering

T h e r e s i d u a l s t r e s s l e v e l d e c r e a s e s as w e l l as t h e v a l u e o f
maximum residual stress reduces after fatigue
c y c l i n g ( F i g . 3 a ) , [ 4 ] . Similarly, w h e n a s h o t peened c o m p o n e n t
i s s u b j e c t e d t o t e m p e r i n g t h e r e is a d e c r e a s e i n t h e l e v e l o f
c o m p r e s s i v e residual stress. H o w e v e r t h e d e p t h o f plasticized
m e t a l r e m a i n s u n c h a n g e d a f t e r s t r e s s reIieving(Fig.3b), [4,5].
SHOT PEENING A N D DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS
T h e n a t u r e o f d e f o r m a t i o n d u r i n g s h o t p e e n i n g is s o m e w h a t
s i m i l a r as t h e d e f o r m a t i o n d u r i n g c y c l i c s t r a i n i n g ( f a t i g u e
c y c l i n g ) . During t h e cyclic straining o f s o f t materials, t h e
s u b g r a i n size is d e c r e a s e d w i t h i n c r e a s e i n s t r a i n i n g [ 6 ] .
L a t t i c e d i s t o r t i o n a n d d i s l o c a t i o n d e n s i t y is i n c r e a s e d a n d
t h u s 'cyclic hardening' occurs. However, f o r hardened (or
c o l d w o r k e d ) materials, during cyclic straining t h e excess
d i s l o c a t i o n s are a n n i h i l a t e d , t h e g r o w t h o f s u b g r a i n o c c u r s
and decrease o f lattice d i s t o r t i o n and dislocation density
t a k e s place. C o n s e q u e n t l y , c y c l i c s o f t e n i n g is developed. T h e
nature o f plastic d e f o r m a t i o n i n case o f s h o t peening has
t w o important differences w i t h respect t o the cyclic
d e f o r m a t i o n . T h e s e are as f o l l o w s :
( i ) In- c a s e o f h a r d m a t e r i a l s , t h e " c y c l i c s o f t e n i n g ' i s f u r t h e r
f o l l o w e d b y "cyclic rehardening" a t a later stage o f s h o t
p e e n i n g . T h i s r e s u l t s in a " h a r d e n e d " layer a t t h e s u r f a c e
a n d "softened" layer beneath t h e surface. T h e hardened
surface layer helps t o i m p r o v e t h e f a t i g u e life w h e n
combined w i t h residual compressive stress.
(ii) I n case o f t h e s o f t materials, (annealed steels, Al-alloys,
stainless steels), t h e plastic deformation d u e t o cyclic
l o a d i n g is i n h o m o g e n e o u s i n n a t u r e a n d c a n p r o d u c e
m i c r o c r a c k s . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e slippage d u r i n g s h o t
p e e n i n g is o f h o m o g e n e o u s t y p e i n t h e s u r f a c e l a y e r a n d
thus promotes hardening w i t h o u t tendency for crack
nucleation.
S H O T PEENING A N D MICROSTRUCTURAL C H A N G E S
T h e deformation produced b y s h o t peening m a y bring a
favourable or unfavourable phase transformation. The
resulting microstructure m a y improve t h e desired properties
or cause deterioration. A f e w examples f r o m d i f f e r e n t
m a t e r i a l s are d i s c u s s e d b e l o w .
Effect of Shot Peening on a Carbonitrided case
T h e carbonitrided case o f t y p i c a l l o w alloy steel (e.g. 1 6 M n
C r l ) contains substantial proportion o f retained austenite
( 5 0 % ) after t h e t r e a t m e n t besides t h e martensite, W i t h
i n c r e a s i n g d u r a t i o n o f s h o t p e e n i n g o f t h e case, t h e a u s t e n i t e
is converted i n t o rnartensite(M) and compressive residual
s t r e s s e s are g e n e r a t e d d u e t o t h i s t r a n s f o r m a t i o n . T h e
h a r d n e s s o f t h e c a s e i n c r e a s e s d u e t o M f o r m a t i o n as w e l l
as d u e t o w o r k h a r d e n i n g o f a u s t e n i t e a n d m a r t e n s i t e . T h e
s u r f a c e r o u g h n e s s i s also f o u n d t o d e c r e a s e f r o m 7 t o 3 p m .
All these factors lead t o substantial improvement in t h e
f a t i g u e life of t h e case.
E f f e c t of Shot Peening in a Carburized Case and i n an
Austenitic stainless steel.
In a carburized steel ( 4 3 2 0 steel), s o m e o f t h e retained
a u s t e n i t e is c o n v e r t e d t o m a r t e n s i t e b y s h o t p e e n i n g a n d
introduces a compressive residual stress. This increases t h e
f a t i g u e s t r e n g t h as described earlier. I n an a u s t e n i t i c stainless
 -600 1 1
1.0
L
2 -O
1
3.0
Depth (mm)
Fig.4 Distribution of residual stresses and retained austenite in as
carburized and shot peened-carburized steel.

steel, o n t h e o t h e r hand, t h e s h o t peening b r i n g s A -+ M

transformation resulting i n t w o phase structure. This
decreases t h e c o r r o s i o n resistance. I m p r o v e m e n t i n f a t i g u e
and c o r r o s i o n f a t i g u e p r o p e r t i e s due t o s h o t peening c a n b e
e x p e c t e d w h e n r e l a t i v e l y l o w c y c l i c stresses are i n v o l v e d .
A t h i g h c y c l i c stresses, t h e c o m p r e s s i v e residual stresses
are r e m o v e d u e t o s t r a i n i n d u c e d r e l i e f ( a c c e n t u a t e d b y
h e a t i n g o f s p e c i m e n ) a n d t e n s i l e stresses are g e n e r a t e d
w h i c h is u n d e s i r a b l e ( F i g . 4 ) , [ 7 ] .

S H O T PEENING AND FATIGUE LIFE

T h e Surface characteristics
T h e n u c l e a t i o n o f f a t i g u e c r a c k generally o c c u r s a t t h e
surface because t h i s is t h e layer experiencing greatest
stresses o w i n g t o presence o f micro-notches, surface f l a w s ,
changed physical and chemical properties etc. The shot
peening can influence t h e surface characteristics i n t h e
following manner:
Work hardening of the surface layer: T h e m i c r o hardness o f
surface increases w i t h peening intensity due t o w o r k
h a r d e n i n g . For an o p t i m u m d e p t h o f h a r d e n e d layer, t h e
i n i t i a t i o n o f f a t i g u e c r a c k over t h e s u r f a c e c a n b e delayed or
prevented.

State of internal stress: I n case o f hardened

components,(nitrided, carburized), t h e changeover f r o m
c o m p r e s s i v e t o t e n s i l e stress f i e l d i s r a t h e r s t e e p . A f a t i g u e
c r a c k i s i n i t i a t e d j u s t b e l o w t h e hardened layer. O n t h e o t h e r
hand, t h e stress gradient is m u c h less steep i n a s h o t peened
case causing a steady change i n mechanical properties w i t h i n
t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n a n d reduced s t r e s s c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t t h e
interface.

Fatigue l i f e depends o n t h e p o s i t i o n and m a g n i t u d e o f t h e

m a x i m u m compressive stress and t h e thickness of t h e
compressive layer. The studies i n a h i g h s t r e n g t h Al-
alloy(7075-T6) indicated t h a t if t h e surface and the
m a x i m u m c o m p r e s s i v e stress is o f higher level, l o c a t e d near
t h e s p e c i m e n s u r f a c e and possesses a t h i c k ( c o m p r e s s i v e
stress) layer, a c r a c k initiated a t t h e surface propagates v e r y
s l o w l y t h r o u g h t h i s region. O n t h e o t h e r hand, i f t h e
m a x i m u m compressive stress is o f smaller magnitude,
l o c a t e d f a r b e l o w t h e s u r f a c e i n a r e l a t i v e l y t h i n layer, t h e
c r a c k p r o p a g a t i o n r a t e increases.

Structural changes of material: C o n v e r s i o n o f a u s t e n i t e t o

m a r t e n s i t e and carbide dispersion c a u s e d b y s h o t peening
i n s u r f a c e layer i s b e n e f i c i a l t o f a t i g u e life.
S t a t e of surfaces: Peening m a y favourably m o d i f y t h e surface
roughness, anisotropic structure m a y change and radii o f
m i c r o n o t c h e s m a y b e increased.
Yield Strength vls Fatigue Life of Materials
T h i s f a t i g u e i n i t i a t i o n l i f e c a n b e e n h a n c e d b y increasing
t h e a l l o w a b l e s t r a i n ( b y u s i n g h i g h s t r e n g t h m a t e r i a l s ) or b y
decreasing the strain due t o external loads i n t h e critical
section. T h e f i r s t o p t i o n leads t o reduced f r a c t u r e toughness,
K,c a n d i n c r e a s e d c r a c k p r o p a g a t i o n r a t e . T h e s e c o n d o p t i o n
can b e fulfilled b y design i m p r o v e m e n t (avoiding stress
c o n c e n t r a t i o n etc.), decreasing strain a m p l i t u d e and b y
generating compressive stresses (through s h o t peening).
S h o t peening, i n t h i s respect, i s p r e f e r r e d t o t h e r m a l m e a n s
f o r g e n e r a t i n g residual stresses.
T h e h i g h e r y i e l d s t r e n g t h m a t e r i a l is f o u n d t o r e s p o n d b e t t e r
t o s h o t peening for improvement i n fatigue initiation life
especially f o r h i g h c y c l e f a t i g u e s i t u a t i o n . T h i s is because a
high residual stress level can be maintained i n these
materials. Besides, higher value o f strain hardening
e x p o n e n t ( n ) appears t o h a v e a f a v o u r a b l e e f f e c t as f o l l o w s :

W h e r e N i i s t h e f a t i g u e i n i t i a t i o n l i f e a n d A, B, a a n d b are
c o n s t a n t s depending o n experimental and material conditions
like y i e l d s t r e n g t h , s u r f a c e r o u g h n e s s e t c . In l o w s t r e n g t h
materials, t h e residual compressive stresses m a y g e t relaxed
w h e n t h e m a t e r i a l yields i n h i g h l y loaded zone (i.e, n o t c h )
w h i c h i s especially t r u e i n r a n d o m l o a d i n g c y c l e . Therefore,
t h e m a x i m u m gain may be achieved f r o m residual
c o m p r e s s i v e stresses i n t h e h i g h c y c l e r e g i o n o f S-N c u r v e
o f a h i g h s t r e n g t h m a t e r i a l a n d m i n i m u m gain i n case o f l o w
strength material i n finite life region o f S-N curve.

A c o m p a r i s o n o f t h r e e m a t e r i a l s i.e. A l - a l l o y ( 5 0 0 M p a yield
s t r e n g t h ) , T i alloy ( 1 1 5 0 M P a ) and m a r a g i n g s t e e l ( 2 1 5 0
M P a ) w h e n s u b j e c t e d t o equivalent stress level (omax applied1
t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h = 0 . 9 ) , s h o w e d t h a t f o r o p t i m u m peening
intensity, t h e m a x i m u m fatigue life improvement factor was
greater t h a n 10 f o r t h e l a s t t w o alloys, w h e r e a s it w a s o n l y
2 . 5 i n c a s e o f Al-alloy. T h i s i s explained by presence o f
l a r g e and s t a b l e residual c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e s s e s i n T i a l l o y
and m a r a g i n g steel as c o m p a r e d t o a r a p i d l y r e l a x i n g one in
Al-all-oy. T h e h i g h c o m p r e s s i v e residual s t r e s s m a y e n h a n c e
t h e c r a c k p r o p a g a t i o n l i f e b y decreasing t h e e f f e c t i v e s t r e s s
i n t e n s i t y range.

Optimization of Peening Parameters for RepairfFatigue Life

Extension:

All peening treatments improve the fatigue life of

c o m p o n e n t s , b u t w h e n r e w o r k (repeening) o n a d a m a g e d
c o m p o n e n t i s t o b e d o n e f o r l i f e extension, o p t i m i z i n g o f
t h e p e e n i n g p a r a m e t e r s i s a m u s t . Poor c o n t r o l o f p e e n i n g
p r o c e d u r e , or u n n e c e s s a r y ' o v e r p e e n i n g c a n r e s u l t i n a
relatively poor fatigue life[8].

Overpeening m a y result i n introduction o f surface damage

i n t h e f o r m o f laps / f o l d s d u e t o i m p a c t e x t r u s i o n o f t h e
material parallel t o surface. There m a y b e a n apparent
i m p r o v e m e n t i n t h e s u r f a c e f i n i s h o f a repeened c o m p o n e n t ,
b u t r e d u c t i o n i n f a t i g u e l i f e m a y o c c u r due t o surface d e f e c t s
originating f r o m t h e preceding peening i.e. deeper laps / f o l d s
being hammered deeper[9].

I n general l i g h t e r p e e n i n g m e d i a like h a r d p l a s t i c s , g l a s s or
c e r a m i c beads, m a y d r a m a t i c a l l y i m p r o v e t h e f a t i g u e
p e r f o r m a n c e as c o m p a r e d t o steel s h o t s and t h e r e b y r e d u c e
t h e s c a t t e r . Especially i n t h e case o f a l u m i n i u m alloys, steel
shot peening can be quite detrimental t o t h e fatigue
p e r f o r m a n c e and n e e d s o p t i m i z i n g and m o n i t o r i n g o f t h e
shot peening parameters due t o relative softness.
Uncontrolled peeninghepeening may introduce surface
damage, w h i c h c a n promote f a t i g u e c r a c k i n g [ l 0 , l I ] .

The m a x i m u m i m p r o v e m e n t i n t h e fatigue life c a n b e achieved

t h r o u g h a r e w o r k process involving removal o f original
p e e n i n g b y polishing, f o l l o w e d b y i n s p e c t i o n f o r c r a c k s a n d
t h e n repeening w i t h c e r a m i c beads.
Prediction of Fatigue Crack Propagation Life in Shot Peened
Components
Mechanism
A synergy exists between fatigue life (initiation /
p r o p a g a t i o n ) , c r a c k c l o s u r e and degree o f s h o t p e e n i n g
[ I 2,131. S h o t peening, w h e n c o n d u c t e d along t h e l e n g t h o f
a c r a c k o f t h r o u g h t h i c k n e s s c o n f i g u r a t i o n p r o d u c e s plastic
d e f o r m a t i o n o n t h e free side surfaces o f t h e crack, resulting
i n severe c o m p r e s s i o n o n t h e crack w a k e . S u c h changes
i n d u c e d i n t h e c r a c k w a k e according t o Z h u e t al. [14],
enhance t h e c r a c k closure e f f e c t i n t h e w a k e a n d reduce
t h e c r a c k g r o w t h rate.

crack length ratio a N\I

Fig.5a. Crack opening 1 closure Fig.5 b. Crack growth rate

levels at different peening behaviour of specimen peened at
different locations locations.

According t o t h e observations of these investigators if

peening is d o n e ahead o f t h e crack t i p i n a CT specimen,
t h e w a k e remains unaltered as a result t h e r e is n o increase
i n t h e c r a c k closure e f f e c t , consequently r e d u c t i o n i n crack
g r o w t h rate is n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d peening
o v e r whole o f t h e e x i s t i n g c r a c k r e s u l t s i n t h e p l a s t i c
d e f o r m a t i o n and w o r k hardening o f t h e c r a c k edge material,
w h i c h i n t u r n r e s u l t s i n large i n t e r f e r e n c e zone i n t h e c r a c k
w a k e ( F i g . 5 a 1 b ) [ I 41. T h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t c r a c k closure p l a y s
a m a j o r role i n i n d u c i n g f a t i g u e c r a c k r e t a r d a t i o n .
In a f u r t h e r observation, c r a c k g r o w t h r a t e w a s f o u n d t o
r e d u c e m a r k e d l y w h e n t h e s p e c i m e n is s h o t peened under
load (Fig.Ga,b). This is because o f t h e b e n e f i c i a l increase i n
plastic d e f o r m a t i o n along t h e f r e e side surfaces o f t h e crack,
w h i c h enhanced t h e c r a c k c l o s u r e and i n t u r n reduced t h e
e f f e c t i v e stress i n t e n s i t y f a c t o r range 'AKeffl d u r i n g f a t i g u e
cycles.

F i g . 6 a . Crack opening levels at Fig.6 b. Crack g r o w t h rate

various peening conditions behaviour of specimen for
different peening conditions Life prediction

Life prediction
T h e P a l i s e q u a t i o n d e s c r i b e s t h e s t a g e II c r a c k g r o w t h
behaviour d u r i n g f a t i g u e i n m e t a l l i c materials, and c a n be
used f o r evaluation o f c r a c k p r o p a g a t i o n l i f e .
da / d N = C(AK)"
Where ' d a 1 d N r is t h e c r a c k g r o w t h r a t e . 'AK' is t h e range
- Kmi,) and C and n are
o f s t r e s s i n t e n s i t y f a c t o r (AK = KmaX
t h e Paris c o n s t a n t s .
Since t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e c o n c e p t o f c r a c k c l o s u r e b y
E l b e r [ l 51, t h e r e is a c o m m o n l y a c c e p t e d m o d i f i c a t i o n i n t h e
Paris l a w i.e. u s i n g AKeff i n place o f AK.
I t appears t o b e c e h a i n t h a t t h e c h a n g i n g b e h a v i o u r o f t h e
c r a c k g r o w t h r a t e i n t h e peened c o m p o n e n t s i s d u e t o t h e
higher c r a c k o p e n i n g levels, r e s u l t i n g i n l o w e r A K e f f , w h e r e
AKef, is expressed as,

Kopb e i n g t h e c r a c k opening stress i n t e n s i t y f a c t o r a f t e r s h o t

peening. T h i s r e s u l t s i n a l o w e r c r a c k g r o w t h r a t e a f t e r s h o t
p e e n i n g ' ( d a 1 d N ) p r and a m o d i f i e d Paris l a w ( d a / d N & =
C(AKeffIfl
I t is r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e m a x i m u m c l o s u r e p h e n o m e n o n w i t h
higher o p e n i n g levels (Fig.Ga), o c c u r s i n t h e r e g i o n o f a/W
= 0 . 3 4 - 0 . 3 8 , w h e r e a and W are t h e c r a c k d e p t h specimen
w i d t h respectively. The e x t r a c o n s t r a i n t o n t h e crack surface
d e c a y s linearly w i t h f u r t h e r c r a c k advance. A similar d e c a y
is r e p o r t e d w i t h t h e increasing n u m b e r o f c y c l e s [ l 6 , 1 7 ] .
This can be attributed t o stress redistribution i n t h e crack
w a k e a f t e r s h o t peening.
Z h u e t . a l . [ l 4 ] h a v e also r e p o r t e d a s i g n i f i c a n t increase i n
t h e reinitiation l i f e Ni(cycles f o r crack g r o w t h o f 0 . 1 m m f r o m
a value o f a / W = 0.3) w h e n peened a t i n t e n s i t i e s a b o v e 1 5
o f A l m e n s c a l e ( F i g . 7 ) . There is a s u r f a c e hardening and t h u s
an increase i n t h e o p e n i n g load ) Pop r e s u l t i n g i n a delayed
crack initiation. A quadratic relationship has been
p r o p o s e d ( F i g . 8 ) as f o l l o w s .

W h e r e A,, A, and A, are m a t e r i a l c o n s t a n t s and c a n b e

experimentally determined.
Re- initiation life N,(cycles)

-
t
Q
-
i
0
-
I
-
1
0,
-
0 X 0 %
0 0
.b
0
0

Re- initiation iife N, (cycles)

T h e p l a s t i c d e f o r m a t i o n behaviour o f p r e c i p i t a t e hardenable
alloys m a y differ microscopically even if t h e a m o u n t o f
m a c r o s c o p i c p l a s t i c d e f o r m a t i o n i s equal. I n p r e c i p i t a t i o n
hardenable Fe-Ni-Cr-Ti alloys, t h e inhomogeneous distribution
of plastic deformation is favoured b y small precipitate
p a r t i c l e s ( w h i c h c a n b e easily c u t / sheared b y d i s l o c a t i o n s
needing l o w e r s t r e s s f o r subsequent d i s l o c a t i o n m o t i o n ) ,
l o w stacking f a u l t energy and large grain size. W i t h increasing
i n h o m o g e n e i t y o f slip, t h e decreasing n u m b e r o f f a t i g u e
c y c l e s are needed f o r c r a c k n u c l e a t i o n a t t h e h i g h slip s t e p .
Larger precipitates, o n t h e o t h e r hand, c o n t r i b u t e t o
h o m o g e n e o u s slip as t h e d i s l o c a t i o n s h a v e t o b y - p a s s t h e m
and lead t o e n h a n c e d c r a c k i n i t i a t i o n l i f e .
A n o t h e r i n t e r e s t i n g a s p e c t i n t h i s alloy i s t h a t t h e same
microstructural conditions, w h i c h favour early crack
f o r m a t i o n , lead t o a l o w c r a c k p r o p a g a t i o n r a t e and v i c e
versa. T h e o p t i m u m f a t i g u e l i f e c a n therefore, b e o b t a i n e d
b y e n h a n c i n g t h e i n i t i a t i o n l i f e t h r o u g h a h o m o g e n e o u s slip
distribution and impro"ing the propagation life b y
inhomogeneously deforming microstructure. Both these
e f f e c t s c a n b e c o m b i n e d b y s h o t peening o f an underaged
alloy, w h i c h possesses inhomogeneously deforming
microstructure.
By s h o t peening, large n u m b e r o f sessile d i s l o c a t i o n s are
g e n e r a t e d i n t h e p l a s t i c a l l y d e f o r m e d layer. T h e piled u p
d i s l o c a t i o n s h a v e t o i n t e r a c t w i t h t h e sessile d i s l o c a t i o n s i n
t h e d e f o r m e d zone so t h a t n o sharp slip steps c a n b e formed.
This e f f e c t leads t o a v e r y homogeneously d e f o r m i n g surface
zone a n d t h e r e f o r e , t o a r e t a r d a t i o n o f c r a c k i n i t i a t i o n . I f a
crack is initiated, i t g r o w s slowly through t h e compressive
stress zone present i n t h e subsurface region. A l s o t h e
subsequent crack propagation i n t h e m a t r i x material is
r e t a r d e d d u e t o t h e r e v e r s i b i l i t y o f slip a t t h e c r a c k t i p .
SHOT PEENING A N D CORROSION FATIGUE RESISTANCE
C o r r o s i o n f a t i g u e ( C F ) l i f e c a n b e enhanced u n d e r p i t t i n g
c o n d i t i o n as b e c a u s e p i t i n i t i a t i o n a n d p r o p a g a t i o n are
r e t a r d e d b y compres'sive r e s i d u a l s t r e s s e s and t h e r e b y
m i c r o c r a c k g r o w t h i s l o w e r e d [ l 8 ] . Under passive c o r r o s i o n
condition, the beneficial effect of shot peening can be
explained b y 'passive f i l m r u p t u r e model'. I n an unpeened
state, slip steps produced b y cyclic deformation m a y r u p t u r e
t h e passive layer o n t h e m e t a l surface. D u r i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g
rep8ssivation a certain amount of metal is dissolved.
Repetition o f this f i l m rupture-repassivation mechanism leads
t o a small n o t c h along t h e slip band, w h i c h leads t o corrosion
f a t i g u e attack. I n t h e peened state, t h e c y c l i c d e f o r m a t i o n
o f b u l k material has t o r e a c t w i t h t h e d e f o r m e d s u r f a c e
material. This i n t e r a c t i o n leads t o a finer slip distribu.tion
a n d decreases t h e successive slip s t e p height. T h e r e s u l t is
t h a t m u c h higher b u l k d e f o r m a t i o n ( o r higher stress) are
required t o produce slip steps t h a t are high enough t o rupture
t h e passive layer and cause c o r r o s i o n f a t i g u e c r a c k i n g [ l 9 ] .
The corrosion fatigue resistance can be enhanced b y
c h o o s i n g an environment, w h i c h is n o t so aggressive, b y
minimizing the localized a t t a c k and b y using p r o t e c t i v
c o a t i n g . For example, t h e c o r r o s i o n f a t i g u e resistance o f
highly alloyed stainless steel in a less aggressive environment
canbe markedly i m p r o v e d b y s h o t peening whereas a 1 2 % C r
turbine blade material develops p i t s i n oxygenated h o t
chloride solution and s h o t peening does n o t i m p r o v e t h e CF
resistance t o any s i g n i f i c a n t e x t e n t .
CONCLUDING REMARKS
i. The various parameters related t o s h o t peening have been
i d e n t i f i e d and their i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h material parameters
discussed.
ii. T h e plastic d e f o r m a t i o n i n d u c e d d u e t o s h o t peening is
beneficial f o r b o t h t h e h a r d as w e l l as s o f t materials. In
t h e f o r m e r case, it develops a hard zone at t h e s u r f a c e
a n d s o m e w h a t s o f t e n e d layer beneath t h e surface,
w h e r e a s i n l a t t e r case it produces homogeneous t y p e o f
 d e f o r m a t i o n p r o m o t i n g hardening w i t h o u t t e n d e n c y f o r
c r a c k nucleation.
. ..
111. The fatigue life o f b o t h t h e high and l o w s t r e n g t h material
canbe i m p r o v e d i n t h e h i g h and l o w c y c l e f a t i g u e region
o f t h e S-N c u r v e respectively by s h o t peening.
iv. T h e f a t i g u e l i f e c a n b e enhanced due t o s h o t peening
t h r o u g h t h e increase i n surface hardness(by strain
hardening), b y m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l change, b y i m p r o v e m e n t
o f surface c o n d i t i o n and b y an o p t i m u m d i s t r i b u t i o n o f
residual stresses i n t h e s u r f a c e / subsurface layers.
v. T h e fatigue crack propagation life appears t o be improved
b y s h o t peening m a i n l y d u e t o closure e f f e c t i n d u c e d i n
t h e w a k e region o f a crack. H o w e v e r , t h i s needs f u r t h e r
investigation.
vi. T h e CF resistance is i m p r o v e d b y s h o t peening d u e t o
t h e r e t a r d a t i o n o f p i t i n i t i a t i o n and i t s p r o p a g a t i o n b y
compressive residual stresses generated d u r i n g peening.
I n case o f passive f i l m r u p t u r e m e c h a n i s m t h e severity
o f CF is r e d u c e d b y f o r m a t i o n o f finer slip steps.

REFERENCES
1. S h o t peening, M e t a l s Handbook, Vo12, 8 t h ed., A S M ,
M e t a l s Park, OH.
2. S h o t peening applications, A S M C o m m i t t e e o n S h o t
peening, ( M e t a l s i m p r o v e m e n t Co.), 1 9 7 7 , 5 t h ed.
3. SAE M a n u a l o n S h o t peening, SAE, J 9 0 8 a , 1 9 6 7 .
4. Roth, M . , Thermal s t a b i l i t y o f residual stresses i n s h o t
peened surface, i n M e t a l Treatments against wear,
corrosion, f r e t t i n g a n d f a t i g u e . A d v a n c e s i n s u r f a c e
Treatments, Vo16, R.B.Waterhouse and A.Nikulari(Eds.)
Pergmon, pp; 1 0 9 - 1 1 5 .
5. Nikulari, A , , S h o t peening i n Proc. First I n t . C o n f . o n
S h o t Peening.(lCSP-P), Paris, A.Nikulari(Ed.), Pergmon,
pp.1-21.
6 Dieter, G.E., Mechanical Metallurgy, 3 r d ed. McGrawHill.,
pp.387-390.
7. Kirk, D., Residual s t r e s s e s a n d retained A u s t e n i t e i n
s h o t peened steels, Proc.lCSP1, p p . 2 7 1 .
8. Sharp, P.K., Clark, G. a n d Clayton, J.Q. T h e fatigue
resistance o f peened 7 0 7 5 - T 7 4 5 1 aluminium alloy -
repair and t r e a t m e n t o f a c o m p o n e n t s u r f a c e . Fatigue
F r a c t . E n g n g . M a t e r . S t r u c t . , Vo1.17, N o . 3 , 1994,
pp.243-252.
9. Clark,G a n d C l a y t o n , J.Q. E f f e c t i v e n e s s o f p e e n i n g
treatments i n improving fatigue resistance o f 7 0 5 0
a l u m i n i u m alloy under c o n s t a n t a m p l i t u d e and s p e c t r u m
loading. A u s . Surface Engng. Conf., Tech. Search,
University of south Australia, 1 9 8 8 , p I 3 1 1.
1 0 . Clark, G . and C l a y t o n , J . O . T h e e f f e c t o f s t e e l s h o t a n d
glass beads peening t r e a t m e n t o n t h e f a t i g u e resistance
o f 7 0 7 5 - T 7 6 3 5 1 a l u m i n i u m alloy. P r o c . A u s t . F r a c t u r e
Group, M e l b o u r n , 1 9 8 8 , p p . 4 4 - 5 1 .
1 I.M u t o h , Y., Gair, G.H, a n d Waterhouse, R.B., T h e e f f e c t
o f residual stresses i n d u c e d b y s h o t p e e n i n g o n f a t i g u e
crack propagation i n t w o high strength Aluminium
a l l o y s . Fatigue f r a c t . E n g n g . M a t e r . S t r u c t . , V o l . 1 0 ,
No.4,l 987,pp261-272.
1 2 . S h a w , W . J . D . , Zhu, X . Y . and Derry,R., ' C r a c k c l o s u r e
p r o p a g a t i o n r a t e s as a f f e c t e d b y v a r i o u s c o n d i t i o n s of
surface residual stress. Proceedings o f lnternational
Fatigue Series 2 . M o n t r e a l , 1 9 9 3 , Canada p p 6 9 9 - 7 0 3 .
1 3 . Lyod, J.R.T., Residual s t r e s s and c r a c k c l o s u r e e f f e c t s
o n fatigue crack g r w t h i n a s t r u c t u r a l metal. Proceedings
o f I n t e r n a t i o n a l F a t i g u e ~ e 6 e s1 . 1 9 9 3 , M o n t r e a l ,
Canada p p 5 8 9 - 5 9 5 .
1 4 . Zhu, X.Y. a n d S h a w , W . J . D . , C o r r e l a t i o n o f f a t i g u e
crack g r o w t h behaviour w i t h crack c r a c k closure in
peened specimens, Fatigue Fract. Engng. M a t e r . Struct.,
V o l . 1 8 , 1 9 9 5 , p p . 8 1 1-820.
1 5 . E l b e r , W., E n g i n e e r i n g Fracture Mechanics,
Vol.2,I 97o,pp37-45.
1 6 . Meguid, S.A., Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 1 9 8 9 ,
Elsevier Science publishers Ltd., London and N e w York.
1 7. Misumi, M., e t al. Effect o f shot pening o n surface crack
propagation i n plane-bending fatigue in: Advances i n
Treatmen.tl Technology Application Effect
Program,1988, O x f o r d and N e w York, p p . 5 5 - 6 2 .
1 8 . Sharma, M.C., Shot peening and f r a c t u r e behaviour
1 9 8 8 , Ph.D. thesis, University o f Bhopal, India.
1 9 . 2 8 . Paul, G., e t al., Second international conference o n
s h o t peenirig, 1 9 8 4 , Chicago:21 .