Sustainable Energy Edition 1st Edition

Dunlap Solutions Manual

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 Sustainable Energy - Chapter 8: Direct Use of Solar Energy

Chapter 8
Direct Use of Solar Energy
Problem 8.1 Calculate the power radiated by a woodstove of dimensions 65 cm high by
55 cm deep by 85 cm wide with a surface temperature of 120°C. Assume that heat is
radiated from all surfaces of the stove and that the stove has an emissivity of 1. Note that
woodstoves are painted black because black surfaces have high absorptance, and objects
with high absorptance also have high emissivity.

Solution The surface area in m2 is (from sides/front/back/top/bottom)

(2×0.65 m ×0.55 m) + (2×0.65 m ×0.85 m) + (2×0.55 m ×0.85 m) = 2.755 m2

The surface temperature in K is 120°C + 273 = 393 K. The surface radiation is given by
the Stefan-Boltzmann law as
P = AεσT4

where ε = 1 and σ = 5.67×10-8 W m-2 K-4. Thus

P = (2.755 m2)×(1.0)×(5.67×10-8 W∙m-2∙K-4)×(393 K)4 = 3.7 kW

Problem 8.2 Locate information about the current cost of home heating oil or natural gas
in your area (whichever is in common use) and the cost of residential electricity.
Assuming an efficiency of 85% for an oil furnace and 100% for electric heat, calculate
the relative cost of electric heat compared with oil heat or natural gas if both heating
systems require the same net energy to heat a house.

Solution In Halifax, Nova Scotia on 15 Sept 2011, the cost of oil is $1.08 CDN per liter
and the cost of electricity is $0.139 per kWh [both including taxes]. The energy content
of oil (from Appendix IV) is 38.5 MJ/L; this is for crude oil but home heating oil
(basically the same as diesel fuel) is similar. Thus the cost of oil per MJ is

($1.08/L)/(38.5 MJ/L) = $0.028/MJ

At 85% efficiency, this means that the cost per MJ of heat is

($0.028/MJ)/(0.85) = $0.033/MJ

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Sustainable Energy - Chapter 8: Direct Use of Solar Energy

For electricity (at 100% efficiency) the cost per MJ of heat is

($0.139/kWh)×(0.278 kWh/MJ) = $0.039/MJ

Electricity is slightly higher at this time in this location.

Problem 8.3 Consider a vertical south facing window in a house at 40ºN latitude. For an
interior temperature of 20ºC make a plot of the minimum R-value as a function of outside
temperature from -30ºC to 10ºC for which the passive solar heating exceeds the heat loss
though the window.

Solution The heat loss through the window due to conduction per unit area per hour will
be (equation (8.5))
Q T

A R

where the value of R is in units of (s∙m2∙ºC)/J. The insolation per unit area per day in the
winter is estimated to be (from Table 8.2)

I ≈ 107 J/(m2∙d) or (107 J/(m2∙d))/(86,400 s/d) = 116 W/m2.

Equating this to the heat loss and solving for the necessary R-value gives

R = ΔT/I

The range of ΔT of interest (corresponding to outside temperatures of -30°C to 10°C) is

ΔT = (20°C – 10°C)) = 10°C to ΔT = (20°C – (-30°C)) = 50°C

Values of R calculated as above as a function of outside temperature are shown in the

figure below.
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
R-value

0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10
outside temperature (Celsius)

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 Sustainable Energy - Chapter 8: Direct Use of Solar Energy

Problem 8.4 Compare the total solar energy received at the surface of the earth in one
year to the total annual global energy requirements.

Solution An average of 50% of the power given in equation (8.2) arrives at the surface of
the earth. This is

(0.5)×(1.73×1017 W) = 8.65×1016 W

The total energy received over one year is given by

(8.65×1016 W)×(3.15×107 s/y) = 2.7×1024 J

From the Preface, the total annual energy used by humans at present is 5.7×1020 J. Thus
the energy of sunlight incident on the earth's surface is (2.7×1024J)/(5.7×1020J) = 4700
times as much as we use.

Problem 8.5 Compare the R-values of:

a. Two pieces of 3-mm thick glass in thermal contact.
b. Two pieces of 3-mm thick glass with a 1-cm air space between them.

W  cm
Solution The thermal conductivity of glass is given as 59 and for air it is
m 2  C
W  cm W  cm
2.3 2 . Since R is defined as R = l/k where l is in cm and k is in 2 , then a
m  C m  C
0.3
3 mm (0.3 cm) piece of glass will have an R-value of R   0.005 and a 1-cm layer
59
 0.435 . Since Rtotal   R then
1.0
of air will have an R-value of R 
2.3

for (a) Rtotal=0.005+0.005=0.01 and

for (b) Rtotal=0.005+0.435+0.005=0.445.

This emphasizes the importance of the air space in insulating properties.

Problem 8.6 Approximate a house as a cube with an edge length of 7 m. The house loses
heat from the four walls and the roof (but not the floor). The average R-value for the
walls and roof is R = 1.2 (this takes into account walls/windows/doors/etc.). Calculate the
heat loss in MJ/m3 per degree day (°C) and compare this to the estimated residential
heating needs as discussed in this chapter.

Solution The surface area is

5×(7 m)×(7 m) = 245 m2

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Sustainable Energy - Chapter 8: Direct Use of Solar Energy

and the volume will be

(7 m)3 = 343 m3

Thus the total power loss will be

P A (245 m 2 )
   204 J/s per degree (°C)
T R 1.2

Converting this to power per day gives

(204 J/s)×(86,400 s/d) = 17.6 MJ per degree day (°C)

Normalizing this to the volume of the house gives

(17.6 MJ per degree day (°C))/(343 m3) = 51.4 kJ/m3 per degree day (°C)

compared to the estimated value of 67 kJ/m3 per degree day (°C) given in the chapter.

Problem 8.7 A 300 liter electric hot water heater has provides 9000 W of power to heat
water. If the heater is filled with water at an initial temperature is 10 °C, how long will it
take for the water to reach 60 °C? Assume there are no heat losses.

Solution 300 L of water corresponds to a mass of 300 kg. The specific heat of water is
4186 J/(kg °C) and the temperature difference in °C will be

(60 °C – 10 °C) = 50 °C

The heat is
Q = CmΔT

and since the power input is constant then Q = Pt and solving for time gives

CmT (4186J/(kg  C)  (300kg)  (50  C)

t   6977s
P 9000J/s

or about 1h56m

Problem 8.8 Compare the masses and volumes of water, concrete, sand and wood needed
to store 1 GJ of heat if the operating temperatures are Tc=30 ºC and Th=80 ºC. In each
case calculate the edge length of a square storage unit with a height of 2.5 m.

Solution The amount of heat (thermal energy) stored is given by equation (8.12) as

Q = mCΔT

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 Sustainable Energy - Chapter 8: Direct Use of Solar Energy

Solving for mass gives

m = Q/(CΔT)

Using Q = 109 J, ΔT = (80°C – 30°C) = 50°C and C from Table 8.6 for the various
materials of interest, the mass may be calculated. From the masses and the known
densities as given in the table, the volumes are found. The length of the edge in meters is
given by L = (V/2.5)1/2. The table below summarizes these results.

material C m ρ V L
(J/(kg°C)) (kg) (kg/m3) (m3) (m)
water 4186 4.78×103 1000 4.78 1.38
concrete 653 3.06×104 2300 13.3 2.31
sand 816 2.45×104 1600 15.3 2.47
wood 2800 7.14×103 500 14.3 2.39

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Sustainable Energy - Chapter 8: Direct Use of Solar Energy

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