विश्व और भारत का भूगोल

https://t.me/UPSC_Prelims https://t.
me/UPSC_Mains
A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490 0
https://t.me/UPSC_Prelims https://t.me/UPSC_Mains
INDEX
Topic Page
1 i`Foh 3
v{kkal ,oa ns'kkarj 8
i`Foh dh vkrafjd lajpuk 13
2 tyok;q foKku 24
ok;qeaMy 25
iou ra= 35
3 lkSj rki 44
4 leqæ foKku 46
çoky fHkfÙk 50
egklkxjh; /kkjk,¡ 53
5 egk}hi 61
mÙkjh vesfjdk 62
nf{k.k vesfjdk 79
vÝhdk 89
;wjksi 102
,f'k;k 112
nf{k.k iwohZ ,f'k;k 121
:l 126
if'pe ,f'k;k 128
vLVªsfy;k 132
vaVkdZfVd 136
6 egklkxj 137
7 fo'o tyok;q 139
8 oSf'od [kfut forj.k 145
m|ksx forj.k 151
9 egk}hih; foLFkkiu fl)kar 155
10 e`nk 158
11 Hkkjr dk Hkwxksy 163
tyok;q 168
e`nk 181
ouLifr 185
12 Hkkjr ds HkkSxksfyd HkwHkkx 190
13 Hkkjrh; ekulwu 216
14 m".k dfVca/kh; pØokr 226
15 Hkkjr dk viokg ra= 228
16 Hkkjr dh çk—frd ouLifr 241
17 vkjf{kr {ks= 246
18 tSo vkjf{kr {ks= 250
19 Hkkjr dh e`nk 254
258-273
Earth / i`Foh
i`Foh gekjs LkkSj e.My dk ,dek= ,slk x`g tgkW thou ik;k tkrk gSA
&i`Foh dk vkdkj xksykHk (Geoid) gSA i`Foh }kjk viuhs /kqjh ij fd;s tkus okys ifjHkze.k
ds dkj.k /kqjh ls ckgj dh rjQ vidsUnzh; cy yxrk gS ftlds dkj.k i`Foh dk fo’kqor
js[kh; {ks=ksa eas vf/kd izlkj gks tkrk gS blhfy, i`Foh dh foiqorjs[kh; f=T;k mldh
/kzqoh; f=T;k ls vf/kd gksrh gSA
R1>R
blh dkj.k i`Foh }kjk fo’kqorjs[kh; {ks=kas eas lcls de xq:Rokd’kZ.k cy yxk;k tkrk gS
tcfd lokZf/kd x:Rokd’kZ.k cy /kqoh; {ks= es yxk;k tkrk gS
Mg 𝛼 M1 х M2
r2
&i`Foh dh /kqjh (Axis of the Earth)& og dkYifud js[kk ftlds pkjksa vksj i`Foh
ifjHkze.k djrh gqbZ izrhr gksrh gS ]og i`Foh dh /kqjh dgykrh gSA
&i`FOkh dh /kqjh yEcor ugha gS] vfirq ;g yEcor (Vertical) ls 23 1@2 >qdh gqbZ gSA
i`FOkh dh /kqjh dk ;gh >qdko v{kh; >qdko (Axial Bending) dgykrk gSA
&i`Foh dh d{kk (Orbit of the Earth)&og LFkk;h ekxZ ftl ij pyrs gq, i`Foh lw;Z ds
pkjkas vksj ifjdze.k djrh gSA og i`Foh dh d{kk (Orbit of the earth) dgykrh gSA
&i`Foh ,d nh?kZo`rkdkj vFkok v.Mkdkj d{kk esa pyrs gq, lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj ifjdze.k
djrh gSA
&nh?kZo`rkdkj d{kk ds dkj.k i`Foh o lw;Z ds e/; nwjh leku ugha gksrh gSA
&i`Foh o lw;Z ds e/; vkSlr nwjh 150 fefy;u fdeh ds cjkcj gksrh gSA
&i`Foh dh d{kk es og fcUnq tgkW i`Foh o lw;Z ds e/; nwjh U;wure gksrh gS] og milkSj
voLFkk (Perigee)dgykrk gSA
&i`FOkh gj o’kZ 3 tuojh dks milkSj voLFkk es gksrh gSA rFkk bl le; lw;Z ls i`Foh dh
nwjh 147 ,e fdeh gksrh gSA
&i`Foh dh d{kk eas og fcUnq tgka i`Foh o lw;Z ds e/; nwjh lokZf/kd gksrh gS] og vilkSj
(Apogee) dgykrk gSA
&i`Foh gj o’kZ 4 tqykbZ dks vilkSj voLFkk es gksrh gS] rFkk bl le; lw;Z ls bldh nwjh
yxHkx 152 ,e fdeh gksrh gSA
uksV& [kxksyh; bdkbZ (Astronomical Unit)&bl bdkbZ dk mi;ksx lkSj e.My

es [kxksy fi.Mkas ds e/; nwjh ekius ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
&,d [kxksyh; bdkbZ dk eku i`FOkh dk lw;Z ds e/; vkSlr nwjh ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
(1 Au=150 m. Km)
&i`Foh vkSj lw;Z ds e/; cnyrh nwjh ds dkj.k mRrjh xksyk)Z eas nf{k.kh xksyk)Z ds
eqdkcys vf/kd vuqdqy ekSle ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA
&3 tuojh ds vkl ikl mRrjh xksyk)Z esa “kh_rq o nf{k.kh xksyk)Z esa xzh’e _rq gksrh
gSA
&blh le; i`FOkh Hkh viuh milkSj voLFkk] esa vk tkrh gs]ftlds dkj.k i`FOkh ij izkIr
gksus okyh lkSj&fofdj.k dh ek=k c<+ tkrh gSA
;g c<+k gqvk lkSj fofdj.k mRrjh xksyk)Z esa “khr _rq dh rhozrk dks de dj nsrh gS]
tcfd nf{k.kh xksyk)Z esa xzh’e _rq dh rhozrk dks c<+k nsrk gSA
&4 tqykbZ ds vkl ikl mRrjh xksyk)Z esa xzh’e _rq rFkk nf{k.kh xksyk)Z esa “khr _rq
ikbZ tkrh gSA
&blh le; i`FOkh viuh vilkSj voLFkk esa vkrh gS ftlds dkj.k i`Foh ij izkIr gksus okys
lkSj fofdj.k dh ek=k de gks tkrh gSA bl de gq, lkSj fofdj.k ds dkj.k mRrjh
xksyk)Z es xzh’e _rq dh rhozrk de gks tkrh gS] tcfd nf{k.kh xksyk)Z esa “khr _rq dh
rhozrk c<+ tkrh gSA
&;g ifjorZu yxHkx 7 izfr”kr de ;k T;knk gksrk gSA
&i`Foh }kjk dh tkus okyh xfr (Motion of the earth)&i`Foh }kjk nks izdkj dh
xfr dh tkrh gS&
1- ifjHkze.k (Rotation)
2- ifjdze.k (Revolution)
1- ifjHkze.k (Rotation)&i`Foh }kjk viuh gh /kqjh ds pkjksa vksj dh tkus okyh

o`rkdkj xfr ifjHkze.k dgykrh gSA
&i`Foh dks ,d ifjHkze.k iwjk djus esa 23 ?k.Vs 56 feuV 4 lSd.M dk le; yxrk
gSA
&ifjHkze.k ds izHkko&
1- ifjHkze.k ds dkj.k gh i`Foh ij fnu o jkr dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
2- ifjHkze.k ds dkj.k gh i`Foh dh lrg ij (Coriolis Force) dksfj;ksfyl cy

mRiUu gksrk gS] tks fd oLrqvksa dks mRrjh xksyk)Z esa mudh fn”kk ls nkfguh
vksj eksM+ nsrk gS] tcfd nf{k.kh xksyk)Z esa mUgs cka;h vksj eksM+ nsrk gSA
& dksfj;ksfyl cy dk eku fo’kqor js[kk ij “kwU; gksrk gSA

& fo’kqor js[kk ls nwjh c<+us ds lkFk dksfj;ksfyl cy dk eku Hkh c<+rk tkrk gSA
&/kqzoksa ij ;g cy lokZf/kd gksrk gSA
&oLrq dh xfr c<+us ds lkFk&lkFk dksfj;ksfyl cy dk eku Hkh c<+rk tkrk gSA
2- ifjdze.k(Revolution)& i`Foh }kjk lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj dh tkus okyh o`rkdkj

xfr ifjdze.k dgykrh gSA
&i`Foh dks ,d ifjdze.k iwjk djus esa 365 fnu o 6 ?k.Vs dk le; yxrk gSA
&i`Foh if”pe ls iwoZ fn”kk dh vksj pyrs gq, ifjdze.k iwjk djrh gSA
&i`Foh ds ifjdze.k dk izHkko&i`Foh ij _rqvksa ds fuekZ.k rFkk /kzqoh; {ks=ksa eas 6

efguksa ds fnu o jkr ds fy, i`Foh dk ifjdze.k rFkk mldk v{kh; >qdko
ftEesnkj gSA(Revolution & Exial Bending)
&fo’kqo (Equinor)&o’kZ ds og fnu tc lw;Z fo’kqDr js[kk ds mij yEcor fLFkj gksrk gS]
og fo’kqo dgykrs gS&
21 ekpZ & clUr fo’kqo
28 flrEcj& “kjn fo’kqo
bu nksuksa fnu i`Foh ij lHkh txg 12 ?k.Vs ds fnu o 12 ?k.Vs dh jkr gksrh gSA
&v;ukUr (Solstice)&o’kZ ds os fnu tc lw;Z ddZ js[kk rFkk edj js[kk ij yEcor
fLFkr gksrk gS] os fnu v;UkkUr dgykrs gSA
&21 tqu dks lw;Z ddZ js[kk ij yEcor fLFkfr gksrk gS] rFkk ;g fnu xzh’e v;ukUr
dgykrk gSA ;g mrjh xksyk)Z dk lcls yEck fnu gksrk gS] rFkk nf{k.kh xksyk)Z dh
lcls yEch jkr gksrh gSA
&22 fnlEcj dks lw;Z edj js[kk ij yEcor fLFkr gksrk gS] rFkk bls “khr v;ukUr dgrs
gSA ;g nf{k.kh xksyk)Z dk lcls yEck fnu o mrjh xksyk)Z dh lcls yEch jkr gksrh gSA
v{kak”k ,oa ns”kkUrj (Latitude and Longitude)

v{kka”k ,oa ns”kkarj dk mi;ksx i`Foh dh lrg ij fdlh Hkh LFkku dh fof”k’V fLFkrh
fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
&v{kka”k rFk ns”kkUrj js[kkvksa ls cuus okyk ra= js[kk ra= (Graticule) dgykrk gSA
&v{kka”k
i`Foh dh lrg ij fdlh Hkh fcUnq dk v{kka”k ml fcUnq dh fo’kqorjs[kh; Iysu ls
dks.kh; fLFkfr n”kkZrk gSA
&,d Xyksc ij dqy 181 ekud v{kak”k n”kkZ;s tkrs gSA

&Xyksc ij dqy ^179 ekud v{kka”k js[kk,a n”kkZbZ tkrh gSA

&lHkh v{kka”k js[kk,a ,d lEiw.kZ o`r dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA
&;s lHkh js[kk,a ,d nqljs ds lekUkkUrj pyrh gS] blfy, bUgsa lekUkkUrj (Lines of
Paralal) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
&fdUgh Hkh nks yxkrkj fLFkr js[kkvksa ds e/; nwjh leku gksrh gSA
&bu js[kkvksa dh yEckbZ fo’kqor js[kk ls c<+rh nwjh ds lkFk de gksrh tkrh gSA
&v{kka”k c<+us ds lkFk&lkFk bu {ks=kas esa izkIr lkSj rki dh ek=k de gksrh tkrh gSA
&ns”kkUrj (Longitude)
i`Foh dh lrg ij fdlh fcUnq dk ns”kkUrj ml fcUnq dh e/;k) js[kk Iysu ds iwoZ ;k
if”pe esa dks.kh; nwjh dks n”kkZrk gSA
Xyksc ij dqy 361 ^ekud ns”kkUrj^ n”kkZ;s tkrs gSa&

( 0҆◦ + 180◦ W + 180◦ E = 361◦ )҆
&Xyksc ij dqy ^ 360 ekud ns”kkUrj js[kk,a^ n”kkZ;h tkrh gS&
&lHkh ns”kkUrj js[kkvkas dh yEckbZ cjkcj gksrh gS
( 180◦ E rFkk 180◦ W,d gh js[kk gS)
vr% 0◦+ 359◦= 360◦js[kk,
&lHkh ns”kkUrj js[kkvkas dh yEckbZ cjkcj gksrh gSA
&ns”kkUrj js[kk,a v)Z o`r (Semi-circle) dk fuekZ.k djrh gSSA
&bu js[kkvksa ds e/; lokZf/kd nwjh fo’kqor js[kk ij gksrh gS ¼yxHkx 111 fdeh-½ tcfd
/kzqoksa ij ;s lHkh js[kk,a ,d&nwljs ls fey tkrh gSA
&ns”kkUrjkas dk mi;ksx LFkkuh; le; x.kuk ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
LFkkuh; le; x.kuk (Local Time Calculation)

1884 eas gq, ^vUrjkZ’Vªh; ns”kkUrj lEesyu ds nkSjku LFkkuh; le; x.kuk ds ekud
LFkkfir fd;s x;sA
&bl lEesyu ds nkSjku xzhufop ls ikl gksus okys ns”kkUrj dks e/;k) js[kk ekuk x;kA
&xzhufop ds LFkkuh; le; dks vUrjkZ’Vªh; ekud le; ekuk x;kA
&lHkh LFkkuksa ds LFkkuh; le; xzhuohp ds LFkkuh; le; ds lkis{k fudkys tkrs gSA
Greenwich mean time
&LFkkuh; le; x.kuk ds fy, iz;ksx esa fy;s tkus okys pj.k&
izFke pj.k& nksuksa LFkkuksa ds e/; ns”kkUrjh; vUrj fudkysa [∆L]
f}fr; pj.k& nksukas LFkkuksa ds e/; ?k.Vksa dk vUrj fudkysA[∆L]

15◦
r`rh; pj.k& ?k.Vksa dks tksM+us ;k ?kVkus dk fu/kkZj.k djsAa [Time ±︡∆H ]
prqFkZ pj.k& LFkkuh; le; dh x.kukA
Prime Meridien-
og LFkku ftlls e/;k) js[kk xqtjrh gS&
1- UK
2- France
3- Spain
4- Algeria
5- Mali
6- Burkina Faso
7- Ghana
8- Toga
9- Antarctica
Local Time Calculation
24 hour – 360 degree
1 hour- 15 degree
4 minute – 1 degree
&LFkkuh; le; x.kuk ds fy, lHkh ns”k lcls igys viuk ekud ns”kkUrj fu/kkZfjr djrk
gSA
&Hkkjr us 82a 5a bZ ns”kkUrj dks viuk ekud ns”kkUrj fu/kkZfjr fd;k gSA blhfy, Hkkjr dk
LFkkuh; le; GMT + 5.5 Hour gSA
& Hkkjr dk ekud ns”kkUrj fuEu jkT;ksa ls xqtjrk gS&
5 LVsV&
mrj izns”k
e/; izns”k
NRrhlx<+
vksMhlk
vkU/kz izns”k
&fo”o ds fofHkUu ns”kkas esa iz;ksx esa fy;s tk jgs dky [k.M&
Qkazl & 12
vesjhdk& 11
#l& 9
fczVsu& 8
vkWLVsªfy;k& 8
dukMk& 6
Hkkjr & 1
&vUrjkZ’Vªh; frFkh js[kk International Date Line-
&;g ,d dkYifud js[kk gS] tks fd 180a ns”kkUrj ds lekukUrj pyrh gS] rFkk bl js[kk
dks ikj djus ij frfFk eas ifjorZu vk tkrk gSA
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ADMIN1: ADMIN2:
&bl js[kk dks iwoZ ls if”pe dh vksj ikj djus ij 1 frfFk c<+ tkrh gSA rFkk if”pe ls
iwoZ dh vksj ikj djus ij ,d frfFk de gks tkrh gSA
&;g js[kk vius ekxZ esa rhu txg fopfyr gksrh gS&
1- East Siberia (Russia)
2- vY;qf”k;u }hi ¼vesjhdk dk Hkkx½
3- iz”kakr egklkxj }hih; ns”k
i`Foh dh vkUrfjd lajpuk (Internal Structure of the Earth)

&i`Foh gekjs lkSj e.My dk lokZf/kd ?kuRo okyk xzg gSA ?kUkRo&5-5gm/cm3
Density = mass/ volume
&^”kfu^ gekjs lkSj e.My dk lcls fuEu ?kUkRo okyk xzg gSA 0-69gm/cm3
&i`Foh dh vkUrfjd lajpuk dk v/;;u djus ds fy, HkwdEi foKkuA seismology dh
lgk;rk yh tkrh gSA
&i`Foh dh lrg ds uhps fLFkr og fcUnw tgka ls HkwdEi mRiUu gksrk gS] mls (Focus)
vidsUnz dgk tkrk gSA
&i`Foh dh lrg ij og fCkUnw tks fd vidsUnz ds mIkj yEcor (Vertical) fLFkr gksrk gS]
rFkk tgka HkwdEi lcls igys eglwl fd;k tkrk gS og vfHkdsUn (Epicentre)z dgykrk
gSA
&HkwdEi ds nkSjku mRiUu gksus okyh rjaxs i`Foh ds vkarfjd {ks=ksa ls xqtjkrs gq, lrg ij
igqaprh gSA ;s oso HkwdEi rjaxs dgykrh gS]rFkk budk mi;ksx i`Foh dh vkUrfjd lajpuk
ds v/;;u ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
&bu rjaxksa dks fjdksMZ djus ds fy, ,d fof”k’V midj.k dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS]
ftls flLeksxzkQ (Siesmograph)dgrs gSA
&HkwdEi ds nkSjku eq[; :i ls rhu izdkj dh rajxas mRiUu gksrh gSA&
1- P. waves
2- S. waves
3- L. waves
1- P. waves &bu rjaxksa dks izkFkfed rjaxsa dgk tkrk gS D;kafs d HkwdEi ds nkSjku
lcls igys ;gh rjax mRiUu gksrh gSA
&;s rjax dsoy i`Foh dh lrg ds uhps pyrh gSA
&lHkh HkwdEi rjaxksa esa ;s rjaxsa lokZf/kd xfr ls pyrh gSA
&;s rjaxas Bksl (Solid) o nzo (Liquid) ek/;e nksuksa esa py ldrh gSA
&ek/;e dk ?kUkRo c<+us ds lkFk&lkFk bu rjaxksa dh xfr Hkh c<+rh tkrh gSA
;g vuqnS/;Z rjaxksa (Longitudinal Waves) dk mnkgj.k gSA
&Nk;k {ks= (Shadow Zone)& i`Foh dh lrg ij og {ks= tgka flLeksxzkQ }kjk
HkwdEi rjaxsa fjdksMZ ugha dh tkrh] Nk;k {ks= dgrs gS
&Nk;k {ks= dk fuekZ.k ckgjh dksj ds nzo voLFkk esa gksus ij gksrk gSA
&ih rjaxks ads fy, 103a ls 142a dk {ks= Nk;k {ks= dgykrk gSA
2- S.waves – bUgs f}rh;d rjaxsa (Secondary Waves) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
&;s dsoy i`FOkh dh lrg ds uhps pyrh gSA
&;s rjaxsa dsoy Bksl ek/;e esa gh py ldrh gSA
&ek/;e dk ?kUkRo c<+us ds lkFk&lkFk bu rjaxksa dh xfr Hkh c<+rh tkrh gSA
&;s vuqizLFk rjaxksa (Transverse Waves)dk mnkgj.k gSA
& ,l rjaxkas ds fy, Nk;k {ks= 103a vkSj blls vkxs dk {ks= gSA¼103a&180a rd½
3- L-waves- bUgs yo rjaxs (Love (oSKkfud dk uke ) Waves) Hkh dgrs gSA
& ;s dsoy i`Foh dh lrg ij pyrh gSA
&budh xfr ih o ,l rjaxksa ds eqdkcys de gksrh gS] ijUrq ;g ih o ,l rjaxks a
ds eqdkcys vf/kd nwjh rd tkrh gS] rFkk lokZf/kd fouk”k mRiUu djrh gSA
&;g vuqizLFk rjaxks (Transverse Waves) dk mnkgj.k gSA
&HkwdEi rjaxksa ds v/;;u vk/kkj ij i`Foh ds vkUrfjd lajpuk ls tqM+s vuqeku&
1- D;kafs d HkwdEi rjaxs lh/ks ekxksZ esa ugha pyrh] vfirq odzkdkj (Curved) ekxksZa eas
pyrh gS] blhfy, i`FOkh ds vkUrfjd Hkkxksa es a?kuRo leku ugha gSA
2- i`Foh dh lrg ds uhps ih vkSj ,l rjaxs vyx&vyx xfr ls pyrh gSA
3- xgjkbZ c<+us ds lkFk bu rjaxkas dh xfr c<+rh tkrh gS] rFkk lrg ds uhps rhu
LFkkuksa ij budh xfr esa cMk ifjorZu ns[kus dks feyrk gSA vr% blls ;g vuqeku
yxk;k tk ldrk gS] fd xgjkbZ c<+us ds lkFk&lkFk i`Foh dk ?kUkRo Hkh c<+rk tkrk
gSA rFkk ?kUkRo ds vk/kkj ij i`Foh dks rhu ijrksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
&ih rFkk ,l rjaxksa ds feykus okys Nk;k {ks=(Shadow Zone) ds vk/kkj ij ;g vuqeku
yxk;k x;k fd i`Foh ds lcls vkarfjd ijr dk ckgjh fgLlk nzo voLFkk eas fLFkr gSA
&bUgha vuqekuksa ds vk/kkj ij i`Foh dks rhu ijrksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS&
1- Crust- i`Foh dh lcls ckgjh ijrA tks fd lrg ls ysdj 35 fdeh- dh xgjkbZ
rd fLFkr gSA
&i`Foh dh lcls de ?kuRo okyh ijr gSA
&bl ijr dk fuekZ.k ew[; :i ls flfydk ,oa ,y;qfefue ijr ls gqvk
gS]bflfy, bl ijr dks Si Al ijr dgk tkrk gSA
&?kuRo ds vk/kkj ij bl ijr dks nks mi ijrksa eas foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS&
i. mijh ijr&
Crust dk mijh Hkkx tks fd lrg ls ysdj 25 fdeh dh xgjkbZ rd fLFkr gSA
;g ijr eq[;r :Ik ls egk}hiksa dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA
&bl ijr dk fuekZ.k eq[; :i ls xzsukbV dh pV~Vkuksa ls gqvk gSA
&bl ijr dk vkSlr ?kuRo & 2-7 gm/cm3 gSA
ii. fupyh Crust - ;g ijr 25 fdeh- ls 35 fdeh- dh xgjkbZ rd fLFkr gSA
&;g ijr eq[; :i ls egklkxjksa ds ry dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA
&bl ijr dk fuekZ.k cslkYV(Basalt Rock) dh pV~Vkuksa ls gqvk gSA
&vkSlr ?kuRo &3 gm/cm3 gSA
uksV&Crust dks Mantle ls vyx djus okyh ladze.k ijr dks Mohorovic
Discontinuity dgrs gSA
2- Mantle- i`Foh dh nwljh ijr] tks fd 35 fdeh ls ysdj 2]900 fdeh dh xgjkbZ
rd fLFkr gSA
&bl ijr dk fuekZ.k eq[; :i ls flfydk ,oa eSXuhf”k;e ls gqvk gS] blhfy,
bls Si Ma ijr Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
&bl ijr dk vkSlr ?kuRo & 4-6 gm/cm3
&bl ijr dk fuekZ.k eq[; :i ls Peridotite Rock ls gqvk gSA
&i`FOkh dk lokZf/kd nzO;eku rFkk vk;ru volume blh ijr esa fLFkr gSA
&100 ls 200 fdeh- dh xgjkbZ ds e/; ;g ijr vkaf”kd nzO; voLFkk esa feyrh
gSA
Mantle dks Core ls vyx djus okyh ladze.k ijr dks Guttenberg
Discontinuity dgrs gSA
3- Core- i`Foh dh lcls vkUrfjd ijr ]tks fd 2]900 fdeh dh xgjkbZ ls 6371
fdeh dh xgjkbZ rd fLFkr gSA
&i`Foh dh lokZf/kd ?kUkRo okyh ijr gSA
&bl ijr ij fuekZ.k fudy(ni)o vk;ju (fe) ls gqvk gS] blhfy, bls NiFe
ijr dgk tkrk gSA
&Core dks nks miijrksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA
1- ckgjh dksj (Outer Core)& ;g ijr 2]900 fdeh &5150 fdeh- dh xgjkbZ
ds e/; fLFkr gSA
&i`Foh dh ,d ek= ijr tks fd nzo voLFkk esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
&vf/kd rkieku ds dkj.k bl ijr esa vkosf”kr d.kks]a dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
ftuds dkj.k ;gka fo|qr pqacdh; {ks= mRiUu gksrk gSA ;gh fo|qr pqEcdh; {ks=
i`Foh ds pqEcdh; {ks= dks tue nsrk gSA
2- vkUrfjd dksj (Inner Core)& 5150 fdeh- &6371 fdeh- dh xgjkbZ rd
fLFkr gSA
&vR;f/kd nkc ds dkj.k ;g ijr Bksl voLFkk esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
&bl ijr dk ?kuRo 11&13a gm/cm3 gksrk gSA
Mohorovic
CM Raj is Gehlot
Conard Repeti Guttenberg Lehmam
Crust-Mantle ijr ds e/; ladze.k ijr Mohorovic Discontinuty

Mantle-core ds e/;&Guttenberg
Upper Crust- Lower Crust ds e/;&Conard Discontinuty
Uper Mantle-Lower Mantle - Repeti Discontinuty
Outer Core- Inner Core- Lehman Discontinuty
Note- HkwdEi dh rhozrk ekius ds fy, 2 Ldsyksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS&
1- Richter Scale ¼fjDVj Ldsy½- bl Ldsy ds ek/;e ls HkwdEi ds nkSjku mRiUu
gksus okyh mtkZ dks n”kkZ;k tkrk gSA
&;g ,d ek=kRed Ldsy gSA
&;g ,d y?kqx.kd (Logarithmic) Ldsy gS] vr% bl Ldsy ij HkwdEi dh rhozrk
1 bdkbZ c<+us ij ml HkwdEi ds nkSjku mRiUu mtkZ 10 xquk c<+ tkrh gSA
2- Mercalli Scale ¼ejdsyh Ldsy½- ;g ,d xq.kkRed Ldsy gS] tks fd HkwdEi ls gq,
tku ,oa eky dh gkfu dks n”kkZrh gSA
Rock / pV~Vkusa
rRoksa ds ;kSfxd ls [kfutksa (Mineral) dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS] rFkk [kfutksa ds ;kSfxd ls
pV~Vkuksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
& ,sls [kfut ftuesa rRoksa dh lkUnzrk vf/kd ikbZ tkrh gS] rFkk ftuesa ls rRoksa dks
vklkuh ls fu’df’kZr fd;k tk lds] os [kfut v;Ld (Ores) dgykrs gSA
&i`Foh dh lrg ij lokZf/kd ek=k esa feyus okys rRo&
1- vkWDlhtu
2- flfydu
3- ,Y;qfefu;e
4- vk;ju
&iwjh i`Foh esa lokZf/kd ek=k esa feyus okys rROk &
1- vk;ju
2- vkWDlhtu
3- flfydu
4- eSXuhf”k;e
&fuekZ.k dh izfdz;k ds vk/kkj ij pV~Vkukas dks rhu oxkZs esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS&
1- vkXus; pV~Vku (Igneous Rocks)sa& os pV~Vkusa ftudk fuekZ.k ykok vFkok eSXek
ds B.Ms gksdj Bksl gksus ls gksrk gS] os vkXus; pV~Vku dgykrh gSA
&bUgsa izkFkfed pV~Vkuas Hkh dgk tkrk gS] D;ksafd vU; pV~Vkuksa dk fuekZ.k izR;{k ;k
vIkzR;{k :i ls bUgha PkV~Vkuksa ls gksrk gSA
&;s vR;f/kd dBksj gksrh gS] blhfy, budk vijnu cgqr /kheh xfr ls gksrk gSA
&buesa /kkfRod [kfutksa dh ek=k vf/kd ikbZ tkrh gSA
&buesa thok”e ugha ik;s tkrs gSA
&vius fuekZ.k ds LFkku ds vk/kkj ij bu pV~Vkuksa dks nks oxksZa esa foHkkftr fd;k
tkrk gS&
i. vUrosZf/k vkXus; pVVkuas& ftu vkXus; pV~Vkuksa dk fuekZ.k i`Foh dh lrg ds

uhps gksrk gS] os vUrosZf/k pV~Vkusa dgykrh gSA
&lrg ds uhps fuekZ.k ds dkj.k buds fuekZ.k esa cgqr yEck le; yxrk gS]
ftl nkSjku buesa fdzLVyhdj.k dh izfdz;k Hkh gksrh gSA
&xzsukbV ,oa isfjMksVkbV vUrosZf/k pV~Vkuksa ds mnkgj.k gSA (Interusive)
ii. cfgosZf/k vkXus; pV~Vkusa& ftu vkXus; pV~Vkuska dk fuekZ.k i`FOkh dh lrg ds
mij gksrk gS] os cfgosZf/k pVVkusa dgykrh gSA
&bu pV~Vkuksa dk fuekZ.k rst xfr ls gksrk gS blhfy, buesa fdzLVyhdj.k dh
izfdz;k ugha gksrhA
&cslkYV rFkk Andosite bu pV~Vkukas dk mnkgj.k gSA
2- volknh pV~Vkus&a volknksa ds tek gksdj Bksl gksus ls cuus okyh pV~Vkusa volknh
pV~Vkusa dgykrh gSA
&bu pV~Vkuksa dks f}rh;d pV~Vkuas Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
&i`FOkh dh lrg ij lokZf/kd ek=k esa ;gh pVVkusa ikbZ tkrh gSA
&;s dksey gksrh gSA blhfy, budk vijnu rst xfr ls gksrk gSA
&buesa thok”e rFkk thok”e bZ/kuksa ds cM+s Hk.Mkj ik;s tkrs gSA
mnkgj.k&
i. pwuk iRFkj (Lime Stone)
ii. ckyw iRFkj (Sand Stone)
iii. dks;ys dk izFke Hkkx (Shale Peat)
3- dk;kUrfjr pV~Vkusa (Metamorphic Rocks)& vR;f/kd nkc rFkk rkieku

ds dkj.k tc vkXus; rFkk volknh pV~Vkuksa ds HkkSfrd rFkk jklk;fud xq.kkas esa
ifjorZu gksrk gS] rc buls cuus okyh ubZ pV~Vkuas dk;kUrfjr pV~Vkuas dgykrh gSA
&Igneous / Sedmentary Rocks Pressure + Temprature =

matamorphic Rocks
- Granite Pressure Gneiss ( uhl )

Temprature
- Limestone Pressure Marble

Temprature
- Sandstone Pressure. Quartzite

Temprature
.
- Slate Pressure. slate
Temprature
- Peat P.T.. Lignite P.T.
Bituminous
Anthracite (80%)
Graphite( 90%)
Diamond(100%)
Hkkjr esa Bituminous coal lokZf/kd feyrk gSA
IysV foorZfudh fl)kar (Plate Tectonics Theory)
&IysV foorZfudh fl)kUr LFky e.My dh IysVksa ds fuekZ.k] fodkl rFkk IysVksa ds e/;
gksus okyh lakisf{kd] xfr ds dkj.k mRiUu gksus okyh Hkw&vkd`frd ifj?kVukvksa tSl&
s
egk}hih; foLFkkiu] HkwdEi] Tokyk eq[kh mn~Hko] ioZr fuekZ.k vkfn dks oSKkfud :i ls
le>krk gSA
&i`Foh dk LFky e.My (Lithosphere) cgqr ls Hkkxksa ds caVk gqvk gSA LFky e.My ds
;gh Hkkx IysV dgykrs gSA
&LFky e.My esa dqy 6 izeq[k IysVsa rFkk 20 y?kq IysVsa gS&
1- Nazca Plate
2- Cocos Plate
3- Juan De fuca Plate
4- Somali Plate
5- Arabian Plate
6- Burmese Plate
7- Sunda Plate
8- Bismark Plate
9- Phillipines Plate
i`Foh ds ncZy e.My (aesthenosphere) esa pV~kuksa ds fi?kyus ls eSXek dk fuekZ.k gksrk
gS] tks fd xehZ gksus ds dkj.k Lithosphere dh vksj pyuk izkjaHk djrk gS] rFkk m’eh;
laogu /kkjkvksa (Thermal Convection Current) dks tUr nsrk gSA
&;gh /kkjk,a LFky e.My (Lithosphere) dh IysVksa ij cy yxkrh gS] rFkk muesa xfr
mRiUu djrh gSA
&Hkw vkd`frd n`f’V ls IysV ds fdukjs lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ {ks= gksrs gaS] D;ksfa d bUgha {ks=ksa esa
IysV ,d nwljs ls Vdjkrh gSa ;k ,d&nwljs ls nwj tkrh gS ;k fQj ,d&nwljs ds
lekukUrj (Parallel) pyrh gSA
&bu IysVksa dh bl lkisf{kd xfr ds dkj.k gh bu {ks=ksa esa cgqr ls Hkw&vkd`frd ifjorZu
gksrs gS] bflfy, IysV foorZfudh ds vUrxZr IysV fdukjksa dk gh v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
&fdukjksa ij gkssus okyh lkisf{kd xfr ds vk/kkj ij IysV fdukjksa dks rhu oxksZ esa foHkkftr
fd;k tkrk gSA&
i. vfHklkfjr IysV fdukjsa (Converging Plate Boundary)
ii. vilkfjr IysV fdukjsa (Diverging Plate Boundary)
iii. lajf{kr IysV fdukjsa (Conservative Plate Boundary)
1- vfHklkfjr IysV fdukjs& (Converging Plate Boundary)
&bu IysV fdukjksa ij nks LFkye.Myh; IysVksa dk vfHklj.k gksrk gSA

&vfHklj.k ds nkSjku Hkkjh IysV gYdh IysV ds uhps /kal tkrh gSA
&ftl {ks= esa IysV /kal jgh gS] mls Benioff Zone dgrs gSA
&vf/kd rkieku ds dkj.k IysV dk /kalk gqvk Hkkx fi?ky tkrk gS] ftlls IysV dk
gzkl gksrk gSA blhfy, bu IysV fdukjksa dks fouk”kkRed IysV fdukjs Hkh dgk tkrk
gSA
&bu IysV fdukjksa ij mPp rhozrk ds HkwdEi] foLQksVd Tokykeq[kh mn~Hko rFkk
ofyr ioZrksa (Fold Mountains) dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
&IysVksa dh izd`fr ds vk/kkj ij bu IysV fdukjksa dks rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k
tkrk gS&
i. egk}hih;& egk}hih; vfHklj.k (Continental Continental
Convergence)& bu IysV fdukjksa ij nks egk}hih; IysVksa dk vfHklj.k gksrk
gSA
&mPPk rhozrk ds HkwdEi (Earthquake) mRiUu gksrs gSA
&o`gn~ ofyr ioZrksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
foLQksVd Tokykeqf[k;ksa dk fuekZ.k mlh ifjfLFkfr esa gksxk tc nksuksa IysVksa ds e/; ty
L=ksr fLFkr gksxsaA
tSl&
s Indian Plate- Eurasian Plate convergence
African Plate- Eurasian Plate Convergence
mt. Etna
Mount Vesuvious
Mount Strambolo
ii. egk}hih; & egklkxjh; vfHklj.k (Continental- oceanic Convergence)&

bu IysV fdukjksa ij egk}hih; rFkk egklkxjh; IysV dk vfHklj.k gksrk gS]
rFkk ekglkxjh; IysV egk}hih; IysV ds uhps /kal tkrh gSA
&bu {ks=ksa esa mPp rhozrk ds HkwdEi]foLQksVd Tokykeq[kh rFkk ofyr ioZrksa dk
fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
&bu fdukjksa ij egklkxjh; xrZ (Oceanic Trench) dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS
tSl&s Narca Plate = American Plate- Andes Mountains- Volcanic
Eruption
Pacific Plate- American Plate- Rocky Mountains- Volcanic Eruption
iii. egklkxjh; egklkxjh; vfHklj.k (Oceanic Oceanic COnvergence)& bu

{ks=kas es nks egklkxjh; IysV dk vfHklj.k gksrk gSA
&bu IysV fdukjksa ij gksus okys Tokykeq[kh mn~Hko (Volcanic Eruption) ls
fudyus okys ykok ds B.Ms gksus ls }hih; pkiks dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
&bu {ks=ksa esa egklkxjh; xrksZa dk fuekZ.k Hkh gksrk gSA
&bu {ks=ksa esa mPp rhozrk ds HkwdEi rFk foLQksVd Tokykeq[kh mn~Hko gksrs gSA
tSLks&Phillipines Plate- Pacific Plate
2- vilkfjr IysV fdukjs (Diverging Plate Boundary)&
&bu IysV fdukjksa ij nks IysVsa ,d nwljs ds foijhr fn”kk esa xfr djrh gS] ftlds
dkj.k vilkfjr IysV fdukjksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
&IysVksa ds vilj.k ls IysVksa ds e/; Hkza”k dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ftlls fQj
Tokykeq[kh mn~Hko gksrs gSA
&bu Tokykeq[kh mn~Hkoksa dh rhozrk e/;e ls fuEu gksrh gSA
&bu Tokykeq[kh mn~Hkoksa lss fudyus okys ykok ds B.Ms gksus ls ubZ Crust dk
fuekZ.k gksrk gS blfy, ;g jpukRed IysV fdukjsa Hkh dgs tkrs gSA
&bu {ks=ksa esa e/;e ls de rhozrk okys HkwdEi vkrs gSA

&bu IysV fdukjksa ij leqnzkas esa dVdkas (Ridges) dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
&tks fd e/; egklkxjh; dVd dgykrs gSA
&vVykafVd egklkxj ds e/; esa feyus okys e/; vVykafVd dVd dh yEckbZ
14000 fdeh gS] rFkk ;g fo”o dh lcls yEch iorZ Ja[kyk gSA
3- lajf{kr IysV fdukjs (Conservative Plate Boundary)s&

&bu IysV fdujksa ij uk rks IysVksa dk vfHklj.k gksrk gS] vkSj u gh vilj.k gksrk
gS] cfYd nksuksa IysV ,d& nqljs ds lekukUrj xfr djrh gSA
&bu {ks=ksa esa IysVksa dh xfr ds dkj.k Hakz”k ?kkfV;ksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
&e/;e ls fuEu rhozrk ds HkwdEi vkrs gSA
&izk;% Tokykeq[kh mn~Hko ugha ns[ks tkrs gSA
Juan De Fuca- American Plate- Saint Andreas Fault
& fo”o ds 3 {ks= tgkaW lokZf/kd Tokykeq[kh mn~Hko] HkwdEi ns[ks tkrs gS&
1- Pacific Ring of Fire
2- Mid- Continental Belt
3- Mid- Oceanic Belt
Climatology Tkyok;q foKku

1- ekSle(Weather)
2- _rq(Season)
3- tyok;q(Climate)
1- ekSle (Weather)& fdlh lhfer {ks= esa ,d lhfer dky [k.M ds nkSjku feyus
okyh ok;qe.Myh; ifjfLFkfr;k¡ ml {ks= dk ekSle dgykrh gSA
2- _rq (season)& ,d foLr`r {ks= ds mij e/;kof/k dky ds nkSjku feyus okyh
vkSlr ok;qe.Myh; ifjfLFkfr;k¡ ml {ks= dh +_rq dgykrh gSA
3- tyok;q (Climate)& fdlh foLr`r Hkw&Hkkx ij ,d yEcs dky[k.M ds nkSjku

feyus okyh vkSlr ok;qe.Myh; ifjfLFkfr;ka ml {ks= dh tyok;q dgykrh gSA
&tyok;q dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd&

FkekZehVj& lsfYl;l& rkieku (Temprature)
jaus xst feyhfeVj& o’kkZ (Rainfall)
Humidity@vknzrk –gm/cm3- hygrometer
Atmospheric Pressure@ok;qe.Myh; nkc - Milibar- Barometer
Distance From the Sea@leqnz ls nqjh - Kilometer
Altitude@leqnz ls m¡pkbZ – meter Altimeter
Cloude Cover@ckny - Octets- 8Parts esa le fdrus Hkkx = 1/8
Winds@iousa - Direction + speed- Anemometer
Insolation@lkSj rki- Joules/m3/ sec/ Pyrometer
ekSle foKku ds fy, ekufp=ksa ij iz;ksx es fy;s tkus okyh dqN izeq[k js[kk,a&
1- lerki js[kk (Isotherm)&;g ,d dkYifud js[kk gS] tks fd ekufp= ij mu
{ks=kas dks tksM+rh gS] tgkW leku rkieku ik;k tkrk gSA
2- leo’kkZ js[kk (Isohyte)
3- lenkc js[kk (Isobar)
4- lees?k js[kk (Isoneph)
5- le lkSj rki js[kk (Isohel)

6- leqPp js[kk (Contour Line)
&;g js[kk mu {ks=ksa dks vkil esa tksMrh gS]tks fd leqnzry ls leku m¡pkbZ ij fLFkr
gksrs gSA
ok;qe.My (Atmosphere)
&i`Foh ds pkjksa vksj feyus okyh ok;q dh ijr ok;qe.My dgykrh gSA
&i`Foh ds xq:Rokd’kZ.k cy ds dkj.k gh ;g ok;qe.My i`Foh ds pkjkas vksj cuk jgrk gSA
&ok;qe.My i`Foh ij thou ds fy, vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;kW cuk;s j[kus ds fy,
vfrvko”;d gSA
&ok;qe.My esa rhu izeq[k ?kVd ik;s tkrs gSA&
1- ok;qe.Myh; xSlas (Atmospheric Gases)&
1- ukbVªkstu & 78 izfr”kr
2- vkWDlhtu& 21 izfr”kr
3- vkWxZu & 0-9 izfr”kr
4- Co2- .033%
5- Neon
6- Helium
7- Krypton
8- Hydrogen
9- Ozone
1- ukbVªkstu& ok;qe.My esa feyus okyh ukbVªkstu xSl jklk;fud :i ls vlfdz;

gksrh gS]ijUrq ;g xSl feV~Vh dh moZjdrk c<+krh gSA jkbtksfc;e thok.kq &N2
NH3 Change
2- vkWDlhtu&Toyu fdz;k ds fy, vko”;d gS ] bflfy, bl xSLk dk mi;ksx “olu

fdz;k ds fy, Hkh gksrk gSA
3- Co3- bl xSl dk mi;ksx ouLifr }kjk izdk”k la”ys’k.k fdz;k ds nkSjku fd;k
tkrk gSA
&;g xSl gfjr xzg izHkko Green House Effect mRiUu djrh gS] tks fd
ok;qe.My Ekas lkekU; rkieku cuk;s j[kus ds fy, vfr vko”;d gSA
uksV&gfjr xzg izHkko Green House Effect
&lw;Z ls vkus okyh y/kq rjax fofdj.k Short Wave Radiation ds fy, i`Foh dk
ok;qe.My ikjn”khZ O;ogkj djrk gS] vr% bl fofdj.k dk vo”kks’k.k ok;qe.My }kjk ugha
fd;k tkrk gS rFkk ;g ok;qe.My dks xeZ djus ds fy, ftEesnkj ugha gSA
Short Wave Radiation i`Foh dh lrg ls Vdjkdj mls xeZ djrk gSA i`Foh dh lrg
xeZ gksus ls blds }kjk ikfZFkZo fofdj.k Terrestrial Radiation dk mRltZu fd;k tkrk gS
rFkk bl ikfFkZo fofdj.k dks ok;qe.My esa feyus okyh fxzu gkml xSl vo”kksf’kr dj
ysrh gS] rFkk ok;qe.My ds rkieku dks c<+krh gSA
vr% ok;qe.My dks xeZ djus ds fy, lkSj fofdj.k ugha ikfFkZo fofdj.ksa ftEesnkj gSA
1750bZ es “kq: gqbZ vkS|ksfxd dzakfr ds i”pkr thok”e bZ/kuksa dk mi;ksx c<+k gS] ftlds
dj.k ok;qe.My esa xzhu gkml xSl dh lkUnzrk Hkh c<+h gSA
1750 bZ ess Co2 dh lkUnzrk 270 PPM gqvk djrh Fkh] tks fd orZeku esa c<+dj 400
PPM gks pqdh gSA
PPM ¾Parts Per Million
bu xSlkas dh lkUnzrk c<+us ds dkj.k ok;qe.My esa vf/kd ek=k esa ikfFkZo fofdj.k dk
vo”kks’k.k gks jgk gS] ftlds dkj.k oSf”od rkiu dh leL;k mRiUu gqbZ gSA
2- tyok’i (Water Vapour)&ok;qe.My esa feyus okyk ty ok’i gfjr xzg izHkko
mRiUu djrk gSA
&;g ty ok’i ckny fuekZ.k vkSj o’kZ.k ds fy, Hkh vfr vko”;d gSA
&ty ok’i dh lokZf/kd lkUnzrk ok;qe.My dh uhpyh ijrksa esa gh ikbZ tkrh gSA
5 fdeh dh m¡pkbZ rd 95 izfr”kr ty ok’i fey tkrk gSA
3- /kwy ds d.k(dust Particles)&/kwy ds d.kksa ds dkj.k lkSj fofdj.k dk izfd.kZu
gksrk gS] ftlds dkj.k fnu ds le; vkdk”k uhyk o lqcg rFkk “kke ds le;
vkdk”k yky utj vkrk gSA
&ok;qe.My esa gksus okyh la/kuu fdz;k bu /kwy ds d.kksa ds pkjksa vksj gh gksrh gS]
blhfy, o’kZ.k ds fy, ;g vfr vko”;d gSA
dkcZu MkbZ vkWDlkbM& 0-033 izfr”kr&
&;g ,d Hkkjh xSl gSA
&lkSj fofdj.k ds fy; ;g xSl ikjxE; gS] fdUrq ikfFkZd fofdj.k ds fy, vikjxE; gSA
bl izdkj ;g ok;qe.My esa xzhu gkml izHkko iSnk djrh gSA
&bldh c<+rh ek=k ls rkieku esa o`f) gksrh gSA
D;ksVks izksVksdkSy ¼1997½&blesa dkcZu MkbZ vkWDlkbM dh ek=k esa deh fd;s tkus ds ckjs esa
oSf”od lgefr cuh gSA
vkstksu&ok;qe.My esa bldh ek=k cgqr de gSA
&;g xSl lerki e.My ds uhpys Hkkx es ikbZ tkrh gSA
&;g lw;Z dh ijkcSxuh fdj.kksa ds fofdj.k dks vo”kksf’kr dj ysrh gSA ;fn ;s fdj.ksa lrg
rd igqap tkrh gS] rks rkieku esa rhoz o`f) o peZ dSalj dk [krjk mRiUu gks tkrkA
&ukbVªkstu vkWDlkbM o ,-lh] fQzt vkfn es iz;qDr lh,Qlh bl ijr dks uqdlku
igqapkrh gSA
ekasfVª;y izksVksdksy&vkstksu ijr dks {kfjr gksus ls cpkus ds fy, vUrjkZ’Vªh; iz;klA
ok;qe.My dh lajpuk (Structure of Atmosphere)
ok;qe.My dks pkj fofHkUu ijrksa eas foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA&
1- {kksHk e.My (Troposphere)& ok;qe.My dh lcls uhpyh ijr tks fd
fo’kqorjs[kh; {ks=ksa ds mij 14&16 fdeh dh m¡pkbZ rd tcfd /kzqoh; {ks=ksa ds mij
8 fdeh dh m¡pkbZ rd ikbZ tkrh gSA
fo’kqor js[kh; {ks=ksa esa rkieku vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k ok;q e.My ls xeZ gksus ds
i”pkr mij dh vksj pyuk izkjEHk djrh gS] ftlls laogu /kkjkvksa dk fodkl gksrk
gSA
&bu laogu /kkjkvksa ds dkj.k gh bu {ks=ksa es ok;q vf/kd m¡pkbZ rd mij dh vksj
tkrh gS] rFkk {kksHk e.My dh m¡pkbZ dks Hkh c<+k nsrh gSA
&tcfd /kqzoh; {ks=ksa esa rkieku de gksus ds dkj.k ok;q B.Mh gksdj lrg ij
vorfyr gksrh gS] ftlds dkj.k bu {ks=ksa esa {kksHk e.My dh m¡pkbZ de ikbZ tkrh
gSA
&ok;qe.My esa gksus okyh lHkh ekSle ifj?kVuk,a blh ijr ds vUnj gksrh gSA
&bl ijr esa ok;qe.My dh lkUnzrk vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k lkSj fofdj.k dk
lokZf/kd ijkorZu (Reflaction) rFkk izdh.kZu (Scattering) blh ijr esa gksrk
gSA
&bl ijr esa mpkbZ c<+us ds lkFk&lkFk rkieku de gksrk tkrk gSA
&bl ijr esa rkieku ,d fuf”pr nj ls de gksrk gS] ftls lkekU; rkieku iru
nj (Normal Temprature Lapse Rate)dgk tkrk gSA ftldk eku izfr fdeh 6-
5a ls gS] vFkkZr c<+us ij 1 fdeh dh ij 6-5a ls dh nj ls ?kVsxkA
&{kksHk e.My dks lerki e.My ls vyx djus okyh ladze.k ijr {kksHk lhek
dgykrh gSA
2- lerki e.My (Stratosphere)&;g ijr {ks= lhek ls ysdj 50fdeh dh m¡pkbZ

rd ik;h tkrh gSA
&ekSle ifj?kVuk,a uk ds cjkcj gksus ds dkj.k bl ijr dk mi;ksx tsV foekuksa
}kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
&bl ijr esa 20fdeh ls ysdj 40fdeh dh mpkbZ ds e/; vkstksu dh ijr ikbZ
tkrh gS ftldh lokZf/kd lkUnzrk 25fdeh dh mPkkbZ ij gksrh gSA
&vkstksu ijr lw;Z ls vkus okyh gkfudkjd ijkcSxuh fdj.kksa dk vo”kks’k.k djrh
gSA blhfy, bl ijr dks i`Foh dh lqj{kk dEcy (Protection Umbrella) dgk
tkrk gSA
&vkstksu }kjk ijkcaSxuh fdj.kksa ds vo”kks’k.k ds dkj.k m’e mtkZ mRiUu gksrh gS]
ftlds dkj.k bl ijr esa mpkbZ c<+us ds lkFk&lkFk rkieku Hkh c<rk tkrk gSA
&lerki e.My dks e/; e.My ls vyx djus okyh ladze.k ijr lerki lhek
(Stratopouse) dgykrh gSA
3- e/;e.My (Mesosphere)& 50fdeh ls 80fdeh dh mpkbZ ds e/; fLFkrA

&bl ijr eas m¡pkbZ c<us ds lkFk&lkFk rkieku de gksrk tkrk gSA rFkk 80fdeh
dh mapkbZ ij rkieku yxHkx &100a ls gksrk gS] tks fd ok;qe.My esa feyus okyk
lcls fuEu rkieku gSA
&e/; e.My dks rkie.My ls vyx djus okyh ijr mesopause dgykrh gSA
4- rkie.My (Thermosphere)&ok;qe.My dh lcls ckgjh ijr gSA

&;g 80fdeh ls 10]000fdeh dh m¡pkbZ ds e/; fLFkr gSA
&bl ijr esa m¡pkbZ c<+us ds lkFk&lkFk rkieku c<+rk tkrk gSA
&bl ijr dks nks miijrksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA
1- vk;u e.My (Inosphere)&bl ijr esa vkosf”kr d.k ik;s tkrs gS] blhfy,
bls vk;u e.My dgrs gSA
&;g ijr 80fdeh&640fdeh dh mpkbZ ds e/; fLFkr gSA

&bl ijr dk mi;ksx i`Foh ij jsfM;ksa rjaxksa dh lgk;rk ls nwjlapkj lsokvksa
ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
&bl ijr esa feyus okys vkosf”kr d.k rFkk lw;Z ls vkus okys vkosf”kr d.k
/kqzoh; {ks=ksa ds mij i`Foh ds pqEcdh; {ks= ds lkFk ikjLifjd fdz;k djrs gSA
&bl fdz;k ds nkSjku bu vkosf”kr d.kksa }kjk QksVksu dk mRltZu fd;k tkrk
gS] ftlds dkj.k bu {ks=ksa esa vkdk”k esa jax fcjaxh izdk”k fdj.ksa mRiUu gksrh gS]
;gh ifj?kVuk /kqzoh; izdk”k dgykrh gSA
&bls mrjh /kzqoh; {ks=ksa esa vjksjk cksfj;kfyl dgk tkrk gS] tcfd n-/kqzoh; {ks=ksa
esa bls vjksjk vkWLVªsfyl dgk tkrk gSA
&vkosf”kr d.kksa rFkk jsfM;ks rjaxksa ds e/; gksus okyh fdz;k ds nkSjku m’e mtkZ
mRiUu gksrh gS bflfy, bl ijr esa mpkbZ c<+us ds lkFk&lkFk rkieku Hkh
c<+rk gSA
2- cgheZ.My (Exophere)&640fdeh& 10]000fdeh dh mPkkbZ ds e/; fLFkr gSA
&bl ijr ds ckgjh {ks=kas es rkieku 1700a ls- rd ik;k tkrk gSA
ok;qe.Myh; nkc(Atmospheric Pressure)

ok;q ds otu ds dkj.k i`FOkh dh lrg ij yxus okyk nkc ok;qe.Myh; nkc dgykrk gSA
&ok;qe.Myh; nkc dh bdkbZ& feyhckj
&ok;qe.Myh; nkc dh ekid& cSjksfeVj
D;kafs d i`Foh dh lrg ls m¡pkbZ c<+us ds lkFk&lkFk ok;q dh lkUnzrk de gksrh tkrh gS]
blhfy, ok;qe.Myh; nkc Hkh de gksrk tkrk gSA
izk;% rkieku c<us ds lkFk&lkFk ok;qe.Myh; nkc de gksrk tkrk gSA
T α 1/p
&ok;q ges”kk mPp ok;qe.Myh; {ks=ksa ls fuEu ok;qe.Myh; {ks=ksa dh vksj pyrh gSA
nks {ks=ksa esa feyus okys ok;qe.Myh; nkc esa vUrj dks nkc izo.krk dgk tkrk gSA
&nkc izo.krk (Pressure Defferential) ds dkj.k gh nkc izo.krk cy mRiUu gksrk gS]
ftlds dkj.k ok;q pyuk izkjaHk gksrh gSA
&nkc izo.krk cy dk eku c<+us ds lkFk lkFk ok;q dh xfr Hkh c<+rh tkrh gSA
&ok;q ij nkc izo.krk cy ds lkFk lkFk ?k’kZ.k rFkk dksfj;ksfyl cy Hkh yxrk gSA
i`FOkh dh ok;qnkc isfV;k¡ (Pressure Belts of Earth)
¼ok;q dh deh i`Foh ds ?kw.kZu ds dkj.k½

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https://t.me/UPSC_Prelims https://t.

uksV& [kxksyh; bdkbZ (Astronomical Unit)&bl bdkbZ dk mi;ksx lkSj e.My

1- ifjHkze.k (Rotation)&i`Foh }kjk viuh gh /kqjh ds pkjksa vksj dh tkus okyh

2- ifjHkze.k ds dkj.k gh i`Foh dh lrg ij (Coriolis Force) dksfj;ksfyl cy

& dksfj;ksfyl cy dk eku fo’kqor js[kk ij “kwU; gksrk gSA

2- ifjdze.k(Revolution)& i`Foh }kjk lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj dh tkus okyh o`rkdkj

&i`Foh ds ifjdze.k dk izHkko&i`Foh ij _rqvksa ds fuekZ.k rFkk /kzqoh; {ks=ksa eas 6

v{kak”k ,oa ns”kkUrj (Latitude and Longitude)

&,d Xyksc ij dqy 181 ekud v{kak”k n”kkZ;s tkrs gSA

&Xyksc ij dqy ^179 ekud v{kka”k js[kk,a n”kkZbZ tkrh gSA

Xyksc ij dqy 361 ^ekud ns”kkUrj^ n”kkZ;s tkrs gSa&

&ns”kkUrjkas dk mi;ksx LFkkuh; le; x.kuk ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

LFkkuh; le; x.kuk (Local Time Calculation)

f}fr; pj.k& nksukas LFkkuksa ds e/; ?k.Vksa dk vUrj fudkysA[∆L]

EBOOKS & UPSC PRELIMS USPC MAINS VIDEO FOR DAILY

SECUREIAS UPSC PRELIMS UPSC MAINS DELHI CIVILSERVICES

OPTIONAL SUBJECTS BOOKS, STATE PCS, SSC, BANKING

i`Foh dh vkUrfjd lajpuk (Internal Structure of the Earth)

Crust-Mantle ijr ds e/; ladze.k ijr Mohorovic Discontinuty

i. vUrosZf/k vkXus; pVVkuas& ftu vkXus; pV~Vkuksa dk fuekZ.k i`Foh dh lrg ds

3- dk;kUrfjr pV~Vkusa (Metamorphic Rocks)& vR;f/kd nkc rFkk rkieku

&Igneous / Sedmentary Rocks Pressure + Temprature =

- Granite Pressure Gneiss ( uhl )

- Limestone Pressure Marble

- Sandstone Pressure. Quartzite

- Peat P.T.. Lignite P.T.

Hkkjr esa Bituminous coal lokZf/kd feyrk gSA

IysV foorZfudh fl)kar (Plate Tectonics Theory)

1- vfHklkfjr IysV fdukjs& (Converging Plate Boundary)

&bu IysV fdukjksa ij nks LFkye.Myh; IysVksa dk vfHklj.k gksrk gSA

ii. egk}hih; & egklkxjh; vfHklj.k (Continental- oceanic Convergence)&

iii. egklkxjh; egklkxjh; vfHklj.k (Oceanic Oceanic COnvergence)& bu

2- vilkfjr IysV fdukjs (Diverging Plate Boundary)&

&bu {ks=ksa esa e/;e ls de rhozrk okys HkwdEi vkrs gSA

3- lajf{kr IysV fdukjs (Conservative Plate Boundary)s&

Climatology Tkyok;q foKku

3- tyok;q (Climate)& fdlh foLr`r Hkw&Hkkx ij ,d yEcs dky[k.M ds nkSjku

&tyok;q dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd&

Atmospheric Pressure@ok;qe.Myh; nkc - Milibar- Barometer

Distance From the Sea@leqnz ls nqjh - Kilometer

Altitude@leqnz ls m¡pkbZ – meter Altimeter

Cloude Cover@ckny - Octets- 8Parts esa le fdrus Hkkx = 1/8

Winds@iousa - Direction + speed- Anemometer

Insolation@lkSj rki- Joules/m3/ sec/ Pyrometer

5- le lkSj rki js[kk (Isohel)

1- ukbVªkstu& ok;qe.My esa feyus okyh ukbVªkstu xSl jklk;fud :i ls vlfdz;

2- vkWDlhtu&Toyu fdz;k ds fy, vko”;d gS ] bflfy, bl xSLk dk mi;ksx “olu

uksV&gfjr xzg izHkko Green House Effect

PPM ¾Parts Per Million

ok;qe.My dh lajpuk (Structure of Atmosphere)

2- lerki e.My (Stratosphere)&;g ijr {ks= lhek ls ysdj 50fdeh dh m¡pkbZ

3- e/;e.My (Mesosphere)& 50fdeh ls 80fdeh dh mpkbZ ds e/; fLFkrA

4- rkie.My (Thermosphere)&ok;qe.My dh lcls ckgjh ijr gSA

&;g ijr 80fdeh&640fdeh dh mpkbZ ds e/; fLFkr gSA

ok;qe.Myh; nkc(Atmospheric Pressure)

i`FOkh dh ok;qnkc isfV;k¡ (Pressure Belts of Earth)

¼ok;q dh deh i`Foh ds ?kw.kZu ds dkj.k½

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