RESOURCE MOBILIZATION AND FUNDRAISING

INTRODUCTION TO RESOURCE MOBILIZATION

MEANING OF RESOURCE MOBILIZATION
TYPES OF RESOURCES
IDENTIFICATION OF RESOURCES
IMPORTANCE OF RESOURCE MOBILIZATION

PHILANTHROPY AND DONOR PSYCHOLOGY

MEANING OF PHILANTHROPY AND DONOR PSYCHOLOGY
TYPES OF DONORS
IMPLICATION OF DONOR DEPENDENCY
STRATEGIES TO WIN DONOR SUPPORT
CASE STUDIES

RESOURCE MOBILIZATION APPROACHES

MEANING OF RESOURCE MOBILIZATION APPROACHES
PROCESS OF RESOURCE MOBILIZATION
GUIDELINES ON RESOURCE MOBILIZATION
IMPORTANCE OF BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS IN RESOURCE MOBILIZATION
LEGAL ISSUES IN RESOURCE MOBILIZATION

FUNDRAISING
MEANING OF FUNDRAISING
GUIDELINES TO FUNDRAISING
TOOLS USED IN FUNDRAISING
REASONS FOR FUNDRAISING
TYPES OF FUNDRAISING
METHODS OF WINNING SPONSORSHIPS
ROLE OF MEDIA IN FUNDRAISING
LEGAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS BIN FUNDRAISING
WAYS OF EVALUATING FUNDRAISING EVENTS
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN FUNDRAISING
CHALLENGES IN FUNDRAISING

FUNDRAISING PROCESS
FUNDRAISING PLANNING
MARKETING RESEARCH FOR FUNDRAISING
STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR FUNDRAISING
FUNDRAISING PROCESS

1
PROJECT PROPOSAL WRITING
MEANING OF PROPOSAL
FORMAT OF A PROJECT PROPOSAL
IMPORTANCE OF PROJECT PROPOSAL
CHALLENGES OF USING A PROPOSAL FOR FUNDRAISING AND RESOURCE MOBILIZATION
PROJECT PROPOSAL WRITING

EMERGING TRENDS
EMERGING TRENDS IN RESOURCE MOBILIZATION

TOPIC I: INTRODUCTION TO RESOURCE MOBILIZATION

Resources are the inputs that are used in the activities of a project; these are the things that are
required to ensure tat an organization undertakes its activities and programs effectively.
Organizations are required to take many activities; in order to implement its activities, it is
important that the organization secure resources to do so. This is known as resource
mobilization.
Resource management
This is the process by which resources are solicited by the organization and provided by donor
and partners.
Fundraising
The tern fundraising is used to refer to the process of mobilizing financial resources. The process
of mobilizing resources begins with the formulation of resource mobilization strategy; there may
be different strategies, however the strategy chosen should be informed by the following:
1. Program and activities of the organization
2. Duration of the programs and activities
3. The organization’s priorities
4. The resources available
Forms/Types of resources
1. Human resources – this includes individuals, professionals, organization members,
technical staff e.tc.

2
 2. Physical / capital resource – furniture, vehicles, motorcycles, office space
3. Financial / monitoring resources – money / funds
4. Material resources – raw material (natural resources)
5. Social resources – families, community, churches, groups, organization agencies
6. Natural resources – existing by mercy of nature e.g. minerals, sun, rain etc.
Identification of resources
1. State the human resources available in the locality / a project area of operation, in what
ways can they assist in the activities of a local community based organization
2. State the physical or capital resources available in the locality/ the project area of
operation
3. State the financial resource in the locality and in what way can they assist the project or
the activities of a local community based organization
Importance of resource mobilization
1. It increases the amount of resource available for an organization program / project
2. It creates greater sustainability – with more resource the organization can be able to
undertake its activities for a longer time.
3. It develops community links – the process of resource mobilization entails working
closely with the community thereby forging better links with the community.
4. It builds a pool of supporters – the organizations need a wide pool of supporters at any
given time so as to undertake its activities
5. Resource mobilization ensures that other stakeholders and partners participate in its
activities since it involves them
6. Successful local resource mobilization offers a way out of dependence on international
donors
7. It promotes equity in the distribution of resources thereby bringing about balanced
development
8. It leads to all round development that reduces regional disparity since it addresses
resource scarcity it reduces over competition over resources
9. Resource mobilization encourages the exploitation of the available for increased
development

3
 10. Through resource mobilization there is optimum use of resources thus reducing wastage
11. It can encourage an all inclusive project / program implementation
TOPIC II: PHILANTHROPY AND DONOR PSYCHOLOGY
Meaning of philanthropy
The word philanthropy comes from Greek word
Philos – the love
Anthropos – human being
It therefore means the strong love for humanity shown by practical kindness and helpfulness. It
shows a strong wish to help human beings expressed by giving donation to causes that help other
people.
Philanthropy is synonymous with humanitarianism.
Donor philanthropy
This constitutes the foreign aid to the developing world, it is usually given to jump start or
stimulate the least developed economies.
The western donor philanthropy has brought about a donor concept of dependence on a system
from out side to support development projects or programs in the developing countries.
Today many third world countries are always receiving foreign aid on which they over-depend.
Donor psychology
This is the state of the mind in relation to giving to the society
Today, the developing countries depend on donors for aid to such on extent that it has become
the normal state of the mind in relation to assistance.
The donor psychology has brought about a dependency syndrome of an overdependence on
assistance.
Today many donors receive for more appeals than they can probably fund.
Donors are not in the habit of contributing towards salvaging organization from financial
problems. They generally invest in projects that have a positive impact to the community or
nation.
Donors give to help people; they think that their contributions constitute an investment in
changing the lives of the people.

4
Most donors give priority to programmes that focus on small seal community development,
training and empowerment.
They also give priority to programmers that are at “integral development” i.e. development that
takes into consideration all aspects of life.
Categories of Donors
1. Material oriented donors: these are donors that give material assistance e.g. machinery,
electronics, equipment, books etc.
2. Finance oriented donors; these are the donors that specialized in giving money or funds
e.g. DFID (Department of funding International Development), British Oxfary.
3. Capacity building donors; these donors focus on human resource development and
enhancement of community ability, attitude, skills, knowledge, potential etc. (Plan
International and Project Agribusiness)
4. Advisory oriented donors; they offer advisory services or expertise on various technical
or logistical issues. They are consultancy donors.
5. Project oriented donors; these donors’s major focus is the provision of sponsorship for
projects generally aimed at benefitting communities.
Types of donors
1. Foreign governments and Bilateral development cooperation – this include major
players in the field e.g. DFID, CIDA, SIDA, USAID and embassies and special
government funds that deals with particular priorities.
2. Hybrid donors – these may be sector related or a combination of the major players. They
include NGOs like CARE, OXFAM, Agakhan Foundation, and Ford Foundation which
fund program activities or carry out their own.
3. Faith-based giving – while many faith based organizations carry out their own
development programs, many also give funds to activities they support e.g. Catholic
Relief Services, National Council of Churches of Kenya, Supreme Council of Kenyan
Muslims.
Implication of Donor Dependency
 Dependency reduces the level of responsibility in places where donor funds are
misappropriated and viewed as free money

5
  Those in charge generally lack financial responsibility
 Donor assistance comes with a condition, this may be political or economic conditions
but with social implications posed by the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and
other donor in the early 1990’s on developing countries affected the poor more negatively
 Donor dependency make people stares in serving the interest of the donor
 It reduces the level of self reliance
 It reduces innovation – people who depend on donors lock the vigour to come up with
new ideas
 It reduces the creativity
 Lack of sustainability – dependency will make recipients fail the measure of carrying out
the project after the termination of donor funding
 It only offers temporary solution to other problems
 It makes people lack local solution to their problems
 It makes people lack local solution to their problems
 Their sense of local resource mobilization is lowered
Strategies to win donor support
Donor fears
1. Communicating the needs of the organization to its potential donors
2. Understanding that you are competing for limited funds with the countries
3. The appeal for funds must be realistic and practical and it must reflect the real need for an
organization
4. Traditionally, donors looked at character, credibility and collateral
5. Understand donor application procedure
6. Keep in mind your donor
7. Don’t seek for double funding without informing the first donor
8. Understanding that donors want to help people in needs
9. Understand donor priorities
10. Always let donors know how much you would like to give
11. Always tell the truth
12. Respect the privacy of beneficiary and donors
6
 13. Always learn to recognize donors
14. Never divert donors funds
15. Don’t invest donor funds in a saving account so as to earn interest
16. Project holders should not keep donor funds for along time in their account if they are
meant to be channeled
17. Submit accountability and transparency
18. Observe accountability and transparency
Strategies / approaches of winning donor support
 Carry out a survey or a community need assessment. This is important because it helps
the community
1. Identify their problem
2. Prioritize
3. Own the project
 Identify the most viable project
 Commit the people to the project
 Identify ways and means of ensuring sustainability of the project
 Have a good strategy of ensuring transparency
 Establish a good monitory and evaluation strategy
Qualities of a good resource mobilizer
1. Ought to be professionally trained – must have the requisite expertise which comes
through training in areas such as resource mobilization and resource utilization
2. Must have technical know-how in resources implementation
3. Must have good interpersonal relationship with people
4. Must be patient and committed to the course
5. Must be transparent and accountable in their dealings
6. They must be creative and innovative – they must be able to put idle resources into use
and to bring utility out of dormant resources
7. They must be good organizers with good networks with other stakeholders or partners
8. Must have high integrity which comes through honesty
9. Must be good speakers with good listening skills

7
 10. Must be able to develop people’s problem into their proposals for funds
11. Must know how to develop partnership with potential funders / donors

TOPIC II: RESOURCE MOBILIZATION APPROACHES

This refers to different methods that can be used to bring together financial, material , human
support for development program or project.
Development project here mean – any venture that a community sets out to do in order to
enhance or better their livelihood.
Types of Approaches
1. Fundraising – this aims at raising financial resources from within and outside the
community engaged in the project. There are different or several methods of fundraising
e.g. Harambee
2. Cost sharing – this approach implies part sharing of the total cost of a given project. The
sharing is between the project community and government or donors. Cost sharing can be
at two level of project either at initial / initiation or continuous.
3. Proposal writing - a request is prepared and planned in a wish list. It is a request for
support or funding. It usually targets the government, donors or financial institutions e.g.
IMF, World Bank, ADB, Commercial banks
4. Donor support – donor support does not necessary arise from proposal writing however
most of the donor support arise as a result of proposal writing.
5. Government support – the government may deliberately offer to support different
development sectors through various policies and plans
6. Community support – community can support project both through fundraising and cost
sharing; this is where members of the community provide resources to support the project
7. Philanthropy – resources can sometimes come from philanthropy for individuals,
professional grouping and foundations.
8. Church support – churches are known to be providing support e.g. in schools, hospitals,
spiritual support.
Process of resource mobilization
The process of resource mobilization and activities goes through the following:

8
 1. Objective and social setting: for the resource and mobilization process to succeed there
is need to identify the objective and goal of which the resources are generated. This will
help identifying various activities that are to be carried out throughout the process input
that is needed time, time for the mobilization, expected output and the indicators.
2. Identifying sources: this involves identifying possible sources of resources e.g. donors,
community through cost sharing, government agencies.
3. Evaluating source of resources: this involves looking at the viability or potentiality of
the source / sponsor asking the degree to which to depend on the possible source.
Evaluation is important in resource mobilization because;
 It helps analyze the progress
 It helps identify resource gaps
 To understand/identify the magnitude of the need
 It reduces uncertainty
 It helps in analysis of the process of resource mobilization activities
4. Building capacity and consortia (partnership) – a consortia is a grouping that is
coming together to achieve a given goal. Building capacity involves making people in the
groups aware of the existing resources and bringing innovation and creativity in an
existing hidden resources.
Building of consortia or partnership has the following benefits in resource mobilization
1) It ensures that the combination efforts of the people
2) It makes the case more appealing
3) It brings about diversification of resource identification and mobilization
4) It builds teamwork
5) It reduces duplication of resources
6) It instills confidence in donors
7) It portrays a sense of sincerity
8) It makes cost sharing more possible
9) It reduces wastage and safe of resources
10) It diversifies knowledge and skills through teamwork

9
 5. Making appeals – this is making of request for resources and it can be done through the
media, proposal writing or the use of previous donors through linkages.
6. Accountability and reporting – there is need for accountability in reporting, this
includes auditing the resources, giving the full report of the resources used and a report
on the project accomplishment level.
Role of the media in resource mobilization / fundraising
1. Media tends to highlight the needs of the society e.g. hunger, diseases, low level of
development
2. Highlighting the participation of donors e.g. through the coverage of donor activities
3. The media can highlight the short forms of the government in an activity/ project that
have failed to be completed despite consuming a lot of resource
4. The media highlights where implementation is substandard
5. It highlights how the already acquired resources are being used this help reduce the
possibility of mismanagement of resource and corruption
6. The media identifies the gap between different people’s needs such that it is known
where resource is most needed.
7. The media plays the role of advocacy and lobbying

TOPIC IV: FUNDRAISING

Is the method of raising or mobilizing of financial resources
It involves bringing people together for the same (fundraising) purpose of raising funds. In
Kenya fundraising as a concept is synonymous with the concept of harambee which means
pulling together. Harambee is a rallying call to mobilize people towards self help.
Harambee has been adapted in different spheres to raise funds
Guidelines to fundraising or resource mobilization
1. Identification of the need – this involves identifying a given immediate need e.g. water,
education, health etc. and the most appropriate project or program through which it can be
met.
2. Formation of a fundraising committee – this is the group of people to bear the
responsibility with the mandate to ensure the success of the fundraising activity. The

10
 committee would be responsible for planning, implementation, evaluation of the fundraising
exercise.
3. Identification of the fundraising inputs – this involves funding out the things that are
needed for the success of the exercise e.g. advertisement, fees for fundraising venue, card,
public address system, master ceremony
4. Establishment of the target amount – this is about how much is to be raised or the deficit
for the accomplishment of an ongoing project
5. Establish the purpose of the fundraising – this is about identifying specific goals or
objectives, the intents or reasons of the fundraising
6. Establish the modalities / tools for ensuring transparency and accountability – this may
involve electing trustworthy official, appointing auditors and opening a bank account.
7. Identify the people to be involved in the fundraising – this may include master of
ceremony, chief guest and other guest
Methods or tools for fundraising
1. Posters: these are the use of papers strategically placed to create awareness about the
fundraising. Normally posters ought to be attractive in order to hold people’s attention.
Posters are useful as they have little fundraising impact especially in the rural areas. This is
because they may not have direct response and only act as an awareness medium. Effective
poster should be in strategic position where the public can have the chance of seeing them.
Volunteers can distribute posters or stick them on strategic places.
2. Letters: letters can be written directly to prospective donors. They can best be used by
having clear messages. They can be best be used to acquire new donors to renew or upgrade
donors or lapsed don or etc. Mails for fundraising should be as frequent as the need may be.
3. Fundraising on the internet: the internet has today become the important tool for
fundraising. Organizations can raise funds through the internet by building their own site in
the internet. Through the site they readily make appeal for the funds. Through the internet
organizations can send e-mails to potential donors. The internet can also be used to advertise
organization activities.
4. Proforma: is a tabulated card / paper with provision for name and amount of money
requesting for financial contributions

11
5. Business cards
6. Auctions
7. Raffle tickets
8. Lottery e.g. Kenya charity sweepstake
Reasons for fundraising and resource mobilization
1) To promote group and individual ownership of projects or programs
2) It is a quick way of raising funds and resources
3) It promotes a sense of unity in resource mobilization
4) It promotes a sense of social integration by involving a large number of members of the
community
5) It encourages people to operate in a formal, organized and procedural manner
6) It promotes local dependency as opposed to donor dependency
Types of fundraising
1. Fundraising from individual
2. Fundraising from donors
Assignment
1. Define the term fundraising from individual and fundraising from the donor community
2. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of fundraising from individual and fundraising
from donor community
3. Outline the strategies for successfully raising funds through fundraising from individuals
and fundraising from the donors
Methods of winning sponsorship
1. Seeking for scholarship – i.e. support for academic programs; scholarship can be either
partial or full. Scholarship also depends on an organization in area of interest e.g. medicine,
engineering etc.
2. Nomination of project and programs – this is usually done by either the government or the
don or community which select or dominate which project / program to sponsor and where.
Those seeking sponsorship must therefore know the program for seeking sponsorship.

12
3. Be aware of competition - this implies giving of sponsorship based on qualification /
performances. There may be a support and tendency is then done and best candidate
awarded sponsorship support.
4. Crisis or problem solving scenario – may also determine whether sponsorship may be
given or not
5. Donor sympathy – organization must know that there is a possibility that some donors
would intervene funds being solicited for.
Legal issues in resource mobilization (fundraising)
 Fundraising activities must protect the environment and conservation of environment
 Fundraising activities must identify alternative resources
 Fundraising activities must take in consideration all government policies including their
legality
 They must address issues of equity – fair distribution and social justice or the greater
good
 They should address legal issues related to cost and time
 They must address the issue of protection of the right to persons property
 Where community endorsement is required, the requirement must be met
 They must be tainted with criminal methods
 The method must be free and corruption or impersonalization
 All funds collected must be properly accounted for
Ways and means of evaluating fundraising activities (indicators/events)
1. The target amount: the targeted amount can be used as the reference point / indicator for
the success or otherwise for fundraising activities. When targeted amount is realized we say
the success is met.
2. The actual amount realized or raised: this is also an effective indicator of the success
3. The response anticipated donors: the don or who have participated in fundraising, the
number of donors in fundraising process
4. The contribution of the potential donor: how much each donor contributes towards a
fundraising will determine the success or failure of the fundraising.
Factors to consider in fundraising
13
1. Intended project, program and its costs
2. The targeted amount to be raised through fundraising activities i.e. whether it is the full cost
or initial cost of a project
3. Available alternative source of funds other than the fundraising
4. The communities response to the fundraising initiative
5. The targeted potential donors have to be considered
6. The nature and scope of the fundraising, whether the fundraising is the main source or is
supplementary source of fund
7. The financial material and human cost of the fundraising
8. The level of commitment and involvement of the members of the community
9. He mobilization and sensitization required for the success of the activity must be taken into
consideration and be carried out
10. The location/site/venue of the fundraising event greatly determine the success or otherwise
of the fundraising activities or events
Challenges in fundraising
1. Lack of accounting and transparency
2. Lack of proper coordination and implementation
3. Lack of proper mobilization of people
4. Lack of resource
5. Conmenship of people
6. Poor attitude of the project
7. Lack of member’s commitment
8. Uncertainty and unpredictable proper outcome
9. Poor identification of tool and method of fundraising
10. Showmanship and competition
11. Illegality
12. Formalities
13. Inhumanities
Fundraising process

14
Fundraising generally will not be seen to be complete until effective planning, proper marketing
research and a strategy laid down for the exercise
It encompasses practical engagement and the actual implementation of the plans to make it a
success
1. Fundraising planning
This is carried out in different stages
1. Selling the idea to the people (community members and other stakeholders)
2. Mobilizing a small group of people out of the project of the community; this can be done
in that every section or fraction of the people is represented. Here factors such as sex,
age, culture, interest, attitude, literary etc. may be considered
3. Formation of a committee – this involves drawing up a steering committee from the
bigger group
4. Setting a date – the date(s) should be very flexible taking into account the interest of all
players
5. Establish the target in terms of the amount to be raised.
2. Marketing research and fundraising
This has to do with how to publicize and to create awareness about fundraising plans through
information.
It includes issues even as establishing the appropriate and convincing date for the people. The
time available and enough for mobilization, survey, meetings etc.
The targeted people are also established through the research this may include those who are
likely to contribute highly, those who have good teamwork in the supporting areas.
Research on venue considering factors such as accessibility, availability, expenses, power source
and sanitation
Collection tool and development e.g. forms, cards, bank accounts. This will ensure that the funds
are exhaustively collected and all the planned participants accorded opportunity in participation /
contribution.
Research on awareness creation and mobilization e.g. the best media to use; here to be
considered in the cost, accessibility, coverage etc
3. Strategic planning for fundraising

15
Deciding in advance when to do it, who to do it, where to do it, how to do it with the best option.
This is important in fundraising because
1. It enhances efficiency and effectiveness
2. It allows for timely accomplishment of the fundraising schedules
3. It ensures accurate evaluation of the fundraising activities
4. It allows adequate and easy monitoring of the fundraising activities

TOPIC V: PROJECT PROPOSAL WRITING

To propose means to state an intention
A proposal is therefore a detailed statement listing the requirements determining the achievement
of certain goals.
Proposals can be used as a method of raising funds
A project proposal therefore a plan wish list stating in a systematic way important information
about the project and cost of working it out.
Project personal writing is therefore an important skill that every fundraiser should possess. This
is because good proposals communicate the need of the organization to potential supporters and
forms the basis upon which may funders decide whether or not to make a grant or to give a grant.
Project proposal format (project proposal outline)
A good project proposal should contain the following section
Sections
1. Title page
2. Table of content
3. Executive Summary
4. Introduction
5. Project context / justification
6. Problem statement
7. Objectives
8. Anticipated outcome/results
9. Work scope/implemented plan
10. Project monitoring and evaluation

16
 11. Project budget
12. Report of the project (progress of the project)
13. Project sustainability
14. Appendices
There are variations of these outlines
Some donors requires project proposal to follow their guideline
1. Title page: this should be very short, a good title is required because it tell what kind of a
project it is and sometimes who target group is. This page is important to include a date at
the bottom of the title page.
2. Table of content: this should be kept in one page
3. Executive Summary: this tells what the project is about. It gives the background
information of the organization and of the project. It contains the name of the group or
organization, address, telephone; fax etc. the physical location, the organization present
activities, the vision of the project, a problem statement, a project team, project goals and
objectives, justification and rationale of the project: these are the valid reasons for which
funding is required. It justifies the need to solve a problem and the need to fund the
project; partner organization if any. The summary section should be short preferably one
page but not longer than two page; sometimes it may be easier to write the summary last
4. Introduction: the introduction links the project to the organization mission and goals,
ideally should not be more than one page
5. Project context/justification: this defines the conditions surrounding the problem. This
section must not be too long; ideally it should be two pages.
 Documentation and other material can be annexed (attached)
 This section should present a brief history of the people, the social, economic,
health and other conditions highlighting those that the project will impact on
 Here also the organization involvement in the project region should be
presented.
Project context outline
 Describe the history and the behaviour
 Describe the social, economic, health and other conditions

17
  What is the organization involvement in the region
 What are others doing to address this problem
 What plan do they have in addressing the problem e.g. NGO, government, the
community.
6. Problem statement: this should be concise descriptive statement of the problems and
needs to be addressed; how the problem impacts the lives of the people who are the
project target group.
7. Project goals/objectives: always try to present a simple one sentence goal statement.
This lets anybody interested know what your organization tend to do to address the
problem. Objectives should state in measurable terms, who will benefit the time frame
needed to achieve it. Objective should be S – Specific
M – Measurable
A - Attainable (achievable)
R – Realistic
T – Time bound (duration/period)
8. Anticipated results/tangible results: are those that are measurable and found in the
objectives. Intangible results on the other hand cannot be easily measured and may not be
contained in the objectives. Intangible results are also referred to as assumptions. Project
assumptions that something is going to happen as a result of the project. What happens
here may not have direct benefit in the project.
N/B: If the proposal does not have a separate section for assumption they may fast appear as
paragraph alongside the anticipated results.
9. Work scope / project implementation path: this is a detailed implementation plan of
the project. It should be presented in a step by step function of activities. Here mention
those who are involved in planning the project and how they will participate in its
implementation. It also includes the number and personally needed in project
implementation. They may provide their qualifications whether they are available locally
and how they will be recruited. Describe the action plan and methods, present the project
in phases and for each step describe the resources needed. Avoid mentioning funds and
this is better take for the budget section. Indicate the alternatives available for the plan or

18
 actions and why they were not chosen. This is the section off the project which clearly
defines how the project is going to be carried out and achieve its objectives.
10. Project monitoring and evaluation: this section tells how and when the project will be
evaluated. The evaluation should be designed to determine how well the objectives
should be achieved. The section should include
 The persons to undertake the evaluation
 Time period for evaluation
 How the data or information will be recorded, analyzed and presented
 Criteria fro evaluating outcomes or achievement
 How and to whom evaluations will be presented
 How the evaluations will be used by the project
Evaluation can employ many kinds of indicators i.e.
Operational indicators – here numbers are recorded to describe the project activities
Performance indicators – used to analyze effectiveness and efficiency. Data is expressed in
terms of percentages and ratios.
The evaluation section should also address problems and what can solve them.
It simple statement can be made in the proposal that is problems will be addressed.

Project budget
Good budgets must be realistic in order to ensure the project inputs or costs can achieve outputs.
A good budget must therefore:
 Be expressed on a yearly basis
 Must show cost in currency either in US dollar or local currency
 Must also show local funds and other resources available
 The expenditures may be developed according to
 Personal needs
 Equipment and material
 Technical cost
 Office costs etc.
Some hints
19
When presenting salary cost, calculate the month salary times 12 months to arrive at one year
salary. Show fringe benefits in a separate line item from salaries. Remember some countries have
13th to 15th month bonus besides other benefits
Importance of proposal writing
1. Proposal can be used to seek for external support for the project
2. They can be used to rally people for a project
3. Proposal help in assessing the progress of a project – they can be used to monitor and
evaluate the failure or the success of the project
4. Through proposals donor can be appreciated
5. Proposal can be used to acquire multi – sponsorship for a project
Challenges in using proposals
1. Proposal writing is time consuming and generally technical
2. Raising funds through proposal requires donors’ confidence which may not be reflected
in the proposal
3. Security donors through proposals may not be very easy
4. Many donor attach conditionality which project groups may not necessary have or
agreeable to meet
5. Writing proposals tend to be tedious and mind boggling

EMERGING TRENDS IN RESOURCE MOBILIZATION

An increased demand for scarce resource

20
21