Phishing

- is a type of social engineering attack often used to steal user data, including login
credentials and credit card numbers. It occurs when an attacker, masquerading as a trusted
entity, dupes a victim into opening an email, instant message, or text message.

Types of Phishing
Email Phishing
- Phishing is when attackers send malicious emails designed to trick people into falling for a
scam. Typically, the intent is to get users to reveal financial information, system credentials
or other sensitive data.

Whaling
- Whaling is a highly targeted phishing attack - aimed at senior executives - masquerading
as a legitimate email. Whaling is digitally enabled fraud through social engineering, designed
to encourage victims to perform a secondary action, such as initiating a wire transfer of
funds.

Spear Phishing
- Spear phishing is an email or electronic communications scam targeted towards a specific
individual, organization or business. Although often intended to steal data for malicious
purposes, cybercriminals may also intend to install malware on a targeted user’s computer.

Vishing
- Vishing, a combination of ‘voice’ and ‘phishing,’ is a phone scam designed to get you to
share personal information.

How to avoid a Phishing Attack?

- BE WARY OF POP-UPS
- VERIFY THE SITE
- CHECK YOUR ACCOUNTS REGULARLY
- USE AN ANTI VIRUS SOFTWARE

How can you tell if someone is phishing on your account?

- Your software or app itself is phishing
- Receiving a mysterious text or call
- You’ve “won” something
- Your social media accounts are being weaponized
- URL doesn't look right

Human Trafficking
- Human trafficking is the trade of humans for the purpose of forced labour, sexual slavery,
or commercial sexual exploitation for the trafficker or others. This may encompass providing
a spouse in the context of forced marriage, or the extraction of organs or tissues, including
for surrogacy and ova removal. Human trafficking can occur within a country or
trans-nationally. Human trafficking is a crime against the person because of the violation of
the victim's rights of movement through coercion and because of their
commercial exploitation. Human trafficking is the trade in people, especially women and
children, and does not necessarily involve the movement of the person from one place to
another.

Human trafficking involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or
commercial sex act. Every year, millions of men, women, and children are trafficked
worldwide. It can happen in any community and victims can be any age, race, gender, or
nationality. Traffickers might use the following methods to lure victims into trafficking
situations:
• Violence

• Manipulation

• False promises of well-paying jobs

Acts
- RECRUITING
- TRANSPORTING
- HARBOURING
- RECEIVING

Means
- THREATS
- FORCE
- ABDUCTION
- DECEPTION
- ABUSE POWER
- GIVING PAYMENTS OR BENEFITS

Purpose
- Exploitation

Different types of Human Trafficking

- Sex Trafficking
- Forced Labor
- Domestic Servitude

Declaration Against Trafficking in Persons

United nations office of drugs and crime (UNODC)
What is the percentage of child victims of human trafficking?
- 27%
- 27% of trafficking victims are children.More than two-thirds of trafficking victims fall into this
category, including more than 10 million adults and nearly 4 million children.Where is human
trafficking most common in Asia?One of the most notorious regions for this industry is South
East Asia. Countries such as Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, China, and India maintain some of
the highest rates of human trafficking cases as well as some of the worst human rights
violations (US State Department).

3 Ways to stop human trafficking

- Watch for signs of human trafficking
- Become an advocate
- Report suspicions

People Media
- REFERS TO PERSONS THAT ARE INVOLVED IN THE USE, ANALYSIS, EVALUATION,
AND PRODUCTION OF MEDIA INFORMATION.

2 Types of People Media

- PEOPLE AS MEDIA
- PEOPLE IN MEDIA

PEOPLE AS MEDIA
- THEY ARE THE MEDIA ITSELF. A person serves as the medium for another person to
learn or acquire new knowledge and information.

Types of People as Media

OPINION LEADERS
- An opinion leader is a leader for a certain group who gives details and information to lesser
active persons in the group.

SOCIAL JOURNALISTS
- Journalists make use of social media to make their content available to more people.
Professional journalists and average citizens who contribute news work together for public
awareness.

CITIZEN JOURNALISTS
- Are people without professional journalism training that uses the tools of modern
technology and internet to create, augment or fact - check media on their own or in
collaboration with others.

EXAMPLES OF SOCIAL JOURNALISM

Buzzfeed
Forbes
GMA

CROWDSOURCER
- A crowdsourcer i s the perSon who obtains needed services , ideas , or content by
soliciting contributions from a large group of people and especially from the online
community.
PEOPLE IN MEDIA
- THEY ARE THE PEOPLE BEHIND ANOTHER FORM OF MEDIA. They use other forms of
media such as text media, visual media, multimedia, etc .in disseminating information and
imparting knowledge.

Types of People in Media

PRINT JOURNALISTS
- These are people who have gone through training in journalism writing. They generally
report in newspapers and magazines.

BROADCAST JOURNALISTS
- They are who we often see on television, giving us updates on local, national, and world
events. They are skilled not just in journalism, but also in public speaking.

PHOTO-JOURNALISTS
- They are physically and emotionally attached to their high-end cameras which they use to
capture important scenes and events from the surroundings which carry with them stories
that impact society as a whole.

MULTIMEDIA JOURNALISTS
- They are the ones who have abilities in accessing, evaluating, and producing information
using several forms of media. Mostly, they make use of social networking sites to connect to
the masses for easy and wider dissemination of their reliable news stories.

Text Information and Media

What is Text?
- A simple and flexible format of presenting information or conveying ideas whether
hand-written, printed or displayed on-screen.
- Any ‘’human-readable sequence of characters’’ that can form intelligible words.

TYPES OF TEXT AND COMMON FILE FORMATS

HYPERTEXT
- Serve to link different electronic documents and enable users to jump from one to other in a
nonlinear way.

PLAINTEXT or UNFORMATTED TEXT

- Fixed sized characters having essentially the same type of appearance.

FORMATTED TEXT
- Appearance can be changed using font parameters (bold, underline, italic, font size, font
color, etc.)
What is Typeface?
- Also called font, font type, or type
- refers to the representation or style of a text in the digital format
- Usually comprised of alphabets, numbers, punctuation marks, symbols and other special
characters.

Types of Typefaces
Serif
- Connotes formality and readability in large amount of text
- Gives a classic or elegant look

Sans Serif
- Brings a clean and minimalist look to the text
- Primarily used in web page design

Slab Serif
- Carries a solid or heavy look to the text
- Can be used for large advertising sign on billboard

Script
- Draws much attention to itself because of its brush-like strokes
- Usually used in wedding invitation cards or other formal events

DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND ELEMENTS

1. Emphasis
- refers to the importance or value given to a part of the text-based content
- to make a point or highlighting a message, you can make the text bold, italicized, have a
heavier weight, darkened or lightened (depending on your background color) or enlarged

2. Appropriateness
- refers to how fitting or suitable the text is used for a specific audience, purpose or event
- as for the choice of typefaces to be used, refer to the discussion of the characteristics of
the fonts.

3. Proximity
- refers to how near or how far are the text elements from each other • when two things are
closely related, we bring them close together
- for example, the main title and subtitle are usually placed close to each other

4. Alignment
- refers to how the text is positioned in the page (left, center, right, or justified)

5. Organization
- refers to a conscious effort to organize the different text elements in a page
- ensures that while some text elements are separated from each other (based on the
principle of proximity), they are still somehow connected with the rest of the elements in the
page.
6. Repetition
- concerns consistency of elements and the unity of the entire design
- encourages the use of repeating some typefaces within the page

7. Contrast
- creates visual interest to text elements
- achieved when two elements are different from each other
- can be achieved in various ways, by joining the following elements: white text on a dark
background, dark text on a white background, large font with a small font, serif and sans
serif, thin elements with thin elements, cool color and warm color.

VISUAL INFORMATION AND MEDIA

Visual media are images or frames of images that we can construct and reconstruct to give
different meaning to it. We can observe it with photographs, videos, infographics, comics,
memes and other objects that project an image.

We create meaning of what we see by using different types of Visual Information.

Types of Visual Information:

1. Facial expression. We tend to analyze emotions and actions of people by reading facial
and eye expressions.

2. Body Language. Postures and gestures can mean more than words. We predict people’s
motives and emotions by reading body language.

3. Color. Most of us give meaning to colors based on preferences, culture, experiences and
human psychology. We might think that the color blue is a masculine color and symbol of
peace. Most companies prefer blue because it represents trust but it also means loneliness
and mourning for other cultures.

4. Environment. We observe the environment we see and give interpretations of the

situation of the people in the environment.

5. Symbols. Hand gestures, icons, brand logos, landmarks, emoji are some of the symbols
that we interpret every day.

We can produce good visual media by understanding the different Visual Design Principles
and Elements.

Design Elements is the use of colors, space, texture, and other components in an artistic
representation.

Elements:
1. Space. Using the canvas, you can use some spaces to creatively produce stunning and
clever designs. Use spaces to make a direct message since it creates focus to other
elements making it stand out.
2. Lines. Use lines to guide the viewer’s focal point and separate objects in your design. Use
straight lines for order and neatness, wavy lines for more movement, and zig-zagged lines
for tension or excitement.

3. Size. Use different sizes of your objects in your design to show the relative importance of
objects and information.

4. Pattern. Designs with repeating objects like lines and shapes forming patterns can be
aesthetically appealing giving a sense of order to a design. Repetition is a crucial element in
branding design for consistency.

5. Texture. Textures give designs a sense of realistic effects. It can add tactility and depth.
However, use this technique in moderation as it may overwhelm your design.

6. Colors. Different colors set the mood and tone of your designs. Color has a psychological
impact on us. It is very important to understand the different meanings of each common
color according to human perception.

Design Principles describe the ways that artists use elements of art in a work of art.

Principles:
1. Focal Point. Make sure to make the important objects of your design be noticeable first
by the viewer.

2. Contrast. It can make your design more visually appealing by making other objects
pop-out from other objects of your design. Contrast maybe the difference of two elements of
your design like black and white or thin and thick.

3. Balance. Always distribute the visual weight of objects, colors, texture, and space.

4. Rhythm. Using lines, you can direct the viewers in your design. This includes vertical,
horizontal, and diagonal lines. Use this technique to convey different motions and emotions.

5. Perspective. Use this principle to provide depth in your designs. This will give a better
view and allows the viewers to have empathy to your message or subjects in the image.

6. Unity. Using all the objects consistently or cohesively in your design allows the viewers to
understand the message or story of your image.

Infographics are graphic visual representations of information, data or knowledge intended

to present information quickly and clearly.
AUDIO INFORMATION AND MEDIA
What is Audio?
- An audio describes any sound or noise in a range the human ear can hear.
- An audio signal is measured in hertz and on a computer is generated using a sound
card and heard through speakers or headphones.

Audio is a sound within the range of human hearing

Audio – relating to or employed in the transmission, reception or reproduction of sound.
Reception – the action or process of receiving something sent, given, or inflicted.
Transmission – the action or process of transmitting something or the state of being
transmitted.

AUDIO MEDIA
Media communication that uses audio or recordings to deliver and transfer information
through the means of sound.

☐ May refer to audio formats.

☐ May refer to analog tape cassettes and digital CD’s, computer files containing audio, in
any number of digital formats
TYPES AND CATEGORIES OF AUDIO INFORMATION
1. DIFFERENT FORMS OF AUDIO WE CAN PRODUCE AND RECORD
▷ RADIO BROADCAST – live or recorded audio sent through radio waves to reach wide
audience.

▷ SOUND CLIPS/EFFECT – any sound, other than music or speech, artificially reproduced
to create an effect in a dramatic presentation, as the sound of a storm or a creaking door.

▷SOUND RECORDING – recording of an interview, meeting, or any sound from the

environment.

▷ MUSIC – vocal and/or instrumental sound combined in such a way as to produce beauty of
form, harmony, and expression of emotion. It is composed and performed for many
purposes, ranging from aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, or as an
entertainment product.

2. DIFFERENT WAYS OF STORING AUDIO MEDIA

▷ TAPE – magnetic tape on which sound can be recorded.

▷ USB DRIVE – an external flash drive, small enough to carry on a key ring, that can be
used with any computer that has a USB port.

▷ CD – a plastic-fabricated, circular medium for recording, storing, and playing back audio,
video, and computer data.

▷ MEMORY CARD – is a small storage medium used to store data such as text, pictures,
audio, and video, for use on small, portable, or remote computing devices.

▷ COMPUTER HARD DRIVE – secondary storage devices found in personal computers and
can store audio files.

3. COMMON AUDIO FILE FORMATS

▷ MP3 (MPEG AUDIO LAYER) – a common format for consumer audio, as well as a
standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of music on most digital
audio players.

▷ M4A/AAC (MPEG-4 AUDIO/ADVANCED AUDIO CODING) – an audio coding standard

for lossy digital audio compression. Designed to be the successor of the MP3 format, AAC
generally achieves better sound quality than mp3 at similar bit rates.

▷ WAV – is a Microsoft audio file format standard for storing an audio bitstream on PCs. It
has become a standard file format for game sounds, among others.

▷ WMA (WINDOWS MEDIA AUDIO) – is an audio data compression technology developed

by Microsoft and used with Windows Media Player
Elements of Sound Design.
The objects or things that we have to work with:
▷ DIALOGUE – speech, conversation, voice-over.

▷ WATERFALL – as first element fades out, the second element begins at full volume. Better
for voice transitions, than for

▷ SOUND EFFECTS – any sound other than music or dialogue.

▷ MUSIC – vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) combined in such a way as to produce
beauty of form, harmony, and expression of emotion.

▷ SILENCE – absence of audio or sound.

PRINCIPLES OF SOUND DESIGN.

The techniques for combining the different elements or objects.
▷ MIXING – the combination, balance and control of multiple sound elements.

▷ PACE – time control. Editing. Order of events: linear, non-linear, or multi-linear.

▷ TRANSITIONS – how you get from one segment or element to another.

▷ STEREO IMAGING – using left and right channel for depth.

Motion Information and Media

Motion Picture - is a series of images projected on screen in rapid succession. The slight
changes of positions and movements of each image makes an illusion of motion, which are
called frames. Motion media project 24 images in 1 second and these are saved in digital
format called video

Types of motion picture

Traditional animation - It is an animation technique in which each frame is individually
drawn by the artist.

Computer animation - The art of creating animation using a computer. It can be in a form of
(2d) two-dimensional or three dimensional (3d).

Film - A series of moving pictures that have been recorded and shown on screens. It is
recorded using a motion picture camera.

Stop motion animation - It is a technique used to bring static objects to create an illusion of
movement. Objects like clay figures, puppets and miniatures are often used by moving in
increments while filming each for 1 frame.
Combination of visual effects - Most of the films today use computer generated images
(CGI) for special effects like environment manipulation and character models.

Camera Shots
Extreme Long Shot - Also known as Establishing Shot, it sets up the context for a scene by
showing a large amount of landscape to establish a general setting.

Long Shot - It may show landscape but focuses on a specific setting where the action will
take place.

Fullshot - This shows the entire object or character intended to place some relationship
between characters and environment.

Mid-shot - Also known as social shot, it shows the character from waist up to let the viewers
see the character's facial expressions in connection with other characters or environment.

Close-up - Also known as a personal shot, it shows only a character's face for the viewers to
understand and empathize with the character's emotions.

Extreme Close-up - Shows and focuses on one part of the character's face or object to
create an intense mood of emotions.

Camera Angles
Bird's eye angle - It is usually used for establishing shots, it is an angle that looks down on
a scene.

High Angle - It is used to demonstrate to the viewers the perspective of a character. By

making the camera look down on a character, the subject may look vulnerable, small or
weak.

Eye-Level Angle - The most commonly used camera angle, it makes the viewers
comfortable with the characters.

Low Angle - The camera is looking up to the character, this makes the character look more
powerful and may make the audience level feel vulnerable or small in the presence of that
character.

Dutch Angle - It tilts the camera to disorient the viewers. This effect is used to demonstrate
confusion or strange scenes.

How to evaluate a video:

Using T.R.A.P method by middlesex community college

1. Timeliness (when?)
● Check for the date it was published or last updated.
● Inspect the relevance of old videos as your source.
● Will the video exist for years to come or does it have backups for viewing?
2. Reliability (how?)
● Check for the credibility and accuracy of the video.
● Always consider the copyright of the video.
● Know the cast or persons involved in the video.
● Is the video biased or propaganda?

3. Authority (who?)
● Who uploaded, owns or distributes the video?
● Know if the writers, producers or creators are expert or experienced in what they are
trying to communicate.

4. Purpose (why? what?)

● What particular audience does the video intend to reach?
● It is created to entertain, inform, share, advertise, or influence views and beliefs?
● Does the information of the video suit what you need?
● Check the content: Its topic, story, goal, theme. Is it a report or documentary?

When producing motion media, most professionals use script (screenplay) and
storyboard in their production.
Script - Also known as screenplay, is the text that describes the action, scenes, camera
instructions and words to be spoken by the actors.

StoryBoard - It describes what happens in your video by making a thumbnail of images. It

usually looks like a comic strip. While scripts use texts, storyboards are mainly visual.
Making storyboards before filming helps you to plan more effectively, finalize your ideas and
predict possible problems during production.

MULTIMEDIA INFORMATION AND MEDIA

WHAT IS MULTIMEDIA?
Multimedia is formed with the combination of any of these content forms: Text, Audio, Still
Images, Animation, Video Footage, and Interactive Media.

Multimedia started to establish its description during the 1990s where computers and the
internet are starting to emerge. The two types of multimedia are: Static Media and Dynamic
Media.

Static Media - also known as linear media, refers to contents that lack interactivity. Common
examples are books and newspapers, this multimedia may have texts and pictures but the
readers are unable to control its contents or have no observable timely updates or changes.

Dynamic Media - also known as non-linear media, refers to content that provides
interactivity with its users. Websites can be static media or dynamic media but most known
websites today such as facebook and youtube are good examples of dynamic media. These
sites provide the users to contribute to the site's contents through posting, comments,
uploading pictures and videos.

Multimedia can also be observed in the forms of Live or Recorded Presentations,

Games, and Simulations. Advertisements, Education, Entertainment, Business,
and Science take advantage of multimedia to aid their objectives and goals.
MULTIMEDIA USAGE AND APPLICATIONS
1. Creative Industries - most industries nowadays use multimedia to reach a broader
audience. Using the creativity, skills and talents of individuals to create different contents
such as fine arts, entertainment, commercials, journalism and software services. (ex. New
York Times Square)

2. Education - different institutions use multimedia projects to help students and faculty
members learn faster and cater their current learning preferences. Multimedia offers an
alternative or ubiquitous means of acquiring knowledge through various mediums and
platforms. (ex. A student pilot learning how to fly a commercial airplane through computer
simulation).

3. Journalism - journalism's mode of content delivery started with newspapers, radio, and
television. Today, we can access these contents on different platforms like laptops and
smartphones. Journalism can now reach a broader audience in an instant and this
generation allows everyone to deliver news that was once only limited to journalists by
profession. (ex. TV / Radio Broadcasting, Newspaper Publishing, etc.)

4. Science - the fields of engineering. Mathematics, science, and medicine have been using
multimedia for the past few years to improve their research and productivity. Engineers use
computer software to simulate training and designs. Mathematical and scientific research
used multimedia for modeling, faster processing of data and communications. (ex. Medicine
has been using modern technology to train students and doctors like virtual surgery,
simulating human anatomy with different conditions of injuries and diseases.)