Knowledge

Representation
Knowledge Representation (KR)
Humans are best at understanding, reasoning, and interpreting knowledge. Human knows things, which is knowledge
and as per their knowledge they perform various actions in the real world. But how machines do all these things comes
under knowledge representation and reasoning. Hence we can describe Knowledge representation as following:

• Knowledge representation and reasoning (KR, KRR) is the part of Artificial intelligence which concerned with AI
agents thinking and how thinking contributes to intelligent behavior of agents.

• It is responsible for representing information about the real world so that a computer can understand and can utilize
this knowledge to solve the complex real world problems such as diagnosis a medical condition or communicating
with humans in natural language.

• It is also a way which describes how we can represent knowledge in artificial intelligence. Knowledge representation
is not just storing data into some database, but it also enables an intelligent machine to learn from that knowledge
and experiences so that it can behave intelligently like a human.
What to Represent:

Following are the kind of knowledge which needs to be represented in AI systems:

• Object: All the facts about objects in our world domain. E.g., Guitars contains strings,
trumpets are brass instruments.
• Events: Events are the actions which occur in our world.
• Performance: It describe behavior which involves knowledge about how to do things.
• Meta-knowledge: It is knowledge about what we know.
• Facts: Facts are the truths about the real world and what we represent.
• Knowledge-Base: The central component of the knowledge-based agents is the
knowledge base. It is represented as KB. The Knowledgebase is a group of the Sentences
(Here, sentences are used as a technical term and not identical with the English
language).
 Declarative Knowledge

• Declarative knowledge is to know about something.

Types of • It includes concepts, facts, and objects.

Knowledge Procedural Knowledge

• is a type of knowledge which is responsible for knowing

how to do something.
• It includes rules, strategies, procedures, agendas, etc
 Meta-knowledge
• Knowledge about the other types of knowledge is called Meta-
knowledge.
Heuristic knowledge
• Heuristic knowledge is representing knowledge of some experts in a
filed or subject.

Types of • Heuristic knowledge is rules of thumb based on previous

experiences, awareness of approaches, and which are good to work

Knowledge but not guaranteed.

Structural knowledge
• Structural knowledge is basic knowledge to problem-solving.

• It describes relationships between various concepts such as kind of,

part of, and grouping of something.

• It describes the relationship that exists between concepts or objects.

Relation between knowledge and intelligence

Decision
Maker
Sensing Knowledge

Action

Source: https://www.javatpoint.com/knowledge-representation-in-ai
What to Represent:

Learning

Perception

Knowledge Reasoning
Representation

Planning

Execution

Source: https://www.javatpoint.com/knowledge-representation-in-ai
 Storing facts which uses the relational In the inheritable knowledge approach,
Simple relational
method, and each fact about a set of the all data must be stored into a hierarchy
knowledge
object is set out systematically in of classes. All classes should be arranged
columns. in a generalized form or a hierarchal
manner.

Procedural Approaches Inheritable

knowledge to KR knowledge

Procedural knowledge approach uses small

Inferential knowledge approach represents
programs and codes which describes how to
Inferential knowledge in the form of formal logics. This
do specific things, and how to proceed. In knowledge
approach can be used to derive more facts.
this approach, one important rule is used
which is If-Then rule
 Logical Representation Semantic Network Representation
(Logical representation is a language with some (In Semantic networks, we can represent our
concrete rules which deals with propositions knowledge in the form of graphical networks. )
and has no ambiguity in representation. )

Knowledge Representation
Techniques

Frame Representation Production Rules

(A frame is a record like structure which (Production rules system consist of (condition,
consists of a collection of attributes and its action) pairs which mean, "If condition then
values to describe an entity in the world.) action".)
 Inference engine:

• The inference engine is the component of the intelligent system in artificial

intelligence, which applies logical rules to the knowledge base to infer new
information from known facts. The first inference engine was part of the
expert system. Inference engine commonly proceeds in two modes, which
are:
1.Forward chaining
2.Backward chaining

Source: https://www.section.io/engineering-
education/forward-and-backward-chaining-in-ai/
Forward • Forward chaining is a method of reasoning in artificial intelligence in which inference rules are applied to
existing data to extract additional data until an endpoint (goal) is achieved.

chaining • In this type of chaining, the inference engine starts by evaluating existing facts, derivations, and
conditions before deducing new information. An endpoint (goal) is achieved through the manipulation of
knowledge that exists in the knowledge base.
Properties of forward chaining
• The process uses a down-up approach (bottom to top).
• It starts from an initial state and uses facts to make a conclusion.
• This approach is data-driven.
• It’s employed in expert systems and production rule system.
Advantages
• It can be used to draw multiple conclusions.
• It provides a good basis for arriving at conclusions.
• It’s more flexible than backward chaining because it does not have a limitation on the data derived from it.
Disadvantages
• The process of forward chaining may be time-consuming. It may take a lot of time to eliminate and
synchronize available data.
• Unlike backward chaining, the explanation of facts or observations for this type of chaining is not very clear.
The former uses a goal-driven method that arrives at conclusions efficiently.
Backward chaining

• backward chaining is a concept in

artificial intelligence that involves
backtracking from the endpoint or goal
to steps that led to the endpoint. This
type of chaining starts from the goal and
moves backward to comprehend the
steps that were taken to attain this goal.
• The backtracking process can also enable
a person establish logical steps that can
be used to find other important
solutions.
Properties of backward chaining

• The process uses an up-down approach (top to bottom).

• It’s a goal-driven method of reasoning.
• The endpoint (goal) is subdivided into sub-goals to prove the truth of facts.
• A backward chaining algorithm is employed in inference engines, game
theories, and complex database systems.
• The modus ponens inference rule is used as the basis for the backward
chaining process. This rule states that if both the conditional statement (p-
>q) and the antecedent (p) are true, then we can infer the subsequent (q).
Advantages
• The result is already known, which makes it easy to deduce inferences.
• It’s a quicker method of reasoning than forward chaining because the
endpoint is available.
• In this type of chaining, correct solutions can be derived effectively if pre-
determined rules are met by the inference engine.

Disadvantages
• The result is already known, which makes it easy to deduce inferences.
• It’s a quicker method of reasoning than forward chaining because the
endpoint is available.
• In this type of chaining, correct solutions can be derived effectively if pre-
determined rules are met by the inference engine.
Thank You