3rd MASTERY [CHEM 1: GENCHEM]
MATTER
CHEMISTRY
branch of natural science that deals principally
with the properties of substances, the changes
they undergo, and the natural laws that
describe these changes.
MATTER
Matter is any substance that has mass and
takes up space by having volume.
Matter is described as something that has mass
and occupies space. All physical structures are
made up of matter, and the state or process of
matter is an easily observed property of matter.
STATES OF MATTER
SOLID - hold its own shape and is hard to
compress (squash). The molecules in a solid are
closely packed together – they have a
high density.
LIQUID - molecules have the ability to move
around and slide past each other. A liquid will
take on the shape of the container it is being
held in. Easier to compress than a solid.
GAS - atoms are much more spread out than in
solids or liquids, and the
atoms collide randomly with one another. A
gas will fill any container, but if the container is
not sealed, the gas will escape. Compressed
much more easily than a liquid or solid.
PLASMA - very similar to gas, a gas that can
carry an electrical charge. Form of matter that
exists when atoms are in an excited state.
BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE (BEC)
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
- Matter is made up of atoms
- Properties are the characteristics that
enable us to differentiate one material
from another.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER - attribute of
matter that is independent of its chemical
composition.
- Density, color, hardness, melting and
boiling points, and electrical
conductivity are all examples of
physical properties.
Any characteristic that can be measured, such
as an object’s density, color, mass, volume,
length, malleability, melting point, hardness,
odor, temperature, and more, are considered
properties of matter.
INTENSIVE AND EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES OF
Extensive properties including mass and
volume are proportional to the amount of
matter being weighed. Density and color, for
example, are not affected by the amount of
matter present.
1. INTENSIVE PROPERTY – independent of the
amount of matter present.
EX: pressure and temperature, color, boiling
point, density
2. EXTENSIVE PROPERTY – dependent on the
amount of matter in a sample.
EX: mass and volume, size, shape, length,
mass, height
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER - measured
or observed as matter transforms into a
particular type of matter.
1. REACTIVITY – tendency of matter to
combine chemically with other
substances
2. FLAMMABILITY – tendency of matter to
burn
3. TOXICITY – extent to which a chemical
element or a combination of chemicals
may harm an organism.
4. ACIDITY – ability to react with an acid is
a chemical property.
Chemical properties are extremely helpful
when it comes to distinguishing compounds.
Chemical properties, on the other hand, can
only be detected when a material is in the
process of being changed into another
substance.
CHANGES OF MATTER
PHYSICAL CHANGE - changes in which no
bonds are broken or formed. The same types
of compounds or elements that were there at
the beginning of the change are there at the
end of the change (such as color, boiling
point, etc.).
- Physical changes involve moving
molecules around, but not changing
them.
Some types of physical changes include:
• Changes of state (changes from a solid
to a liquid or a gas and vice versa).
• Separation of a mixture.
• Physical deformation (cutting, denting,
stretching).
 • Making solutions (special kinds of CLASSES OF MATTER w/respect to
mixtures). COMPOSITION

Physical changes can further be classified as Matter can be classified into two broad
reversible or irreversible. categories:

Other changes of state PURE SUBSTANCE - form of matter that has a

vaporization (liquid to gas)
freezing (liquid to solid)
condensation (gas to liquid)
CHEMICAL CHANGE - occur when bonds are
broken and/or formed between molecules or
atoms. One substance with a certain set of
properties (such as melting point, color, taste,
etc.) is turned into a different substance with
different properties.
- Chemical changes are frequently
harder to reverse than physical
changes.
Observations that help to indicate chemical
change include:
constant composition (meaning that it is the
same everywhere) and properties that are
constant throughout the sample (meaning that
there is only one set of properties such as
melting point, color, boiling point, etc.
throughout the matter).
- ELEMENT - substance that cannot be
broken down into chemically simpler
components.
- COMPOUND - substance that can be
broken down into chemically simpler
components (because it has more than
one element)
MIXTURE - material composed of two or more
substances. Elements and compounds are
both examples of pure substances.

• Temperature changes - HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE - the

composition is uniform throughout the
• Light given off. mixture.
• Unexpected color changes - HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE - the
composition is not uniform throughout
• Different smell or taste the mixture.
CHEMICAL REACTIONS

1. COMBINATION – two or more

substances combined to form single
new product (synthesis reaction)

[A+B→AB]

2. DECOMPOSITION - opposite of
combination, single substance will break
into two different element/ simpler
substance

[AB→A+B]

3. SINGLE REPLACEMENT – one element will

replace another element in the
compound
[AB+C→AC+B]
(look for the product to determine if it is
positively or negatively charged)
4. DOUBLE REPLACEMENT – two compound
exchange bonds to form different
compounds.
[AB+CD→AD+CB]