BADMINTON

Badminton is a racquet sport played using racquets to hit a shuttlecock across a net.

Although it may be played with larger teams, the most common forms of the game are "singles"

and "doubles". It is a game played on a rectangular court by two players or two pairs of players

equipped with light rackets used to volley a shuttlecock over a high net that divides the court in

half.

History of Badminton
Historically, the shuttlecock (also known as a “bird” or “birdie”) was a
small cork hemisphere with 16 goose feathers attached and weighing about 0.17 ounce (5 grams).
These types of shuttles may still be used in modern play, but shuttles made
from synthetic materials are also allowed by the Badminton World Federation. The game is
named for Badminton, the country estate of the dukes of Beaufort in Gloucestershire, England,
where it was first played about 1873. The roots of the sport can be traced to ancient
Greece, China, and India, and it is closely related to the old children’s game battledore and
shuttlecock. Badminton is derived directly from poona, which was played by British army
officers stationed in India in the 1860s. The first unofficial all-England badminton
championships for men were held in 1899, and the first badminton tournament for women was
arranged the next year. The Badminton World Federation (BWF; originally the International
Badminton Federation), the world governing body of the sport, was formed in 1934. Badminton
is also popular in Malaysia, Indonesia, Japan, and Denmark. The BWF’s first world
championships were held in 1977. A number of regional, national, and zonal badminton
tournaments are held in several countries. The best-known of these is the All-England
Championships. Other well-known international tournaments include the Thomas Cup (donated
1939) for men’s team competition and the Uber Cup (donated 1956) for women’s team
competition. Badminton first appeared in the Olympic Games as a demonstration sport in 1972
and as an exhibition sport in 1988. At the 1992 Games it became a full-medal Olympic sport,
with competition for men’s and women’s singles (one against one) and doubles (two against
two). Mixed doubles was introduced at the 1996 Games.

Competitive badminton is usually played indoors because even light winds affect the
course of the shuttlecock. (Recreational badminton, on the other hand, is a popular outdoor
summertime activity.) The rectangular court is 44 feet (13.4 metres) long and 17 feet (5.2 metres)
wide for singles, 20 feet (6.1 metres) wide for doubles. A net 5 feet (1.5 metres) high stretches
across the width of the court at its centre. A clear space of 4 feet (1.3 metres) around the court is
needed. Play consists entirely of volleying—hitting the shuttlecock back and forth across the net
without letting it touch the floor or ground within the boundaries of the court. In international
play, athletes compete in best-of-three-games matches. A game is played to 21 points, provided
that the winner has at least a 2-point advantage. If a 2-point advantage is never reached, the first
player or team to score 30 points wins. Points were only awarded to the serving side until 2006,
when the BWF adopted the “rally scoring” system, under which either side can score at any time.
Basic Skills in Badminton
1. Grip
2. Serve
3. Footwork
4. Stance
5. Stroke

The Badminton Racket Grip

Like any racket game, having a proper grip in badminton is essential. The correct grip
will allow you to have more control and will help you dictate where you place your shot. There
are numerous ways of holding a badminton racket depending on whether your shot is forehand or
backhand.

Here are the 4 main grips in badminton:

Forehand Grip
You should aim for a ‘V Shape’ between your thumb and index finger, with a small gap
between your index and middle finger. Maintain a relaxed hold on the grip. A firm grip will
hinder swift transitions between different grips during a rally. The Forehand is use for:

 clears, smashes and drops,

 drives, lifts and net shots.

Backhand Grip
A simple method to master the backhand grip is by positioning your thumb on top of the
broader part of the grip, ensuring the strings are oriented towards the floor and ceiling as shown
in the image. Keep your fingers gently curled around the side. The Backhand grip is used for:

 Backhand drives, lifts, net shots,

 Backhand serves and Doubles defense.

Panhandle Grip

The Panhandle grip involves positioning your thumb along the racket’s side, clamping the
edges between your thumb and fingers as illustrated. This grip tends to be instinctive for novices
due to its ease in executing overhead shots. Despite common usage, the Panhandle grip is
specifically used for:
  Delayed backhand shots in the rear-court,
 Responding to a net-cord on the backhand side,
 Certain net kills or drives.

Bevel Grip
For the bevel grip, begin with a backhand grip, then rotate your racket head so that the strings
face diagonally, positioning your thumb on the ridge or bevel. For right-handers, rotate the racket
anti-clockwise from the backhand grip, and for left-handers, do so clockwise. The bevel grip is
used for:

 Backhand rear-court strokes (clears, drops, and smashes),

 Certain forehand and backhand net shots,
 Some defensive plays in singles when significantly stretched.

Make sure to hold your badminton racket lightly no matter what type of grip you use. In fact, the
grip should be so light, that someone can come along and pull it away from your hands. This will
help you prevent wrist injuries and improve the angle and flexibility of your shot.

Officials
The referee is in overall charge of a badminton tournament or championship(s) of which
a match forms part, to uphold the Laws of Badminton and Competition Regulations in the BWF
Statutes. Individual singles matches require a total of six officials:

 an umpire who is in charge of the match, the court and its immediate surroundings
 four line judges (two for each side of the court positioned at the baseline) who indicate
whether a shuttlecock landed 'in' or 'out' on the line(s) assigned
a service judge
Doubles matches require a total of eight officials. This is as above but an additional two line
judges are sometimes added (one for each side of the court positioned at the doubles service
line).
EQUIPMENT
Badminton Racket - Modern Badminton Rackets are light in weight and don’t weigh more
than 100 grams. The frame of the Racket can be made of common metals like steel or
aluminium. Sometimes rackets are made of alloys, tough carbon fiber, ceramic, or boron.
Its length does not exceed 680mm and width does not exceed 230 mm.

Shuttlecock - Sixteen feathers fixed in a cork base enveloped in a thin leather sheet make a
shuttlecock. Interestingly, the best Badminton Shuttlecocks are made from feathers from
the wing of a goose. The shuttle weighs between 4.74 to 5.50 grams.

Badminton Shoes - A good pair of Badminton Shoes provide good grip, cushioning and
some flexibility at the forefoot.

Badminton Accessories - The commonly used Badminton Accessories are Grip, Badminton
Clothes, Socks, Wrist Band and Head Band.

Grip - A grip made of cloth or synthetic fiber absorbs sweat and provides you a drier feel.

Badminton Clothes - Comfortable T-shirts and shorts, that don’t hinder your movement are
ideal to play Badminton. A cotton round-neck or a collar t-shirts with a pair of light shorts are
usually preferred.

Socks - Wear a pair of thick cotton socks as they help to absorb sweat. They also prevent your
feet from slipping inside your shoes. Avoid wearing Nylon socks that don’t absorb sweat.

Wrist Band - If you perspire a lot, you may consider getting a wrist band that prevents your
sweat from flowing to your racket handle.

Head Band - Wear a Head Band if you wear spectacles. It prevents your lenses from getting wet
and also stops the sweat and hair from getting into your eyes while playing.

How to play Badminton

Each organization is allowed 1 singles and 1 doubles team. A student may compete in both.
Rules
  A player must wait until his opponent is ready before serving. If the opponent attempts a
return then he is ruled having been ready.
 The feet of both players must remain in a stationary position until the serve is made. Your
feet can not be touching the line at this time.
 It is not a fault if you miss the shuttle while serving.
 The shuttle cannot be caught and slung with the racket.
 A player cannot hold his racket near the net to ward off a downward stroke by his
opponent or to interfere with his racket.

Faults

 The shuttle, at the instant of being hit is higher than the servers waist or the head of the
racket is higher than the servers racket hand.
 The shuttle does not land in the correct service court.
 The server's feet are not in the service court or if the feet of the receiver are not in the
court diagonally opposite the server.
 The server steps forward as he/she serves.
 Any player balking or feinting his opponent before serve or during serve.
 A serve or shot that lands outside the court boundaries, passes under or through the net,
touches any other obstructions or a players body or clothing. The boundary and service
lines are considered in play.
 The shuttle in play is struck before it crosses the net to the striker's side of the net. You
may follow through over the net.
 A player touching the net or its supports with his body or racket while the shuttle is in
play.
 Hitting the shuttle twice in succession by a player or team.

Scoring System

o A match consists of the best of 3 games of 21 points.

o Every time there is a serve – there is a point scored.
o The side winning a rally adds a point to its score.
o At 20 all, the side which gains a 2 point lead first, wins that game.
o At 29 all, the side scoring the 30th point, wins that game.
o The side winning a game serves first in the next game.

Interval and Change of Ends

o A 1 minute interval between each game is allowed.

o In the third game, players change ends when the leading score reaches 11 points.

Singles

o At the beginning of the game (0-0) and when the server’s score is even, the server serves
from the right service court. When the server’s score is odd, the server serves from the
left service court.
 o If the server wins a rally, the server scores a point and then serves again from the
alternate service court.
o If the receiver wins a rally, the receiver scores a point and becomes the new server. They
serve from the appropriate service court – left if their score is odd, and right if it is even.

Doubles

o A side has only one ‘set’.

o The service passes consecutively to the players as shown in the diagram.
o At the beginning of the game and when the score is even, the server serves from the right
service court. When it is odd, the server serves from the left court.
o If the serving side wins a rally, the serving side scores a point and the same server serves
again from the alternate service court.
o If the receiving side wins a rally, the receiving side scores a point. The receiving side
becomes the new serving side.
o The players do not change their respective service courts until they win a point when
their side is serving.

If players commit an error in the service court, the error is corrected when the mistake is
discovered.
In a doubles match between A & B against C & D. A & B won the toss and decided to serve. A
to serve to C. A shall be the initial server while C shall be the initial receiver.
 BOWLING
Bowling is a game in which you roll a heavy ball down a narrow track towards a group of
wooden objects and try to knock down as many of them as possible. A game in which a heavy
ball is bowled along a wooden lane in an attempt to knock over ten large wooden pins that are
set upright at the far end

Basic Skills In Bowling

Hook A Bowling Ball - How to improve your bowling skills? The first skill you need to learn is
hook bowling, as this technique mostly differs from beginners to skillful players. Hook bowling,
also known as curl or curve bowling, is more difficult for amateurs to do than straight bowling.
Instead of throwing the ball in a straight line, you curve the ball so that it collides with the lane.
Doing hook bowling will help you get more strikes because the ball hits the pins with a stronger
force.

Bowl A Straight Ball - What are the basic skills in bowling? Straight bowling is the most
common skill most beginners use in their bowling game. Bowling a straight ball can help you
knock down the pins, but it’s not as efficient as hook bowling. Straight bowling runs down the
lane directly, so the ball may not hit all pins. However, straight bowling will be significantly
helpful if you determine the lane and how to throw the ball in the pockets

Comfortable Fingertip Grip - A relaxing fingertip grip will bring a comfortable feeling and
confident manner while throwing the bowling ball. Several players do their grips incorrectly
because they lack knowledge of the ball’s weight. It’s a big problem that you should avoid to
have a good performance. Follow these steps, and you will understand how to use your fingertip
grip effectively. First, concentrate and consider whether your grips are comfortable uplifting the
bowling ball. Remember to do a proper ball swing. To swiftly obtain your ball and avoid missing
the pins, you should change your middle, ring, and thumb fingers. Exercise this technique for
around 2 mins with the ball as it trains your fingers to retain the holes in your hands. You still
have to control the bowling ball for several durations, even when you have a comfortable grasp.
Thus, take your time to practice, then you’ll know how to keep the ball fitted in your hands.

Cranker - To do bowling cranks, you need to generate maximum power while bowling. Cranking
the ball is one of the best ways to bring down the pins if you do it precisely; otherwise, you’ll be
unable to control the ball. When your ball loses its direction because of the sharp hooking
movement, it generates terrible throws. Use a cupped wrist or excessive wrist action to quickly
and roughly throw the ball. You should try to release the ball decisively to create a strong rate of
revolutions.

Power Strokers - Bowling players who try to maintain a constant form and high pressure are
called ‘power strokers’. It’s an advanced skill that requires you to keep a steady form when
bowling at a high revolution rate. Use a higher backswing and shoulders to make your ball rotate
better and generate great throws.

Maintain Your Footwork Consistently - Perhaps you don’t know; your probability of knocking
down the pins depends on your footwork. It is the core of your entire muscle strategy. Players are
often concerned that taking a short or lengthy run will be more effective. It’s advisable to take a
long run before you throw the ball. A long run will increase your stamina on the feet, accumulate
the force on your muscles, and encourage your biceps to release the ball fully. Controlling your
body when falling down in an oily lane is also difficult. You should wear bowling shoes as they
stick to the surface and make sure you don’t tumble down. You need much time to learn how to
control your feet and release the ball successfully against the pins.
Maximizing Your Speed - Speed is a considerable factor that every player wants to control in
bowling. You frequently think about other playing techniques instead of speed. Another mistake
is that you might not know the timing to huck the bowling ball. Sometimes, throwing the ball too
fast is not always the greatest strategy. Professional players practice a lot to control the speed of
the ball. That’s why they know how to use the right speed to make the ball quickly release and
slowly hit the pins. Releasing a ball at 22 miles an hour will help you get great throwing strikes,
but it’s quite difficult if you’re an amateur.

Release Time - It’s important to decide if you’ll need a slow or quick release to get the pins down
instantly. If you set up your release time wrongly, the chance of getting more pins will be lower.
Before releasing the bowling ball, remember to take a long run, then restrain your muscles as it
will give your muscles more force. After that, you need to make an immediate hit so that the ball
can rapidly run and bring down the pins. Furthermore, you have to maintain the ball above your
waist and apply pressure on it. Release the bowling ball for around 5 secs based on your location
and footwork. Don’t keep the ball for too long or throw it too soon because it won’t get enough
force to run down the lane and hit the pins. Finally, swing the ball from the pin bar’s left side to
the center.

HISTORY OF BADMINTON
Bowling has soared into the upper echelon of sports, setting a steady pace by blending
strong organization with modern centers in which to participate. Although the sport now appeals
to people from all walks of life, entering a bowling center today would give few clues to its
origin. Bowling has been traced to articles found in the tomb of an Egyptian child buried in 5200
B.C. The primitive implements included nine pieces of stone at which a stone "ball" was rolled,
the ball having first to roll through an archway made of three pieces of marble. Another ancient
discovery was the Polynesian game of ula maika, also utilizing pins and balls of stone. The
stones were to be rolled at targets 60 feet away, a distance which today still is one of the basic
regulations of tenpins. Bowling at pins probably originated in ancient Germany, not as a sport
but as a religious ceremony. Martin Luther is credited with settling on nine as the ideal number
of pins. The game moved throughout Europe, the Scandinavian countries, and finally to the
United States, with the earliest known reference to bowling at pins in America made by author
Washington Irving about 1818 in "Rip Van Winkle."The game was being played throughout the
world and rules were different almost everywhere. Even basic equipment was not the same. In
fact, why and when the extra pin was added from the European game of ninepins to the
American game of tenpins still is a mystery. Regardless of how the game came into being, it
became so popular by mid-19th century indoor lanes were being built throughout Manhattan and
the Bronx and on westward, in Syracuse, Buffalo, Cincinnati, Chicago, Milwaukee and other
cities with large German populations.
In 1875, delegates from nine bowling clubs in New York and Brooklyn met in Germania
Hall in the Bowery and organized the National Bowling Association. This was the first attempt
to bring order out of chaos. Disagreement raged between East and West, principally the
alignment of New York State bowlers against everyone else to the west. On Sept. 9, 1895, the
American Bowling Congress was organized in Beethoven Hall in New York City. A group of 40
women, encouraged by proprietor Dennis J. Sweeney of St. Louis, met at Sweeney's
establishment in 1916 and formed what was known as the Women's International Bowling
Congress.
AMERICAN BOWLING CONGRESS
ABC's roots can be traced to many people. One was Thomas Curtis, who became ABC's first
president and chaired several historic meetings that produced an organization that succeeded
where others had failed. The adoption of rules at the Sept. 9, 1895 meeting in New York's
Beethoven Hall, and most important, the distribution of nearly 1,000 copies by mail to bowling
groups in many parts of the United States, was the move which created interest and trust in the
fledgling group. Within a few months, there were members in Buffalo, New York; Cincinnati;
Lowell, Massachusetts; Boston; Chicago; St. Louis; Wheeling, West Virginia; Kansas City and
Quebec. After that, representatives of local, state and provincial associations like these have
annually met in convention to review rules and consider proposed changes. Also elected were
officers and directors, all of whom serve voluntarily and without pay. The only exceptions were
the executive director and assistant director, who oversaw the home office staff. Service was
ABC's aim since its early days. Service began when a league formed and applied for sanction.
The sanction, with membership cards distributed to each bowler, gives ABC a record of its
membership and entitled the league and its members to the following services:
• Automatic bonding to protect bowler funds from theft, burglary and misuse.
• Awards for every level of achievement from 300 games to 700 and 800 series to league
champions, most improved league bowlers and those who bowl a game of 100 and a series of
150 or more pins above or more pins above average
• Essential tools for league officers including rulebooks, schedules, handicap charts, average
calculators and other aids
• Rules advice and counseling
• Free tournament sanctioning
• Equally important in maintaining standard bowling conditions are the programs of lane
certification and equipment testing and research. Every lane is checked and measured each
season to assure it meets ABC/Women's International Bowling Congress specifications. Pins,
automatic pinsetting machines, scoring devices and other allied equipment undergo thorough and
lengthy testing before receiving approval for use in ABC sanctioned league or tournament
competition
• Publicizing the inner workings of the Congress, as well as the feats of bowlers coast to coast, is
the role of the Public Relations department. Bowlers were as well informed as any sports group
in the world through ABC's membership publication, American Bowler, and through news
releases, pamphlets, brochures and other publications.
Although the service programs have been thorough, new groups created special attention. In
1963, ABC added a Seniors program and designed a complete set of services for the nation's
senior citizens. The ABC National Seniors Tournament for men 55 and older was initiated in
1964 and expanded to reach every state in 1982. In 1966, a Collegiate Division was initiated by
the Congress to provide a program for the nation's college men while at the same time bridging
the service gap between junior and adult competition. With the formation of the Young
American Bowling Alliance in 1982, the Collegiate Division became a part of that organization.
It was returned to the ABC/WIBC in 1998 and renamed College Bowling USA. The most
spectacular of ABC's many services was the national championship tournament, the oldest
bowling event in the nation. A fixture on the sports scene since 1901, it is unrivaled as a
participant spectacle. Held in America's major cities, the ABC Tournament runs 12 to 16 hours
daily for more than 100 consecutive days. On lanes specially-installed in public arenas, as many
as 17,000 teams and 92,000 individuals participate each year. The prize fund exceeds $4 million.
ABCs glamour event was the Masters, which matched the world's greatest bowlers in head-to-
head double elimination competition following qualifying round play. Each match consists of
three games throughout the competition untip the televised stepladder finals. Whether through
leagues or tournaments, ABC provided its members options, all with the aim of having fun.

WOMEN'S INTERNATIONAL BOWLING CONGRESS

There are many colorful stories about when women began bowling in the United States. Seniors
reminisce about the turn of the century, when their mothers or grandmothers sneaked in with (or
without) their husbands to try out the bowling game. Often they did so at the risk of their
reputations. Tales are told about women bowlers being screened off from view behind partitions
or drapes or being allowed to bowl only when men were not using the alleys. Those were the
days of high button shoes, skirts to the ankles, cumbersome apparel and tenpin accommodations
that were hardly appealing. Old photos document scenes of women bowling as early as the
1880s. The first recorded formalized bowling for women began in 1907 in St. Louis, when
Dennis J. Sweeney, a bowling proprietor and sportswriter, organized a women's league. Inklings
of national interest also were being shown. That same year, many women accompanied their
husbands to the American Bowling Congress Tournament in St. Louis, as they had been doing
for several years. In St. Louis, the women laid plans to hold their own tournament, the following
year, on ABC Tournament lanes in Cincinnati after the annual men's event had concluded. A
second women's tournament in 1909 followed the ABC event in Pittsburgh. Records show little
activity until 1915, when Ellen Kelly, an avid bowler, formed the St. Louis Women's Bowling
Association. Buoyed by her success, she wrote to proprietors across the country asking for names
of women who might be interested in a national organization of their own. She followed with
letters to those women, urging the organization of local associations and offering advice on rules
and establishing an organization. By the fall of 1916 in St. Louis, Sweeney was there to help
Mrs. Kelly stage the first "national tournament." There were eight teams entered and champions
were decided in team, doubles, singles and all events. The prize fund was $225. Following the
tournament, those 40 women from 11 cities met at Sweeney's Washington Recreation Parlor and
created the national organization that became, after several name changes, the Women's
International Bowling Congress. Fifty years later, a charter member described the initial
tournament as "frankly plain, there were eight alleys and four rows of benches for visitors a
small counter square in back of the benches was used to sell soda pop, popcorn, peanuts, etc."
She also recalled that the "meeting was more of a social gathering, and we gave little thought
that it would develop into such a big organization." The 40 pioneers elected their first national
officers and adopted a constitution and bylaws that included the following purposes: To provide,
adopt and enforce uniform rules and regulations governing the play of American tenpins; to
provide and enforce uniform qualifications for tournaments and their participants; to hold a
national tournament, and to encourage good feeling and create interest in the bowling game.
Those original precepts became the foundation of WIBC, which developed into the largest sports
organization in the world for women. The 40 pioneers set the pattern for 1.2 million WIBC
members, who bowled in more than 60,000 sanctioned leagues in approximately 2,700 local
associations in every state and several foreign countries. That humble national tournament – with
its eight-team entry – was the forerunner of what is now the largest women's sports event in the
world. In fact, the 1997 WIBC Championship tournament held in Reno, Nev. attracted 14,872
five-woman teams, the largest entry for any team tournament in history. There were 88,279
individuals, a women’s world record. The tournament celebrated its 100th tournament in 2019.

That first tentative gathering on the benches in Washington Recreation Parlor evolved into a
model of bowling democracy, the WIBC annual meeting. More than 3,000 delegates
representing local and state associations attended the WIBC annual meeting to adopt rules and
select national leaders. Similar annual meetings at local, state and provincial levels assured the
self-government concept. Nationally, WIBC was governed by a board of directors elected by the
delegates. Administrative policies and procedures were implemented by a staff at WIBC
headquarters in suburban Milwaukee. Along with growth and development came a multiplicity
of services. Leagues received a wealth of rulebooks, record-keeping materials and prepackaged
kits to keep them functioning smoothly. Local, state and provincial associations benefited from a
variety of materials to help them conduct their affairs more efficiently, ranging from handbooks,
information sheets and forms to educational seminars, workshops and counseling from staff
members and field representatives. A bonding and insurance program provided by WIBC
covered association and league funds. A tournament sanctioning program was another important
service. A description of WIBC's awards for members would fill a chapter in itself. They
recognized achievements within the realm of every bowler, from the beginner to the world
champion. From its humble beginnings, WIBC stood for tradition, friendship, fun, competition,
leadership and success. It has meant this and more to the millions of women who proudly called
WIBC my organization.

OFFICIATING OFFICIALS OF BOWLING

In league Bowling, the captains of the opposing teams officiate at the game level, and enforce
such rules as bowling on the correct lane and not stepping across the foul line. The league's
officers are available to settle disputes; major changes to the rules require a majority (and during
mid-season, unanimous consent) of all the league officers and team captains. In a bowling
tournament, the tournament director(s) officiate the games and enforce the rules. All forms of
bowling have a governing body, also known as a sanctioning body. For example, tenpin bowling
in the United States is governed by the United States Bowling Congress (USBC).
EQUIPMENTS USED IN BOWLING
Bowling is one of the most popular sports in the world. In bowling, players attempt to
score the most points by rolling a ball along a flat surface in order to knock down objects called
pins. There are several types of bowling games, but the official, and most popular, bowling game
is ten-pin bowling. There are several types of bowling but the most popular (and also the official)
one is the ten-pin bowling. In this type, ten pins are set up at the end of a 60-foot lane. They are
ten knocked down by a ball made usually of polyester or polyurethane. There are usually two
players competing against each other in three sets, with each set having ten rounds. In ten-pin
bowling, players use a 16-pound, 8.5-inch diameter bowling ball to knock over ten pins at the
end of a 60-foot long bowling lane. Usually, two players would compete against each other in
three sets, with 10 rounds on each set.
Like most other popular leisure sports like golf or tennis, bowling also needs several equipment
in order for you to play it properly. The equipment are usually inexpensive and should be
affordable by normal or casual players, but the serious and hardcore ones usually spend a large
amount of money getting the best and the newest ones. For the casual players, though, all
equipment can be rented at the bowling center.
Bowling players have the following equipment:

Bowling balls - A round ball made from rubber, urethane, plastic, reactive resin, or a
combination of these materials. Ten-pin bowling balls have three drilled holes in them - one for
the ring and middle finger, and one for the thumb.
Bowling bags - Carries and protects one or more bowling balls.
Bowling accessories - Non-slip grip cream, grip sacks, bowling ball maintenance tools, hand and
wrist grip supports, towels, gloves, bowling ball cleaning equipment and supplies
Bowling shoes - Narrow shoes with a very smooth sole

Bowling clothes - Bowling games usually take place in air-conditioned bowling centers. Casual
attire can be worn.
Compared to bowling players, bowling center operators have different bowling equipment. Their
most important concern in a bowling center is the bowling alleys. A bowling alley has different
parts and equipment that require operation and maintenance.
These are the equipment required in bowling alleys:

Bowling lane - A long plane where a bowling ball rolls towards the pins. Long wooden boards
are joined together to form a 75-foot long and 3.5-foot wide lane. The wooden plane is very
smooth. It requires maintenance by cleaning and polishing.
Bowling machine - A device that places and rearranges the pins.
Bowling ball retriever - A device that retrieves the ball after every shot, and returns it, via a
tunnel, to the player at the other end of the alley.
Players' area - At the end of the tunnel is a ball-sorting mechanism. A hand blow dryer may
also be installed at the bowling ball sorter. A computer and display monitors show players the
game points. The players would have seats and a table. A rack with extra bowling balls would
usually be placed beside the seats.

HOW TO PLAY AND SCORE IN BOWLING

Most bowling alleys score your game automatically, but understanding how to score bowling
gives you valuable insight to the game and comes in handy if electronic scoring isn’t available.
We’ll get you started by familiarizing you with the layout of the scorecard. Then, we’ll show you
how to score each turn, including strikes, spares, and open frames, and how to tally your final
score to see how you stack up against other players.

Things You Should Know

 Score a spare by adding 10 points to the number of pins you knock over on your next roll.
 Score a strike by adding 10 points to the number of pins you knock over on your next 2
rolls.
 If you don’t knock down all the pins on your turn (also called an “open frame”), your
score for that turn is simply the total number of pins you did knock over.
 If you have scored all 12 strikes, you are now awarded with 300 points (10 pts.)
 Familiarize yourself with the scorecard layout. Write the names of the players in
the empty column on the far left of the scorecard. The other columns, labeled 1-10,
each represent a single turn, or a “frame.” Each player typically bowls twice per
frame. These bowls are represented by the 2 small boxes in the top right of each
frame. The far right column is for your final score at the end of the game.
Write the number of pins you knocked down each roll in the small boxes. Each player gets to
bowl twice in each turn except in the last (tenth) frame, unless they knock over all the pins with
their first roll (in which case they only bowl once that turn). Write the number of pins you knock
over on your first roll in the small, left-hand box at the top of that turn’s frame. Then, record the
number of pins you knock over on your second roll in the right-hand box.

 For example, if you knock over 2 pins on your first bowl, write the numeral “2”
in the upper left box. On your second bowl, if you knock over 4 more, write “4”
in the right-hand box.
 Be sure to only write down how many pins you knocked over on your second
roll in the right-hand box, not the total number of pins you knocked down that
turn.
  Each player will bowl a maximum of 21 times per game.
Write an “X” in the small right-hand box to indicate a strike. Bowling a strike means that
you knocked down all 10 pins on the first roll of your turn. While the small box in the top-right
of the scorecard frame is typically reserved for the second roll of your turn, we typically mark
strikes in this right-hand box anyway, for overall neatness.

 If you bowl a strike, your turn is over and your don’t bowl a second time that
frame.

Write a forward slash in the small right-hand box to indicate a spare. Bowling a spare
means that you didn’t knock over all the pins on your first bowl, but you got the rest of them on
your second bowl. To record a spare, first write down how many pins you knocked over on your
first roll in the left-hand box of the frame. Then, draw a forward slash (connecting the bottom left
and top right corners of the box) in the right-hand box.

 For example, if you knocked down 3 pins on your first roll and 7 pins on the
second roll, write a “3” in the left-hand box and a forward slash in the right box.
Mark a foul by writing an “F.” If you step past the foul line (the line at the start of the lane,
beyond which a bowler cannot step) on your first roll for that turn, place an “F” in the left-hand
box. If you step past the foul line on your second roll for that turn, place an “F” inside the small
right-hand box of the scorecard frame. A foul results in no points for that bowl.

 You’re still allowed a second roll if you foul on your first roll of the turn
Write a dash in the small box if you miss the pins. If your ball goes in the gutter or if you
otherwise miss the pins, indicate the miss with a horizontal dash ( －). For instance, if your ball
went in the gutter on your first bowl, you’d mark a dash in the small left-hand box of the frame.
If your ball missed the pins on your second bowl, you’d mark a dash in the small right-hand box.
 If you miss the pins on one bowl but knock some of them over on the other, make
sure to record the score for the roll where you did knock some pins over.