LESSON 6: MEDIA AND INFORMATION LANGUAGES GENRE, CODES AND CONVENTIONS

WHAT IS GENRE?

● Comes from the French word meaning ‘type’ or ‘class’

● Can be recognized by its common set of distinguishing features (codes and conventions)

Horror, comedy, action comedy, sci-fiction, inspirational or family are examples of genre in films (also
applicable to TV shows)
WHAT ARE CODES AND CONVENTIONS?
CODES are systems of signs, which create meaning
CONVENTIONS are the generally accepted ways of doing something
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCE OF CODES AND CONVENTIONS?
The difference between codes and conventions, is that codes might be individual to the media text you are
analyzing for example, a film might use high angle shot to show vulnerability whereas in a music video it
may be complete irrelevant. On the other hand, conventions are something they all share with a genre.
TYPES OF CODES
TECHNICAL CODE
Ways in which equipment is used to tell the story (camera techniques, framing, depth of fields, lightning
and exposure, etc.)
CAMERAWORK refers to how the camera is operated, positioned and moved for specific effects.
EDITING is the process of choosing, manipulating and arranging images and sound.
AUDIO is the expressive or naturalistic use of sound. Audio can be diegetic or non-diegetic.
LIGHTNING is the manipulation of natural or artificial light to selectively highlight elements of the
scene.
CAMERA TECHNIQUES
Basic Camera Shots Advance Camera Shots Camera Angles
Extreme Wide Shot Two Shot Eye-level
Wide Shot Cut Away High Angle
Medium Shot Over the Shoulder Low Angle
Medium Close-up Point of View Bird’s Eye View
Close-up Selective Focus Worm’s Eye View
Extreme Close-up Arc Shot Slanted (canted)
BASIC CAMERA MOVEMENTS
PAN- Moving the camera lens from left to right, or vice versa. You should never pan more than your head
can move from left to right.
TILT- Moving the camera upwards and downwards. The same rules apply for tilt. You should not tilt more
than your head can.
TRUCK- Moving the camera physically from left to right or vice versa whilst remaining perpendicular.
SYMBOLIC CODES
Show what is beneath the surface of what we see (objects, setting, body language, clothing, color, etc.)
SETTING is the time and place of the narrative. When discussing setting, you can describe the setting of
the whole story or just a specific scene.
Mise en scene is a French term that means ‘everything within the frame’. In media terms it has become to
mean the description of all objects within a frame of the media product and how they have been arranged.
ACTING- the actors portray characters in media products and contribute to character development,
creating tension or advancing the
COLOR has highly cultural and strong connotations. When studying the use of color in a media product
the different aspects to be looking at are: Dominant Color, Contrasting Foils and color symbolism.
WRITTEN CODES
Use of language style and textual layout (headlines, captions, speech bubbles, language style, etc.)
LESSON 7: LEGAL, ETHICAL, SOCIETAL ISSUES IN MEDIA AND INFORMATION (PART 1)
WHAT INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY (IP)?
Refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names
and images used in commerce
Intellectual property is protected by the law

TYPES OF IP
1. COPYRIGHT
● A legal term used to describe the rights that creators have over their literary and artistic works.

● Books, music, paintings, sculpture and films, to computer programs, databases, advertisements, maps
and technical drawings
REPUBLIC ACT 8293
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
Copyright Validity Period
Literary Works During the lifetime of the author plus 50 years
Art 25 years from the date of creation
Photographic Work 50 years from publication
Audio- Visual Work 50 years from publication
Sound Recording 50 year recording took place
Broadcast Recording 20 years from date of broadcast
Trademark Valid for 10 years and may be renewed for a
periods of 10 years
Invention Patent Valid for 20 years from filing date application

2. PATENT
● An exclusive right granted for an invention

● Provides the patent owner with the right to decide how- or whether- the invention can be used by
others
3. TRADEMARKS
● A sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one enterprise from those of other
enterprises.

4. INDUSTRIAL DESIGN
● Constitutes the ornamental or aesthetic aspect of an article

● May consist of three-dimensional features, such as the shape or surface of an article, or of two-
dimensional features, such as patterns, lines or color
 5. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS AND APPELLATIONS OF ORIGIN
● Signs used on goods that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities, a reputation or
characteristics that are essentially attributable to that place of origin
● Most commonly includes the name of the place of origin of the goods

FAIR USE means you can use copyrighted material without a license only for certain purposes. These
include:

● Commentary

● Criticism

● Reporting

● Research

● Teaching

GUIDELINES FOR FAIR USE

● A majority of the content you create must be your own.

 ● Give credit to the copyright holder.

● Don’t make money off of the copyrighted work.

CREATIVE COMMONS

● Is an American non-profit organization devoted to expanding the range of creative works available
for others to build upon legally and to share. The organization has released several copyright-licenses
known as Creative Common licenses free of charge to the public.
● Website https://creativecommons.org/about/

ATTRIBUTIONS: You must credit the creator.

NON-COMMERCIAL: You can’t make a profit
NO DERIVATIVE WORKS: You can’t change the content.
SHARE ALIKE: You can change the content, but you have to let other people use your new work with the
same license as the original.
TRADITIONAL COPYRIGHT
Works cannot be used, adapted, copied, or published without the creator’s permission
WHAT DOES IT APPLY TO?
All original work is protected under copyright when it’s created.
CREATIVE COMMONS
Works may be used without permission, but only under certain circumstances,---Creators set rules for the
way their work is used.
WHAT DOES IT APPLY TO?
Only work that creators have chosen to designate as Creative Commons.
PUBLIC DOMAIN
Work can be used adapted, copied, and published completely without restrictions, no permission needed.
WHAT DOES IT APPLY TO?
Work published prior to 1923, work by long-dead creators have placed in the Public Domain.
LESSON 7: (PART 2)
PLAGIARISM
The act of using another person’s words or ideas without giving credit to that person
The practice of taking someone else’s work or ideas and passing them off as one’s own.
TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
SOURCES NOT CITED SOURCES CITED
The Ghost Writer The Forgotten Footnote
The Photocopy Misinformer
The Potluck Paper The Too-perfect Paraphrase
The Poor Disguise The Resourceful Citer
The Labor of Laziness The Perfect Crime
The Self- Stealer

SOURCES NOT CITED

1. THE GHOST WRITER
● The writer turns in another’s work, word for word, as his or her own.

2. THE PHOTOCOPY
● The writer copies significant portions of text straight from a single source, without alternation.

3. THE POTLUCK PAPER

● The writer copies from several different sources, tweaking the sentences to make them fit together
while retaining most of the original phrasing.

4. THE POOR DISGUISE

● The writer has altered the paper’s appearance slightly by changing key words and phrases.

5. THE LABOR OF LAZINESS

● The writer takes the time to paraphrase most of the paper from other sources and make it all fit
together.

6. THE SELF-STEALER
● The writer borrows generously from his or her previous work.

SOURCES CITED (BUT STILL PLAGIARIZED)

1. THE FORGOTTEN FOOTNOTE
● The writer mentions an author’s name for a source, but neglects to include specific information on
the location of the material referenced.

2. THE MISINFORMER
● The writer provides inaccurate information regarding the sources, making it impossible to find
them.

3. THE TOO-PERFECT PARAPHRASE

● The writer properly cites a source, but neglects to out in quotation marks on text that has been
copied word for word, or close to it.

4. THE RESOURCEFUL CITER

 ● The writer properly cites all sources, paraphrasing and using quotations appropriately. The catch?
The paper contains almost no original work!

5. THE PERFECT CRIME

● The writer properly quotes and cites sources in some places, but goes on to paraphrase other
arguments from those sources without citation.
WHAT BOUT IMAGES, VIDEOS, AND MUSIC?
Without receiving proper permission or providing appropriate citation, the following are considered
plagiarism:

● Copying media (especially images) from other websites to paste them into your own papers or
websites.
● Making a video using footage from others’ videos or using copyrighted music as part of the
soundtrack.
● Performing another person’s copyrighted music (i. e., playing a cover).

● Composing a piece of music that borrows heavily from another composition.

LESSON 8: OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND POWER OF MEDIA

MEDIA- means of communications or communication tools like newspapers, magazines, TV, Radio, and
internet that reach or influence people widely.

OPPORTUNITY- It is a set of situations that makes possible to do something.

ECONOMY

✔ Advertising and Public Relations

✔ Mobile Communication
 ✔ Internet

✔ New Industry

✔ Film Production

✔ Entertainment Programs

✔ Print

✔ Broadcast

EDUCATION

✔ In sites using video

✔ The highly Visual Evolution

✔ The Perspectivity Framework

IN SITES USING VIDEO

As we know from the recent ubiquity of online digital video, video has become a compelling tool for
educational representation: students use it in their projects, teachers, and pre-service teachers use it study
pedagogy and researchers use it for capturing and examining how learning happens, as they unfold.
THE HIGHLY VISUAL EVOLUTION
Learners have been able to integrate a variety of digital forms into documents. Multimedia,
hypermedia, new media are the terms we have used to describe this use of visual media in learning.
THE PERSPCETIVITY FRAMEWORK
Perspectivity frames how learners, teachers, and researchers make meaning of events from both
individual and multiple points of viewing.
SOCIAL

✔ Communication

✔ Freedom of Expression

✔ Tourism

POLITICAL

✔ New around the clock

✔ The impact of Polls

✔ Direct Interaction With Politicians

✔ Demographics and Targeting

CHALLENGES- It is something new and difficult which requires great effort and determination
ILLEGAL CONTENT- It’s any type of content that could be damaging to young people including:
 ▪ Sexually explicit content

▪ Real or simulated violence

▪ Illegal images of child sexual abuse

CRIMINAL ACTIVITY- or a crime that involves the internet, a computer system or a computer
technology. The use of a computer as an instrument to further illegal ends.
COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT- is the use or production of copyright-protected material without the
permission of the copyright holder. Copyright infringement means that the rights afforded to the copyright
holder, such as the exclusive use of a work for a set period of time, are being branched by a third party.
IDENTITY THEFT- is the crime of obtaining the personal or financial information of another person for
the sole purpose of assuming that person’s name or identity to make transactions or purchases.
MEDIA POWER
Media power means the concentration of symbolic power in media institutions, particularly those of
television, radio and the press (the common sense definition of the media), although the long-term impact of
new media on media power is considered.
BACKS OF THE FUTURE- Social media is transforming banking relationships in very significant ways,
from improving customer service to allowing users to send money to others via online platforms.
BUSINESS STRATEGY- It’s a new trend that is already spreading to businesses beyond the newsroom,
whether it be because of digital marketing or new customer service channels.
HEALTH CARE AND PUBLIC HEALTH- Social Media has been responsible for relevant changes in
both personal and community health, especially by making it easier for large numbers of people to rapidly
share information.

MEDIA AND INFORMATION

OPPORTUNITIES CHALLENGES

▪ Faster and “free” communication via ▪ Fake news in social media

Messenger and Viber
▪ Unreliable sources
▪ Job Hiring

▪ Freedom of Expression

▪ Informing and keeping the mass up to date

▪ Inspire

▪ Empower Citizen

▪ Faster and free communication

Philippines Declaration on Internet Rights and Principles

1. Internet access for all
 2. Democratizing the architecture of the internet
3. Freedom of expression and association
4. Right to privacy and protection of personal data
5. Gender Equality
6. Openness and access to information, knowledge and culture
7. Socio-economic empowerment and innovation
8. Education and digital literacy
9. Liberty, safety and security on the Internet
10. Internet and ICTs for environmental sustainability

LESSON 9: CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS IN MEDIA AND INFORMATION

Ubiquitous Learning (U learning) - Learning at any time, at any place

The main characteristics of ubiquitous learning (Chen et al., 2002; Curtis et al., 2002)
Permanency: Learning materials are always available unless purposely deleted.
Accessibility: Access from everywhere as personally required
Immediacy: Wherever a student is, he/she can immediately access learning materials.
Interactivity: Online collaboration with teachers and/or peers (chat/blogs/forums)
Situated instructional Activities: Learning in context (on-site).
Adaptability: Getting the right information at the right place for the right student.
MOOC
MASSIVE- There may be 100,000+ students in a MOOC
OPEN- Anyone, anywhere can register for these courses.
ONLINE- Coursework is delivered entirely the internet.
COURSE= MOOC’s are very similar to most online college courses.
PROTOTYPE

● The original model of something from which later forms are developed.

● An original model on which is something is patterned

LESSON 10: Media and Information Literate Individual
Media and Information literate individual enables people to interpret and make informed judgments as
users of information and media, as well as to become skillful creators and producers of information and
media messages in their own right.
Media and Information literate individual improve quality of life.
People or the netizens can evaluate the information.

▪ Raise awareness

▪ Enhance communication skills

▪ Improved information literacy Business/Job opportunities

▪ Prevents foolishness

Media and Information literate individual has greater political participation.

▪ Responsible citizen

▪ Politically engaged

▪ Politically concern

▪ Politically active

▪ Politically smart

Media and Information literate individual has better economic opportunities.

▪ Economically aware

▪ Knowledgeable
 ▪ Great chance of employment

▪ Great change of self-employment

▪ Have a nice choice of business

▪ Advertisements

Media and Information literate individual improved learning environment.

▪ Increase educational interest

▪ Fun learning

▪ Technologically smart

▪ Broader knowledge

▪ Easy way of learning

Media and Information literate has more cohesive social units.

▪ Socially aware

▪ Socially active

▪ Easy communication process

▪ Be able to identify different groups of people in a society

▪ Raise of respect for cultural and linguistic diversity.

SEVEN CAPACITIES OF LITERATE INDIVIDUAL

1. Literate individuals demonstrate independence with text.
2. Literate individuals build strong content knowledge.
3. Literate individuals respond to varying demands of audience, task, purpose, and discipline.
4. Literate individuals comprehend as well as critique.
5. Literate individuals value evidence.
6. Literate individuals use technology and digital media strategically and capably.
7. Literate individuals come to understand other perspectives and cultures.
Socialnomics: The value created and shared via social media and its efficient influence on outcomes
(economic, political, relational, etc.). Simply put: Word of Mouth on Digital Steroids!
Terms and Definitions
PREFERENCE
•The selecting of someone or something over another or others.
HABIT
•A recurrent, often unconscious pattern of behavior that is acquired through frequent repetition.
LIFESTYLE
•A way of life or living of a person or group.