Introduction to Information &

Communication Technology

(OS) Muhammad Daud Khan

Lecturer Computer Science
Qurtuba University of Science and

Operating System Technology

 Operating System
An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user and
the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs.
OR
An Operating System is the low-level software that supports a computer's basic
functions, such as scheduling tasks and controlling peripherals.
OR
An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware,
software resources, and provides common services for computer programs. The
OS helps you to communicate with the computer without knowing how to
speak the computer’s language. It is not possible for the user to use any
computer or mobile device without having an operating system.

Muhammad Daud Khan |Lecturer Computer Science| Qurtuba University of Science and Technology
 Computer System
 Users (people who are using the computer)
 Application Programs (Databases, Games, Video player,
Browsers, etc.)
 System Programs (Shells, Editors, Compilers, etc.)
 Operating System ( A special program which acts as an
interface between user and hardware )
 Hardware ( CPU, Disks, Memory, etc)

Muhammad Daud Khan |Lecturer Computer Science| Qurtuba University of Science and Technology
 Operating System

Muhammad Daud Khan |Lecturer Computer Science| Qurtuba University of Science and Technology
 Characteristics of Operating System
Memory Management: The operating system manages memory. It has
complete knowledge of primary memory; which part of the memory is used by
which program. Whenever a program requests, it allocates memory.
Processor Management: It allocates the program to the processor (CPU) and
also deallocates it when a program runs out of the CPU needs.
Device Management: The operating system keeps the information about all
devices. It is also called the I/O controller, and the operating system also decides
which devices are used to which program, when, and for how long.
Security: It prevents unauthorized access to any program. It uses passwords and
other technologies.
File Management: It allocates and deallocates resources and decides which
program to allocate resources.
Easy to use: It can be easily used as it also has a GUI interface.
Muhammad Daud Khan |Lecturer Computer Science| Qurtuba University of Science and Technology
 Major Operating Systems
 Apple Mac OS
 Apple iOS
 Microsoft Windows
 Google's Android OS
 Linux Operating System
 UNIX Operating System

Muhammad Daud Khan |Lecturer Computer Science| Qurtuba University of Science and Technology
 What is Microsoft Windows?
Windows is a graphical operating system
developed by Microsoft. It allows users to view
and store files, run the software, play games, watch
videos, and provides a way to connect to the
internet. It was released for both home computing
and professional works.

Microsoft introduced the first version as 1.0, It was

released for both home computing and professional
functions of Windows on 10 November 1983.
Later, it was released on many versions of
Windows as well as the current version, Windows
11.
Muhammad Daud Khan |Lecturer Computer Science| Qurtuba University of Science and Technology
 Windows Operating Systems
 Windows 11
 Windows 10
 Windows 8 and 8.1
 Windows 7
 Windows Vista
 Windows XP
 Windows 2000
 Windows NT
 Windows ME
 Windows 98
 Windows 95
 Windows 3.1 and 3.11
 Windows 2.0
 Windows 1.0
Muhammad Daud Khan |Lecturer Computer Science| Qurtuba University of Science and Technology
 What is GUI?
GUI stands for Graphical User Interface. It is a type of user interface that
allows users to interact with electronic devices or computer programs through
graphical icons and visual indicators rather than using text-based commands. A
GUI offers more user-friendly way to interact with a device or program. Some
examples of common GUI elements include windows, icons, buttons, and
menus. GUI-based operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows and macOS.
Button: A graphical representation of a button that acts as a program when
pressed.
Dialogue Box: A type of window that displays additional information and asks
a user for input.
Icon: Small graphical representation of a program, features, or file.
Menu: List of commands or choices offered to the user through the menu bar.
Window: Rectangular section of the computer's display that shows the program
currently being used.
Muhammad Daud Khan |Lecturer Computer Science| Qurtuba University of Science and Technology
 GUI Operating Systems

Graphical User Interface Command Line User Interface

Muhammad Daud Khan |Lecturer Computer Science| Qurtuba University of Science and Technology