INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION &

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

Muhammad Daud Khan

Introduction to the Computer Lecturer Computer Science

Qurtuba University of Science
and Technology
 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
Computer is a machine that can be programmed to store, retrieve,
and process data. It has the ability to take input from a user, process
the data according to a set of instructions, and provide output in the
form of information or a task. Computers are used in a variety of
applications, ranging from business and science to entertainment

and art. OR
A computer is a programmable electronic device that performs arithmetic
and logical operations automatically using a set of instructions provided
by the user.

Muhammad Daud Khan |Lecturer Computer Science| Qurtuba University of Science and Technology
 BASIC PARTS OF A COMPUTER
The basic parts without which a computer cannot work are as follows:
 Processor: It executes instructions from software and hardware.
 Memory: It is the primary memory for data transfer between the
CPU and storage.
 Motherboard: It is the part that connects all other parts or
components of a computer.
 Storage Device: It permanently stores the data, e.g., hard drive.
 Input Device: It allows you to communicate with the computer or
to input data, e.g., a keyboard.

 Output Device: It enables you to see the output, e.g., monitor.

Muhammad Daud Khan |Lecturer Computer Science| Qurtuba University of Science and Technology
 HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
The first counting device was used by the primitive
people. They used sticks, stones and bones as
counting tools. As human mind and technology
improved with time more computing devices were
developed. Some of the popular computing devices
starting with the fist to recent ones are described.

Muhammad Daud Khan |Lecturer Computer Science| Qurtuba University of Science and Technology
 HISTORY OF COMPUTERS (ABACUS)
The history of computer begins with the birth of abacus
which is believed to be the first computer. It is said that
Chinese invented Abacus around 4,000 years ago. It was
a wooden rack which has metal rods with beads mounted
on them. The beads were moved by the abacus operator
according to some rules to perform arithmetic
calculations. Abacus is still used in some countries like
China, Russia and Japan

Muhammad Daud Khan |Lecturer Computer Science| Qurtuba University of Science and Technology
 NAPIER'S BONES
It was a manually-operated calculating
device which was invented by John Napier
in 1617. In this calculating tool, he used 9
different ivory strips or bones marked with
numbers to multiply and divide. So, the tool
became known as "Napier's Bones. It was
also the first machine to use the decimal
point.

Muhammad Daud Khan |Lecturer Computer Science| Qurtuba University of Science and Technology
 PASCALINE
Pascaline is also known as Arithmetic Machine or
Adding Machine. It was invented between 1642 and
1644 by a French mathematician-philosopher Biaise
Pascal. It is believed that it was the first mechanical
and automatic calculator. Pascal invented this machine
to help his father, a tax accountant. It could only
perform addition and subtraction. It was a wooden
box with a series of gears and wheels. When a wheel
is rotated one revolution, it rotates the neighboring
wheel. A series of windows is given on the top of the
wheels to read the totals.

Muhammad Daud Khan |Lecturer Computer Science| Qurtuba University of Science and Technology
 DIFFERENCE ENGINE
In the early 1820s, it was designed by
Charles Babbage who is known as
"Father of Modern Computer". It was a
mechanical computer which could
perform simple calculations. It was a
steam driven calculating machine
designed to solve tables of numbers
like logarithm tables.
Muhammad Daud Khan |Lecturer Computer Science| Qurtuba University of Science and Technology
 ANALYTICAL ENGINE
This calculating machine was also
developed by Charles Babbage in
1830. It was a mechanical computer
that used punch-cards as input. It was
capable of solving any mathematical
problem and storing information as a
permanent memory.

Muhammad Daud Khan |Lecturer Computer Science| Qurtuba University of Science and Technology
 ENIAC
Short for Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer, the ENIAC was the first electronic
computer used for general purposes, such as
solving numerical problems. It was designed
and invented in University of Pennsylvania to
calculate artillery firing tables for the US
Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory.

Muhammad Daud Khan |Lecturer Computer Science| Qurtuba University of Science and Technology
 ENIAC
ENIAC was enormous. It occupied the 50-
by-30-foot basement of the Moore School,
where its 40 panels were arranged, U-shaped,
along three walls. With more than 17,000
vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors, 10,000
capacitors, 6,000 switches, and 1,500 relays,
it was easily the most complex electronic
system theretofore built. ENIAC ran
continuously, generating 174 kilowatts of
heat and thus requiring its own air
conditioning system
Muhammad Daud Khan |Lecturer Computer Science| Qurtuba University of Science and Technology
 ENIAC
It could execute up to 5,000 additions per
second, several orders of magnitude faster
than its electromechanical predecessors. It
and subsequent computers employing
vacuum tubes are known as first-generation
computers. Completed by February 1946,
ENIAC had cost the government $400,000,
and the war it was designed to help win was
over. Its first task was doing calculations for
the construction of a hydrogen bomb.

Muhammad Daud Khan |Lecturer Computer Science| Qurtuba University of Science and Technology