University Calculus Early

Transcendentals 3rd Edition Hass

Solutions Manual
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 CHAPTER 7 INTEGRALS AND TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

7.1 THE LOGARITHM DEFINED AS AN INTEGRAL

−2 −2 0 0
1. −3 1x dx = ln x  −3 = ln 2 − ln 3 = ln 23 2. −1 3x3−2 dx = ln 3x − 2  −1 = ln 2 − ln 5 = ln 52

y  4r8r−5 dr = ln 4t
2y 2
3. 2
dy = ln y 2 − 25 + C 4. 2
−5 +C
− 25

2
5. Let u = 6 + 3 tan t  du = 3sec2 t dt ;  63sec u
t dt = du = ln u + C = ln 6 + 3 tan t + C
+ 3tan t

 dy =  du
sec y tan y
6. Let u = 2 + sec y  du = sec y tan y dy; 2 +sec y u
= ln u + C = ln 2 + sec y + C

7. 2 dx
x +2x
= dx
2 x 1+ x ( )
; let u = 1 + x  du = 1
2 x
dx;

 2 x (dx1+ x ) =  duu = ln u + C = ln 1 + x + C = ln 1 + x + C ( )

8. Let u = sec x + tan x  du = (sec x tan x + sec 2 x)dx = (sec x)(tan x + sec x)dx  sec x dx = du
u
;

 = =  (ln u )−1/2 ⋅ u1 du = 2(ln u )1/2 + C = 2 ln(sec x + tan x) + C

sec x dx du
ln(sec x + tan x ) u ln u

ln 3 x ln 3
9. ln 2 e dx = e x  = eln 3 − eln 2 = 3 − 2 = 1 10.  8e
( x +1)
dx = 8e( x +1) + C
  ln 2

4
4 (ln x )3
( ) dx =  (ln8x) 1 = (ln84)
4 4
1 4 (ln x)3 1 (ln1)4 (ln 4) 4
11. 
1 2x
dx = 2 1  x
− 8
= 8

u2 (ln(ln x )) 2
 =  ln(ln x) x ln1 x dx =  u du =
ln(ln x )
12. Let u = ln(ln x)  du = ln1x ⋅ 1x dx = x ln1 x dx; x ln x
dx 2
+C = 2
+C

ln 9 x /2 ln 9
13. ln 4 e dx =  2e x /2  = 2 e(ln 9)/2 − e(ln 4)/2  = 2(eln 3 − eln 2 ) = 2(3 − 2) = 2
  ln 4  

14. Let u = ln(cos x)  du = cos1 x (− sin x)dx = − tan x dx  − du = tan x dx;

2 (ln(cos x ))2
 tan x ln(cos x)dx = −  u du = − u2 +C = − 2
+C

15. Let u = r1/2  du = 12 r −1/2 dr  2 du = r −1/2 dr ;

r1/ 2 1/ 2
⋅ r −1/2 dr = 2 eu du = 2eu + C = 2e r
r
 e r dr =  e
r
+ C = 2e +C

Copyright  2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 479

480 Chapter 7 Integrals and Transcendental Functions

16. Let u = −r1/2  du = − 12 r −1/2 dr  −2 du = r −1/2 dr ;

− r 1/ 2 1/ 2
e dr =  e − r ⋅ r −1/2 dr = −2  eu du = −2e− r + C = −2e− r
+C
r

−t 2 2
17. Let u = −t 2  du = −2t dt  −du = 2t dt ;  2te dt = −  eu du = −eu + C = −e −t + C

18. Let u = ln 2 x + 1  du = 2 ln x ⋅ 1x dx = 2 lnx x dx  12 du = lnxx dx;

x ln x
ln 2 x +1
dx =  1
2 u
du = u + C = ln 2 x + 1 + C

1/ x
19. Let u = 1x  du = − 12 dx  −du = 12 dx;
x x  ex 2
dx =  −eu du = −eu + C = −e1/ x + C

20. Let u = − x −2  du = 2 x −3 dx  12 du = x −3 dx;

2 −2 −2
e−1/ x
2
 dx =  e − x ⋅ x −3 dx = 1
e
u
du = 12 eu + C = 12 e − x + C = 12 e −1/ x + C
x3 2

21. Let u = sec π t  du = π sec π t tan π t dt  du

π
= sec π t tan π t dt ;
sec(π t ) u
esec(π t )
e sec(π t ) tan(π t )dt = π1  eu du = eπ + C = π
+C

22. Let u = csc(π + t)  du = −csc(π + t) cot(π + t)dt;

csc(π + t )
e csc(π + t ) cot(π + t )dt = −  eu du = −eu + C = −ecsc(π +t ) + C

23. Let u = ev  du = ev dv  2 du = 2ev dv; v = ln π6  u = π6 , v = ln π2  u = π2 ;

ln(π /2)
ln(π /6) 2e
v
cos ev dv = 2 
π /2
π /6
π /2
cos u du = [ 2sin u ]π /6 = 2 sin π2 − sin π6  = 2 1 − 12 = 1
  ( ) ( ) ( )

24. Let u = e x  du = 2 xe x dx; x = 0  u = 1, x = ln π  u = eln π = π ;

2 2

0
ln π 2
2 xe x cos e x ( ) dx = 
2

1
π π
cos u du = [sin u ]1 = sin(π ) − sin(1) = − sin(1) ≈ −0.84147

r
25. Let u = 1 + er  du = er dr ;  1+ee r
dr =  u1 du = ln u + C = ln(1 + er ) + C

−x
26.  1+1e x
dx =  −e x dx; let u = e − x + 1  du = −e − x dx  −du = e − x dx;
e +1
e− x dx = − ln u + C = − ln(e− x + 1) + C
 e− x +1
= − 1 du
u

1
1 1 θ  ( 1 )θ 
()
1 1
1 −θ
27. 0
2 dθ = 
0 2
dθ =  2 1  =
 ln ( 2 )  ln
2
( ) 1
2
−
ln
1
( )
1
2
=−
ln
2
( 12 )
= −1
2(ln1−ln 2)
= 1
2 ln 2
0

Copyright  2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 7.1 The Logarithm Defined as an Integral 481

0
θ  ( 1 )θ  ( 15 ) = 1 (1 − 25) = −24 = 24
−2

28.
0
−2 5
−θ
dθ = 
01
−2 5
() dθ =  5 1  =
 ln ( 5 ) 
1 −
ln ( 15 ) ln ( 15 ) ln ( 15 ) ln1−ln 5 ln 5
−2

29. Let u = x 2  du = 2 x dx  12 du = x dx; x = 1  u = 1, x = 2  u = 2;

2
2
()
x 2( x ) dx =  12 2u du = 12  ln2 2  = 2 ln1 2 (22 − 21 ) = ln12
2
( )
2
1
u

1  1

30. Let u = x1/2  du = 12 x −1/2 dx  2 du = dx ; x = 1  u = 1, x = 4  u = 2;

x
2
⋅ x −1/2 dx = 2  2u du =  2ln 2  = ln12 (23 − 22 ) = ln42 ( )
42 x 4 1/ 2 2 ( u +1)
1 x
dx =  2 x
1 1  1

31. Let u = cos t  du = −sin t dt  −du = sin t dt; t = 0  u = 1, t = π2  u = 0;

0
π /2 cos t
sin t dt = −  7u du =  − ln7 7  = ln−17 (70 − 7) = ln67
0
( )
u
0 7
1  1

32. Let u = tan t  du = sec2 t dt ; t = 0  u = 0, t = π4  u = 1;

1
 ( 13 ) 
u
 1 0
0 ( 3 ) 0 ( 3 ) ( )() ()
π /4 1 tan t 1 1 u
sec 2 t dt = du =  = − ln13  13 − 13  = 3ln2 3
 ln ( 13 )   
0

33. Let u = x 2 x  ln u = 2 x ln x  u1 du
dx
= 2 ln x + (2 x) 1x  du
dx ()
= 2u (ln x + 1)  12 du = x 2 x (1 + ln x)dx;

x = 2  u = 24 = 16, x = 4  u = 48 = 65,536;
4 2x 65.536
2 x (1 + ln x )dx = 12  du = 12 [u ]16
65.536
= 12 (65,536 − 16) = 65,520
2
= 32, 760
16

34. Let u = ln x  du = 1x dx; x = 1  u = 0, x = 2  u = ln 2;

ln 2
1
2 2ln x
dx = 
ln 2 u
=  ln2 2  ( )
u ln 2
2 du = ln12 (2ln 2 − 20 ) = 2 ln 2−1
x 0   0

 ( 2 +1)  ( 2 +1)
3

0 ( ) x  e = eln 2 −1ln 2 = 2−1 = 1

3 e (ln 2) −1
35. 2 + 1 x 2 dx =  x  =3 36. 1 x dx =  ln
ln 2 1 ln 2 ln 2 ln 2
 0

37. 
log10 x
x
dx ( )( 1x ) dx; u = ln x  du = 1x dx 
=  ln10
ln x

→  ( ln10 )( 1x ) dx = ln10  u du = ( ln10 ) ( 12 u 2 ) + C = (ln2 ln10

2
x)
ln x 1 1 +C

38. 1
4 log 2 x
x ( )( 1x ) dx; u = ln x  du = 1x dx; x = 1  u = 0, x = 4  u = ln 4
dx =
1
4 ln x
ln 2

→  ( ln )( ) 0 ( ln 2 ) ( ln 2 )  2 0 = ( ln12 )  12 (ln 4)2  = (ln2 ln4)2 = (lnln4)4

4 ln 4 2 2
x 1 dx = ln 4 1 u du = 1  1 u 2  = ln 4
1 ln 2 x

Copyright  2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

482 Chapter 7 Integrals and Transcendental Functions

( )( lnln 2x ) dx = 14 lnxx dx =  12 (ln x)2 1 = 12 [(ln 4)2 − (ln1)2 ] = 12 (ln 4)2 = 12 (2 ln 2)2
4 ln 2 log 2 x 4 ln 2 4
39. 1 x
dx =
1 x

= 2(ln 2)2

40. 1
e 2 ln10(log10 x )
x
dx =
e (ln10)(2 ln x ) 1
1 (ln10) x ( ) dx = [(ln x)2 ]1e = (ln e)2 − (ln1)2 = 1
2
2 log 2 ( x + 2)
( ) dx = ( ln12 )  (ln( x2+2)) 0 = ( ln12 )  (ln24) (ln 2)2 
2 2
1 2 [ln( x + 2)] 1
41. 0 x+2
dx = ln 2 0  x+2
− 2 

( ln12 )  4(ln22) (ln 2) 2 

2
= − 2 
= 32 ln 2

10
( ) dx = ( ln10 )  20 1/10 = ( ln10
10  (ln(10 x )) 
)  20
10  (ln100) (ln1) 2 
10 log10 (10 x ) 2 2
10 10 [ln(10 x )] 1
42. 1/10 x
dx = ln10 1/10  10 x
− 2 

( ln10 )  20 
10  4(ln10)  = 2 ln10
2
=

9
9 2 log10 ( x +1)
( ) dx = ( ln10 )  2 0 ( ln10
2  (ln( x +1))  =
)  2
2  (ln10) (ln1)2 
9 2 2
43. 0 x +1
dx = 2
ln10 0 
ln( x + 1) x1+1 − 2 
= ln10

3
3 2 log 2 ( x −1)
( ) ( )  (ln( x −1))2 
( ln22 )  (ln22) (ln1)2 
2
2 3 ln( x − 1) 1
44. 2 x −1
dx = ln 2 2  x −1
dx = 2
ln 2  2  =
2
− 2 
= ln 2

45.  x logdx10 x =  ( ln10

ln x )( x )
1 dx = (ln10)
 ( ln1x )( 1x ) dx; u = ln x  du = 1x dx 
→ (ln10)  ( ln1x )( 1x ) dx = (ln10)  u1 du = (ln10) ln u + C = (ln10) ln ln x + C

(ln x )−2 (ln x )−1 (ln 8)2

46.  x(logdx x)
8
2
=
x
dx
( lnln 8x )
2
= (ln 8)2  x
dx = (ln 8)2 −1
+C = − ln x
+C

= et sin(et − 2)  y =  et sin(et − 2)dt ;

dy
47. dt
let u = et − 2  du = et dt  y =  sin u du = − cos u + C = − cos(et − 2) + C ;
y(ln 2) = 0  − cos(eln 2 − 2) + C = 0  −cos(2 − 2) + C = 0  C = cos 0 = 1; thus, y = 1 − cos(et − 2)

= e −t sec 2 (π e−t )  y =  e−t sec2 (π e −t )dt ;

dy
48. dt
let u = π e −t  du = −π e −t dt  − π1 du = e−t dt  y = − π1  sec 2 u du = − π1 tan u + C = − π1 tan(π e −t ) + C;

( )
y (ln 4) = π2  − π1 tan(π e− ln 4 ) + C = π2  − π1 tan π ⋅ 14 + C = π2  − π1 (1) + C = π2  C = π3 ;

thus, y = π3 − π1 tan(π e−t )

Copyright  2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 7.1 The Logarithm Defined as an Integral 483

d2y
= 2e − x  = −2e− x + C ; x = 0 and
dy dy
49. = 0  0 = −2e0 + C  C = 2; thus
dx 2 dx dx

−2e− x + 2  y = 2e− x + 2 x + C1 ;
dy
dx
=
x = 0 and y = 1  1 = 2e0 + C1  C1 = −1  y = 2e − x + 2 x − 1 = 2(e− x + x) − 1

d2y dy dy
50. = 1 − e2t  dt = t − 12 e2t + C; t = 1 and dt = 0  0 = 1 − 12 e 2 + C  C = 12 e2 − 1; thus
dt 2
dy
dt
= t − 12 e2t + 12 e2 − 1  y = 12 t 2 − 14 e 2t + ( 12 e2 − 1) t + C1;
t = 1 and y = −1  −1 = 12 − 14 e 2 + 12 e2 − 1 + C1  C1 = − 12 − 14 e2  y = 12 t 2 − 14 e2t + 12 e 2 − 1 t − 12 + 14 e 2 ( ) ( )
dy
51. dx
= 1 + 1x at (1, 3)  y = x + ln x + C; y = 3 at x = 1  C = 2  y = x + ln x + 2

d2y
= tan x + 1  y =  (tan x + 1)dx = ln sec x + x + C1 and
dy dy
52. = sec2 x  = tan x + C and 1 = tan 0 + C 
dx 2 dx dx
0 = ln sec 0 + 0 + C1  C1 = 0  y = ln sec x + x

53. V = 2π 
2
1/2
x ( ) dx = 2π 
1
x2
2 1
1/2 x
dx
2
(
= 2π  ln x  = 2π ln 2 − ln 12 = 2π (2 ln 2) = π ln 24 = π ln16
1/2 )
2
3  3 3
54. V = π   93x  dx = 27π  dx = 27π  ln( x3 + 9)  = 27π (ln 36 − ln 9) = 27π (ln 4 + ln 9 − ln 9)
0  x +9  0  0
= 27π ln 4 = 54π ln 2

( ) =( )
2 2
( 4x − 1x )
x2 2 x 2 −4 x2 + 4
55. y= 8
− ln x  1 + ( y ′)2 = 1 + = 1+ 4x 4x

( )
8
+ 1x dx =  x8 + ln x  = (8 + ln 8) − (2 + ln 4) = 6 + ln 2
8 8 x2 +4 8 x 2
 L= 1 + ( y ′)2 dx =  dx =
4 4 4x 4 4   4

() ( ) = ( ) ( −)
2 2
y 2 y y 2 y 2
 y 2 −16   y 2 +16 
56. x= − 2 ln dx − 2y  1 + dx = 1+ 2 = 1+  8y  =  8 
4 4 dy 8 dy 8 y   

1 + ( ) dy =  ( + ) dy = 
12
12 2 12 y 2 +16 12 y y2 
L= dx dy = 2 + 2 ln y  = (9 + 2 ln12) − (1 + 2 ln 4)
4 dy 4 8y 4 8 y 16 4
= 8 + 2 ln 3 = 8 + ln 9

57. (a) L( x) = f (0) + f ′(0) ⋅ x, and f(x) = ln(1 + x)  f ′( x) x =0 = 1+1x = 1  L(x) = ln 1 + 1 ⋅ x  L(x) = x
x =0
(b) Let f(x) = ln(x + 1). Since f ′′( x) = − 1 2 < 0 on [0, 0.1], the graph of f is concave down on this interval
( x +1)
and the largest error in the linear approximation will occur when x = 0.1. This error is
0.1 − ln(1.1) ≈ 0.00469 to five decimal places.

Copyright  2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

484 Chapter 7 Integrals and Transcendental Functions

(c) The approximation y = x for ln(1 + x) is best for smaller

positive values of x; in particular for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1 in the
graph. As x increases, so does the error x − ln(1 + x). From
the graph an upper bound for the error is 0.5 − ln(1 + 0.5) ≈
0.095; i.e., E ( x ) ≤ 0.095 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5. Note from the
graph that 0.1 − ln(1 + 0.1) ≈ 0.00469 estimates the error in
replacing ln(1 + x) by x over 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1. This is consistent
with the estimate given in part (b) above.

58. (a) f ( x) = e x  f ′( x) = e x ; L( x) = f (0) + f ′(0)( x − 0)  L( x) = 1 + x

(b) f(0) = 1 and L(0) = 1  error = 0; f (0.2) = e0.2 ≈ 1.22140 and L(0.2) = 1.2  error ≈ 0.02140
(c) Since y ′′ = e x > 0, the tangent line approximation
always lies below the curve y = e x . Thus L(x) = x + 1
never overestimates e x .

59. From zooming in on the graph at the right, we

estimate the third root to be x ≈ −0.76666

60. The functions f ( x) = x ln 2 and g ( x) = 2ln x appear

to have identical graphs for x > 0. This is no
accident, because x ln 2 = eln 2⋅ln x = (eln 2 )ln x = 2ln x.

dy
61. (a) The point of tangency is (p, ln p) and mtangent = 1p since dx = 1x . The tangent line passes through (0, 0)

 the equation of the tangent line is y = 1p x. The tangent line also passes through

(p, ln p)  ln p = 1p p = 1  p = e, and the tangent line equation is y = 1e x.

d2y
(b) = − 12 for x ≠ 0  y = ln x is concave downward over its domain. Therefore, y = ln x lies below the
dx 2 x

graph of y = 1e x for all x > 0, x ≠ e, and ln x < ex for x > 0, x ≠ e.

(c) Multiplying by e, e ln x < x or ln x e < x.

Copyright  2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 7.2 Exponential Change and Separable Differential Equations 485

e
(d) Exponentiating both sides of ln x e < x, we have eln x < e x , or x e < e x for all positive x ≠ e.
(e) Let x = π to see that π e < eπ . Therefore, eπ is bigger.

62. (a) y = e x  y ′′ = e x > 0 for all x  the graph of y = e x is always concave upward
ln b x
(b) area of the trapezoid ABCD < ln a e dx < area of the trapezoid AEFD  12 ( AB + CD)(ln b − ln a)

<
ln b x
ln a
e dx < ( eln a + eln b
2 ) (ln b − ln a). Now 1 ( AB + CD )
2
is the height of the midpoint M = e(ln a + ln b )/2
since the curve containing the points B and C is linear
ln b
 e(ln a + ln b )/2 (ln b − ln a) <  e x dx < e +2 e
ln a

ln a
ln b
(ln b − ln a) ( )
ln b x ln b
(c) ln a e dx = e x  = eln b − eln a = b − a, so part (b) implies that
  ln a
e(ln a + ln b )/2 (ln b − ln a) < b − a < ( eln a + eln b
2 ) (ln b − ln a)  e (ln a + ln b)/2
< b −a
ln b −ln a
< a +2 b

 eln a /2 ⋅ eln b /2 < ln bb −−ln

a < a + b  eln a e ln b < b − a < a + b  ab < b − a < a + b
a 2 ln b −ln a 2 ln b −ln a 2

ln( x ) −1
63. Using Newton’s Method: f(x) = ln(x) − 1  f ′( x) = 1x  xn +1 = xn − 1n  xn +1 = xn [2 − ln( xn )].
xn

Then x1 = 2, x2 = 2.61370564, x3 = 2.71624393, and x5 = 2.71828183. Many other methods may be used.
For example, graph y = ln x − 1 and determine the zero of y.

70. ln a ⋅ log x= ln a ⋅ ln x = ln x = logb x

ln b 4 ln b ln a ln b

7.2 EXPONENTIAL CHANGE AND SEPARABLE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1. (a) y = e− x  y ′ = −e− x  2 y ′ + 3 y = 2 −e− x + 3e − x = e− x ( )

(b) y = e− x + e −3 x 2
 y ′ = −e− x − 32 e −3 x 2
(
) + 3 ( e − x + e −3 x 2 ) = e − x
 2 y ′ + 3 y = 2 −e− x − 32 e−3 x 2

(c) y = e− x + Ce−3 x 2  y ′ = −e− x − 32 Ce−3 x 2  2 y ′ + 3 y = 2 ( −e − x − 32 Ce −3 x 2 ) + 3 ( e− x + Ce−3 x 2 ) = e − x

( )
2
2. (a) y = − 1x  y ′ = 1 = − 1x = y2
x2
2
(b) y = − x 1+3  y ′ = 1 =  − ( x 1+3)  = y 2
( x +3)2  
2
(c) y = x +1C  y ′ = 1 =  − ( x +1C )  = y 2
( x + C )2  

1 x et 1 x et
( 1x ) ( ex )  x2 y′ = −1x et dt + e x = − x  1x  et dt  + e x = − xy + e x
x t
x t
3. y= 
x 1 t
dt  y ′ = − 
x2 1 t
dt +
 1 
 x 2 y ′ + xy = e x

Copyright  2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

486 Chapter 7 Integrals and Transcendental Functions

 
1 + t dt  y = − 2  4 x  x 1 + t 4 dt + 1  1 + x 4 
x 3

4 1 3  1
′ 4
4. y= 1 1
 
1+ x
 1+ x
4
( ) 
1+ x 4  

 y′ = ( ) 
−2 x3
1+ x 4
1
1+ x 4
1
x 
1 + t 4 dt  + 1  y ′ =

( ) y + 1  y′ +
−2 x 3
1+ x 4
2 x3
1+ x 4
⋅ y =1

 
5. ( ) ( )
y = e− x tan −1 2e x  y ′ = −e− x tan −1 2e x + e− x  1 2  2e x = −e− x tan −1 2e x + 2 2 x
 1+( 2e x )  1+ 4e
( ) ( )
 
 y′ = − y + 2
1+ 4e2 x
 y′ + y = 2
1+ 4e 2 x
( )
; y (− ln 2) = e −( − ln 2) tan −1 2e− ln 2 = 2 tan −1 1 = 2 π4 = π2 ( )

6.
2
y = ( x − 2)e− x  y ′ = e − x + −2 xe − x
2
( 2
) ( x − 2)  y′ = e − x2
− 2 xy; y (2) = (2 − 2)e−2 = 0
2

7. y= cos x
x
 y′ = − x sin x − cos x  y ′ = − sin x
x2 x
− 1x ( cosx x )  y′ = − sinx x − xy  xy′ = − sin x − y
 xy ′ + y = ( )
− sin x; y π2 = (π 2) = 0
cos(π 2)

8. y= x  y′ =
ln x − x ( 1x )  y ′ = 1 − 1  x2 y′ = x2 − x2  x 2 y ′ = xy − y 2 ; y (e) = e = e.
ln x (ln x )2 ln x (ln x )2 ln x (ln x )2 ln e

9. 2 xy dx = 1  2 x1/2 y1/2 dy = dx  2 y1/2 dy = x −1/2 dx   2 y1/2 dy =  x −1/2 dx

dy

2 ( 23 y3/2 ) = 2 x1/2 + C1  23 y3/2 − x1/2 = C, where C = 12 C1

= x 2 y  dy = x 2 y1/2 dx  y −1/2 dy = x 2 dx   y −1/2 dy =  x 2 dx  2 y1/2 = x3
dy
10. dx 3
+ C  2 y1/2 − 13 x3 = C

= e x − y  dy = e x e− y dx  e y dy = e x dx   e y dy =  e x dx  e y = e x + C  e y − e x = C
dy
11. dx

= 3x 2 e− y  dy = 3x 2 e− y dx  e y dy = 3x 2 dx   e y dy =  3x 2 dx  e y = x3 + C  e y − x3 = C
dy
12. dx

13.
dy
dx
= y cos 2 y  dy = ( y cos 2 )
y dx 
sec2
y
y
dy = dx  
sec 2 y
y
dy =  dx. In the integral on the left-

hand side, substitute u = y  du = 1 dy  2 du = 1 dy, and we have

2 y y

 sec u du =  dx  2 tan u = x + C  − x + 2 tan y = C

2

2 xy dx = 1  dy = 1 dx  2 ydy = 1 dx  2 y1 2 dy = x −1 2 dx  2  y1 2 dy =  x −1 2 dx
dy
14.
2 xy x

( y)
y3 2 x1 2 3
 2 3
dy = 1
+ C1  2 y 3 2 = 3 x + 32 C1  2 − 3 x = C , where C = 32 C1
2 2

Copyright  2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 7.2 Exponential Change and Separable Differential Equations 487

= e y+ e ye x e ye x dx  e − y dy = dx   e− y dy =  e
dy x dy x x
15. x dx
 dx
=  dy = e dx. In the integral on the
x x x x
right-hand side, substitute u = x  du = 1 dx  2 du = 1 dx, and we have
2 x x
−y
e dy = 2 eu du  −e − y = 2eu + C1  −e− y = 2e x
+ C , where C = −C1

(
16. (sec x) dx = e y +sin x  dx = e y +sin x cos x  dy = e y esin x cos x dx  e− y dy = esin x cos x dx
dy dy
)
  e − y dy =  esin x cos x dx  −e − y = esin x + C1  e− y + esin x = C , where C = −C1

= 2 x dx   =  2 x dx  sin −1 y = x 2 + C since
dy dy dy
17. dx
= 2 x 1 − y 2  dy = 2 x 1 − y 2 dx 
1− y 2 1− y 2

| y | < 1  y = sin x 2 + C ( )
2 x− y 2x− y 2x − y x 2y
= e x + y  dy = e x + y dx  dy = e xe y dx = e2 y dx  e2 y dy = e x dx   e2 y dy =  e x dx  e2 = e x + C1
dy
18. dx e e e e e
 e2 y − 2e x = C where C = 2C1

19. y2
dy
dx
= 3x 2 y3 − 6 x 2  y 2 dy = 3x 2 y 3 − 2 dx  ( ) 3
y2
y −2
dy = 3 x 2 dx  
y2
3
y −2
dy =  3x 2 dx

 13 ln y 3 − 2 = x3 + C

= xy + 3 x − 2 y − 6 = ( y + 3)( x − 2)  y1+3 dy = ( x − 2)dx   y1+3 dy =  ( x − 2)dx

dy
20. dx

 ln | y + 3| = 1 x2 − 2x + C
2

( y + 2 y )  y +21
2 2 2 2 2
21. 1 dy = ye x + 2 ye x = e x dy = xe x dx   1 dy =  xe x dx
x dx y y +2 y

( )
2 2 2 2
 1 dy =  xe x dx  2 ln y + 2 = 12 e x + C  4 ln y + 2 = e x + C  4 ln y + 2 = ex + C
(
y y +2 )

22.
dy
dx
= e x − y + e x + e− y + 1 = e − y + 1 e x + 1  ( )( ( ) ) dy =  ( e x + 1) dx
1 dy
e − y +1
e +1
= e x + 1 dx   − 1y

 ey dy =  ( e x + 1) dx  ln 1 + e y = e x + x + C  ln (1 + e y ) = e x + x + C
1+ e y

23. (a) y = y0 ekt  0.99 y0 = y0 e1000k  k = ln1000

0.99 ≈ −0.00001

(b) 0.9 = e( −0.00001)t  (−0.00001)t = ln (0.9)  t = −0.00001 ≈ 10,536 years

ln (0.9)

(c) y = y0 e(20,000) k ≈ y0 e−0.2 = y0 (0.82)  82%

dp ln (90) −ln(1013)
24. (a) dh
= kp  p = p0 ekh where p0 = 1013; 90 = 1013e20k  k = 20
≈ −0.121

(b) p = 1013e −6.05 ≈ 2.389 millibars

(c) 900 = 1013e( −0.121) h  −0.121h = ln 1013 0.121 ( )
900  h = ln(1013) − ln(900) ≈ 0.9777 km

Copyright  2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

488 Chapter 7 Integrals and Transcendental Functions

= −0.6 y  y = y0 e−0.6t ; y0 = 100  y = 100e−0.6t  y = 100e −0.6 ≈ 54.88 grams when t = 1 hr

dy
25. dt

ln (0.8)
26. A = A0 ekt  800 = 1000e10 k  k = 10
 A = 1000e(ln (0.8) 10)t , where A represents the amount of sugar
that remains after time t. Thus after another 14 hrs, A = 1000e(ln (0.8) 10)24 ≈ 585.35 kg

L( x) = L0 e − kx  20 = L0 e−18k  ln 12 = −18k  k = ln182 ≈ 0.0385  L( x) = L0 e−0.0385 x ; when the intensity is

L
27.

one-tenth of the surface value, 100 = L0 e−0.0385 x  ln10 = 0.0385 x  x ≈ 59.8 ft

L

28. V (t ) = V0 e−t 40  0.1V0 = V0 e−t 40 when the voltage is 10% of its original value  t = −40 ln (0.1) ≈ 92.1 sec

ln 2
29. y = y0 e kt and y0 = 1  y = e kt  at y = 2 and t = 0.5 we have 2 = e0.5k  ln 2 = 0.5k  k = 0.5 = ln 4.
Therefore, y = e(ln 4)t  y = e24ln 4 = 424 = 2.81474978 × 1014 at the end of 24 hrs

30. y = y0 e kt and y (3) = 10, 000  10, 000 = y0 e3k ; also y (5) = 40, 000 = y0 e5k . Therefore
y0 e5k = 4 y0 e3k  e5k = 4e3k  e2 k = 4  k = ln 2. Thus, y = y0 e(ln 2)t  10, 000 = y0 e3ln 2 = y0 eln 8
10,000
 10, 000 = 8 y0  y0 = 8
= 1250

31. (a) 10, 000e k (1) = 7500  e k = 0.75  k = ln 0.75 and y = 10, 000e(ln 0.75)t . Now 1000 = 10, 000e(ln 0.75)t
 ln 0.1 = (ln 0.75)t  t = lnln0.75
0.1 ≈ 8.00 years (to the nearest hundredth of a year)

(b) 1 = 10, 000e(ln 0.75)t  ln 0.0001 = (ln 0.75)t  t = lnln0.0001

0.75
≈ 32.02 years (to the nearest hundredth
of a year)

dz dy
32. Let z = r − ky. Then = −k = −k ( r − ky ) = −kz. The equation dz / dt = − kz has solution z = ce − kt , so
dt dt
1
(
r − ky = ce − kt and y = r − ce − kt .
k
)
1
(a) Since y (0) = y0 , we have y0 = ( r − c ) and thus c = r − ky0 . So
k
1
( 
) r
y = r − [ r − ky0 ]e − kt =  y0 −  e − kt + .
k  k
r
k
 r r r
(b) Since k > 0, lim  y0 −  e −kt +  = .
t →∞   k k k

y = r/k

y = y0

Copyright  2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 7.2 Exponential Change and Separable Differential Equations 489

33. Let y (t ) be the population at time t, so t (0) = 1147 and we are interested in t (20). If the population
continues to decline at 39% per year, the population in 20 years would be 1147 ⋅ (0.61) 20 ≈ 0.06 < 1, so the
species would be extinct.

34. (a) We will ignore leap years. There are (60)(60)(24)(365) = 31,536,000 seconds in a year. Thus, assuming
exponential growth, P = 314,419,198ekt , with t in years, and
31,536,000  314,419,199 
314,419,199 = 314,419,198e12k /31,536,000  k = ln   ≈ 0.0083583.
12  314,419,198 
(You don’t really need to compute that logarithm: it will be very nearly equal to 1 over the denominator
of the fraction.)
(b) In seven years, P = 314,419,198e(0.0083583)(7) ≈ 333,664,000 . (We certainly can’t estimate this
population to better than six significant digits.)

35. 0.9 P0 = P0 ek  k = ln 0.9; when the well’s output falls to one-fifth of its present value P = 0.2 P0
ln 0.2
 0.2 P0 = P0 e(ln 0.9)t  0.2 = e(ln 0.9)t  ln (0.2) = (ln 0.9)t  t = ln 0.9
≈ 15.28 yr

36. (a)
dp 1 p
= − 100
dp 1 dx  ln p = − 1 x + C  p = e( −0.01x +C ) = eC e−0.01x = C e −0.01x ;
= − 100
dx p 100 1

p(100) = 20.09  20.09 = C1e( −0.01)(100)  C1 = 20.09e ≈ 54.61  p( x) = 54.61e−0.01x (in dollars)
(b) p(10) = 54.61e( −0.01)(10) = $49.41, and p(90) = 54.61e( −0.01)(90) = $22.20
(c) r ( x) = xp( x)  r ′( x) = p( x) + xp ′( x);
p′( x) = −.5461e −0.01x
 r ′( x) = (54.61 − .5461x)e−0.01x . Thus,
r ′( x) = 0  54.61 = .5461x  x = 100. Since
r ′ > 0 for any x < 100 and r ′ < 0 for x > 100,
then r ( x) must be a maximum at x = 100.

≈ −0.000028454  A = 10e−0.000028454t ,
ln (0.5)
37. A = A0 ekt and A0 = 10  A = 10ekt , 5 = 10ek (24360)  k = 24360
then 0.2(10) = 10e−0.000028454t  t = −0.000028454
ln 0.2 ≈ 56563 years

38. A = A0 ekt and 1A = A0 e139 k  1 = e139 k  k = ln(0.5) ≈ −0.00499; then

2 0 2 139
−0.00499t
0.05 A0 = A0 e t = ln 0.05 ≈ 600 days
−0.00499

y = y0 e− kt = y0 e−( k )(3 k ) = y0 e−3 =

y0 y
39. < 200 = (0.05)( y0 )  after three mean lifetimes less than 5% remains
e3

40. (a) A = A0 e− kt  1
2
= e−2.645k  k = 2.645
ln 2 ≈ 0.262

(b) 1
k
≈ 3.816 years

( ) ( )
ln 2 t  − ln 20 = − ln 2 t  t = 2.645ln 20 ≈ 11.431 years
(c) (0.05) A = A exp − 2.645 2.645 ln 2

Copyright  2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

490 Chapter 7 Integrals and Transcendental Functions

41. T − Ts = (T0 − Ts ) e− kt , T0 = 90°C, Ts = 20°C, T = 60°C  60 − 20 = 70e−10 k  74 = e−10 k

k =
ln ( 74 ) ≈ 0.05596
10
(a) 35 − 20 = 70e−0.05596t  t ≈ 27.5 min is the total time  it will take 27.5 − 10 = 17.5 minutes longer to
reach 35°C
(b) T − Ts = (T0 − Ts ) e −kt , T0 = 90°C, Ts = −15°C  35 + 15 = 105e −0.05596t  t ≈ 13.26 min

42. T − 65° = (T0 − 65° ) e − kt  35° − 65° = (T0 − 65° ) e −10k and 50° − 65° = (T0 − 65° ) e−20 k . Solving
−30° = (T0 − 65° ) e−10 k and −15° = (T0 − 65° ) e−20 k simultaneously  (T0 − 65° ) e−10 k = 2 (T0 − 65° ) e −20k
 ( ln 2 ) 
 e10 k = 2  k = ln 2
10
and −30° =
T0 − 65°
e10 k
 −30°  e10 10  = T0 − 65°  T0 = 65° − 30° eln 2
 
( )
= 65° − 60° = 5°

39 −T
43. T − Ts = (To − Ts ) e− kt  39 − Ts = ( 46 − Ts ) e−10 k and 33 − Ts = ( 46 − Ts ) e−20 k  46 −Ts = e−10k and
s

33−Ts
46 −Ts (
= e−20k = e−10 k )
2

33−Ts
46−Ts ( 39−T 2
= 46−Ts
s
)  ( 33 − Ts )( 46 − Ts ) = ( 39 − Ts )
2

 1518 − 79Ts + Ts2 = 1521 − 78Ts + Ts2  −Ts = 3  Ts = −3°C

44. Let x represent how far above room temperature the silver will be 15 min from now, y how far above room
temperature the silver will be 120 min from now, and t0 the time the silver will be 10°C above room
temperature. We then have the following time-temperature table:

time in min. 0 20 (Now) 35 140 t0

temperature Ts + 70° Ts + 60° Ts + x Ts + y Ts + 10°

T − Ts = (T0 − Ts ) e −kt  ( 60 + Ts ) − Ts = ( 70 + Ts ) − Ts  e −20k  60 = 70e−20k  k = − 20

1 ln
( ) ( 76 ) ≈ 0.00771
(a) T − Ts = (T0 − Ts ) e −0.00771t  (Ts + x ) − Ts = ( 70 + Ts ) − Ts  e−(0.00771)(35)  x = 70e−0.26985 ≈ 53.44°C
(b) T − Ts = (T0 − Ts ) e −0.00771t  ( Ts + y ) − Ts = ( 70 + Ts ) − Ts  e−(0.00771)(140)

 y = 70e −1.0794 ≈ 23.79°C

(c) T − Ts = (T0 − Ts ) e −0.00771t  (Ts + 10 ) − Ts = ( 70 + Ts ) − Ts  e−(0.00771)t0  10 = 70e −0.00771t0
 ln ( 17 ) = −0.00771t0  t0 = ( − 0.00771
1
) ln ( 17 ) = 252.39  252.39 − 20 ≈ 232 minutes from now the
silver will be 10°C above room temperature

45. From Example 4, the half-life of carbon-14 is 5700 yr  12 c0 = c0 e − k (5700)  k = 5700

ln 2 ≈ 0.0001216

 c = c0 e−0.0001216t  (0.445)c0 = c0 e−0.0001216t  t =

ln(0.445)
−0.0001216
≈ 6659 years

46. From Exercise 45, k ≈ 0.0001216 for carbon-14.

(a) c = c0 e−0.0001216t  (0.17)c0 = c0 e −0.0001216t  t ≈ 14,571.44 years  12,571 BC
(b) (0.18)c0 = c0 e −0.0001216t  t ≈ 14,101.41 years  12,101 BC
(c) (0.16)c0 = c0 e−0.0001216t  t ≈ 15,069.98 years  13, 070 BC

Copyright  2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 7.3 Hyperbolic Functions 491

47. From Exercise 45, k ≈ 0.0001216 for carbon- 14  y = y0 e−0.0001216t . When t = 5000
 y = y0 e −0.0001216(5000) ≈ 0.5444 y0  y ≈ 0.5444  approximately 54.44% remains
y
0

48. From Exercise 45, k ≈ 0.0001216 for carbon-14. Thus, c = c0 e −0.0001216t  (0.995)c0 = c0 e−0.0001216t
ln(0.995)
 t = −0.0001216 ≈ 41 years old

ln 2 5730ln(0.15)
49. e −(ln 2/5730)t = 0.15  − t = ln(0.15)  t = − ≈ 15,683 years
5730 ln 2

50. (a) e −(ln 2/5730)(500) ≈ 0.94131, or about 94%.

(b) We’ll assume that the error could be 1% of the original amount. If the percentage of carbon-14 remaining
5730ln(0.93131)
were 0.93131, the Ice Maiden’s actual age would be − ≈ 588 years.
ln 2

7.3 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

9 = 25 = 5 , tanh x = sinh x = ( 4 ) = − 3 ,
−3
( )
2
1. sinh x = − 34  cosh x = 1 + sinh 2 x = 1 + − 34 = 1 + 16 16 4 cosh x (5) 5
4

coth x = 1
tanh x
= − 53 , sech x = 1
cosh x
= 4,
5
and csch x = 1
sinh x
= − 43

2. sinh x = 43  cosh x = 1 + sinh 2 x = 1 + 16 = 25 = 53 , tanh x =

sinh x
=
( 43 ) = 4 , coth x = 1 = 5 ,
9 9 cosh x ( 53 ) 5 tanh x 4

sech x = 1
cosh x
= 53 , and csch x = 1
sinh x
= 3
4

( 158 ) = 8 ,
3. cosh x = 17
15
, x > 0  sinh x = cosh 2 x − 1 = ( )
17 2
15
−1 = 289
225
−1 = 64
225
= 15
8 , tanh x = sinh x
cosh x
=
( 1715 ) 17
coth x = 1
tanh x
= 17
8
, sech x = 1
cosh x
= 17
15 , and csch x = 1
sinh x
= 15
8

4. cosh x = 13 , x > 0  sinh x = cosh 2 x − 1 = 169 − 1 = 144 = 12 , tanh x = cosh

sinh x = ( 125 ) = 12 ,
5 25 25 5 x ( 135 ) 13
coth x = 1
tanh x
= 12
13 , sech x = 1
cosh x
= 13
5 , and csch x = 1
sinh x
= 12
5

ln x
5. 2cosh (ln x) = 2 e +2e(− ln x
)
= elnx + ln1 x = x + 1x
e

 x2 − 1 
−2ln x 2 −2  
2 ln x ln x ln x
 x2  x 4 −1
6. sinh (2 ln x) = e −2e = e −2e = =
2 2 x2

e5 x + e −5 x e5 x − e −5 x −3 x −3 x
8. cosh 3 x − sinh 3x = e +2e − e −2e = e−3 x
3x 3x
7. cosh 5 x + sinh 5 x = 2
+ 2
= e5 x

Copyright  2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

492 Chapter 7 Integrals and Transcendental Functions

( ) = (e )
4
x −x x −x x 4
9. (sinh x + cosh x)4 = e −2e + e +2e = e4 x

10. ln(cosh x + sinh x) + ln(cosh x − sinh x) = ln cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x = ln1 = 0 ( )

11. (a) sinh 2 x = sinh( x + x) = sinh x cosh x + cosh x sinh x = 2sinh x cosh x
(b) cosh 2 x = cosh( x + x) = cosh x cosh x + sinh x sin x = cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x

( ) −( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
= 14  e x + e − x + e x − e− x   e x + e − x − e x − e− x 
−x
x
12. cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x = e +2e e x − e− x
2   
= 1
4 ( 2e )( 2e ) = 14 ( 4e ) = 14 (4) = 1
x −x 0

13. y = 6sinh 3x 
dy
dx (
= 6 cosh 3x )( 13 ) = 2 cosh 3x
14. y = 12 sinh ( 2 x + 1) 
dy
dx
= 1
2 [cosh(2 x + 1)] (2) = cosh(2 x + 1)

15. y = 2 t tanh t = 2t1/2 tanh t1/2 

dy
dt
= sech 2 t1/2
 ( )( 12 t −1/2 ) ( 2t1/2 ) + ( tanh t1/2 )(t −1/2 ) = sech 2 t + tanh
t
t

16. y = t 2 tanh 1t = t 2 tanh t −1 

dy
dt  ( )(
 )( ) ( )
= sech 2 t −1 −t −2  t 2 + ( 2t ) tanh t −1 = −sech 2 1t + 2t tanh 1t

dy
17. y = ln(sinh z )  dz = cosh z = coth z
sinh z

dy
18. y = ln(cosh z )  dz = cosh
sinh z = tanh z
z

19. y = (sech θ )(1 − ln sechθ )  dθ = −

dy
( −sech θ tanh θ
sech θ ) (sech θ ) + ( −sech θ tanh θ )(1 − ln sechθ )
= sech θ tanh θ − ( sech θ tanh θ ) (1 − ln sech θ ) = (sech θ tanh θ ) 1 − (1 − ln sech θ ) 
= ( sech θ tanh θ )( ln sech θ )

20. y = ( csch θ )(1 − ln csch θ )  dθ = ( csch θ ) −

dy
( − csch θ coth θ
csch θ ) + (1 − ln csch θ )( −csch θ coth θ )
= csch θ coth θ − (1 − ln csch θ )( csch θ coth θ ) = ( csch θ coth θ )(1 − 1 + ln csch θ )
= ( csch θ coth θ )( ln csch θ )

21. y = ln cosh v − 12 tanh 2 v 

dy
dv
= cosh v 2 ( ( )
) ( ) (
sinh v − 1 2 tanh v sech 2v = tanh v − tanh v sech 2v
) ( )
( )
= (tanh v) 1 − sech 2 v = (tanh v) tanh 2 v = tanh 3 v ( )
22. y = ln sinh v − 12 coth 2 v 
dy
dv
= cosh
sinh v 2
( ( )
) ( ()
v − 1 2 coth v −csch 2 v = coth v + coth v csch 2 v
) ( )
( )
= (coth v) 1 + csch 2 v = (coth v) coth 2 v = coth 3 v ( )
Copyright  2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 7.3 Hyperbolic Functions 493

23. ( )
y = x 2 + 1 sech ( ln x ) = x 2 + 1 ( )( e ln x
2
+ e− ln x
) = ( x + 1) ( 2 2
x + x −1
) = ( x + 1) ( ) = 2x 
2 2x
x 2 +1
dy
dx
=2

24. ( )
y = 4 x 2 − 1 csch ( ln 2x ) = 4 x 2 − 1 ( )( e ln 2 x
2
− e− ln 2 x
) = ( 4x −1)  2 2 

2 x −(2 x )−1 
(
= 4 x2 − 1 ) ( 4 x4x−1 ) = 4 x  dydx = 4
2

( 12 ) x−1/ 2
25. y = sinh −1 x = sinh −1 x1/2  ( ) dy
= = 1
2 x 1+ x
= 1
2 x (1+ x )
( )
dx 1/ 2 2
1+ x

( 12 )( x+1)−1/ 2
26. y = cosh −1 2 x + 1 = cosh −1 2 ( x + 1) ( 1/2
) 
dy
dx
=
(2)
2
 2( x +1)1/ 2  −1
= 1
x +1 4 x + 3
= 1
4 x2 + 7 x +3
 

27. y = (1 − θ ) tanh −1 θ  dθ = (1 − θ )
dy
( ) + (−1) tanh
1
1−θ 2
−1
θ = 1+1θ − tanh −1 θ

28.
 
(
y = (θ 2 + 2θ ) tanh −1 (θ + 1)  dθ = θ 2 + 2θ  1 2  + (2θ + 2) tanh −1 (θ + 1)
dy
 1−(θ +1) 
)
= θ 2+ 2θ + (2θ + 2) tanh −1 (θ + 1) = (2θ + 2) tanh −1 (θ + 1) − 1
2

−θ − 2θ

 ( 1 )t −1/ 2 
29. y = (1 − t ) coth −1 t = (1 − t ) coth −1 t1/2  ( ) dy
dt
= (1 − t )  2  + (−1) coth −1 t1/2 =
 1−( t1/ 2 )2 
( ) 1
2 t
− coth −1 t
 

30. ( )
y = 1 − t 2 coth −1 t 
dy
dt (
= 1− t2 ) ( 1−1t ) + ( −2t ) coth −1 t = 1 − 2t coth −1 t
2

   −1 
y = cos −1 x − x sech −1 x  −1 −1 −1 − sech −1 x = − sech −1 x
dy
31. dx
= − x   + (1) sech x  = + 1
 x  
2 2 2 2
1− x 1− x 1− x 1− x

( )
1/2
32. y = ln x + 1 − x 2 sech −1 x = ln x + 1 − x 2 sech −1 x

( ) ( )( )
1/2  −1/2
−1  + 1 1 − x 2

dy
dx
= 1x + 1 − x 2  2  2 ( −2 x ) sech −1 x = 1x − 1x − x 2 sech −1 x = − x 2 sech −1 x
 x 1− x  1− x 1− x

ln ( ) ( )   1 θ
1 θ
1
33. y = csch −1 () 2
 dθ = −  2  2
dy
2
=−
ln(1) −ln(2)
1 2θ
= ln 2
2θ
θ θ
( 12 ) 1+  ( 12 )  1+ () 1+ ( 12 )

2


(ln 2)2θ
y = csch −1 2θ  dθ = − − ln 2
dy
34. =
θ
2 1+ 2 ( ) θ 2 1+ 22θ

y = sinh −1 (tan x)  sec 2 x sec 2 x sec 2 x

dy |sec x||sec x|
35. dx
= 2
= 2
= |sec x|
= |sec x|
=| sec x |
1+ (tan x ) sec x

Copyright  2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

494 Chapter 7 Integrals and Transcendental Functions

y = cosh −1 (sec x)  = sec x, 0 < x < π2

dy (sec x )(tan x ) (sec x )(tan x ) (sec x )(tan x )
36. dx
= 2
= 2
= |tan x|
sec x −1 tan x

37. (a) If y = tan −1 (sinh x) + C , then dx = cosh 2x = cosh2x = sech x, which verifies the formula
dy
1+ sinh x cosh x

(b) If y = sin −1 (tanh x) + C , then dx = sech x2 = sech

dy 2 2
x = sech x, which verifies the formula
1− tanh x sech x

2  
38. If y = x2 sech −1 x − 12 1 − x 2 + C , then dx = x sech −1 x + x2  −1 2  + 2 x 2 = x sech −1 x, which verifies the
2 dy
 x 1− x  4 1− x
formula

39. If y = x 2−1 coth −1 x + 2x + C , then dx = x coth −1 x + x 2−1

2 dy 2
1
1− x 2 ( )( )
+ 12 = x coth −1 x, which verifies the formula

( ) ( ) ( )
40. If y = x tanh −1 x + 12 ln 1 − x 2 + C , then dx = tanh −1 x + x 1 2 + 12 −2 x2 = tanh −1 x, which verifies the
dy
1− x 1− x
formula

41.  sinh 2 x dx = 12  sinh u du, where u = 2 x and du = 2 dx

cosh u cosh 2 x
= 2
+C = 2
+C

42.  sinh 5x dx = 5 sinh u du, where u = 5x and du = 15 dx

= 5cosh u + C = 5cosh x
5
+C

43.  6 cosh ( 2x − ln 3) dx = 12  cosh u du, where u = 2x − ln 3 and du = 12 dx

= 12 sinh u + C = 12sinh ( 2x − ln 3) + C
44.  4 cosh (3x − ln 2) dx = 43  cosh u du, where u = 3x − ln 2 and du = 3 dx
= 43 sinh u + C = 43 sinh(3x − ln 2) + C

 tanh 7x dx = 7 cosh u du,

sinh u
45. where u = 7x and du = 17 dx

= 7 ln | cosh u | +C1 = 7 ln cosh 7x + C1 = 7 ln e x /7 + e− x /7 + C1 = 7 ln e x /7 + e− x /7 − 7 ln 2 + C1

2

= 7 ln e x /7 + e− x /7 + C

46.  coth θ3 dθ = 3  cosh u du ,

sinh u
where u = θ and du = dθ
3 3

= 3 ln sinh u + C1 = 3 ln sinh θ + C1 = 3 ln eθ / 3
−e −θ / 3
+ C1
3 2

= 3 ln eθ / 3
− e−θ / 3
− 3 ln 2 + C1 = 3 ln eθ / 3
− e−θ / 3
+C

Copyright  2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 7.3 Hyperbolic Functions 495

 sech ( x − 12 ) dx = sech u du, where u = ( x − 12 )

2 2
47. and du = dx

= tanh u + C = tanh x − 12 + C ( )

 csch (5 − x)dx = −  csch 2 u du, where u = (5 − x) and du = −dx

2
48.
= −(− coth u ) + C = coth u + C = coth (5 − x ) + C

 dt = 2  sech u tanh u du , where u = t = t1/2 and du =

sech t tanh t dt
49.
t 2 t
= 2(−sech u ) + C = −2 sech t + C

 dt =  csch u coth u du , where u = ln t and du = dtt

csch ( ln t ) coth (ln t )
50. t
= −csch u + C = −csch(ln t ) + C

ln 4 ln 4 15/8 1
51. ln 2 coth x dx = ln 2 cosh x dx =
sinh x 3/4 u
du where u = sinh x, du = cosh x dx;

ln 2 − ln 2 2 −( 1 ) ln 4 − ln 4 4−( 1 )
x = ln 2  u = sinh(ln 2) = e −2e = 2 2 = 34 , x = ln 4  u = sinh(ln 4) = e −2e = 2 4 = 15
8

= [ ln | u |]3/4 = ln
15/8 15
8
− ln 3
4
= ln 15 . 4
8 3
= ln 25

ln 2 ln 2 sinh 2 x 1 17/8 1
52. 0 tanh 2 x dx = 
0 cosh 2 x
dx = 2 1 u
du where u = cosh 2 x, du = 2sinh (2 x) dx,

x = 0  u = cosh 0 = 1, x = ln 2  u = cosh (2 ln 2) = cosh (ln 4) = eln 4 + e − ln 4 =

4+ ( 14 ) = 17
2 2 8

= 1
2 [ ln | u | 1 ]
17/8
= 1 ln 17
2 8 ( ) − ln1 =

1
2
ln 17
8

( ) dθ =  ( e
− ln 2
53.
− ln2
−ln4 2e
θ
cosh θ dθ = 
− ln 2
− ln 4
2eθ eθ + e −θ
2
− ln 2
− ln 4
2θ
)
+ 1 dθ =  e 2 + θ 

2θ

 − ln 4

= ( e −2 ln 2

2 )(
− ln 2 − e −2 ln 4

2
− ln 4 = ) ( 81 − ln 2) − ( 321 − ln 4) = 323 − ln 2 + 2ln 2 = 323 + ln 2

( ) dθ = 2 (1 − e ) dθ = 2 θ +
ln 2
ln 2
4e−θ sinh θ dθ = 
ln 2
4e−θ eθ − e−θ ln 2 −2θ e−2θ 
54. 0 0 2 0 2  0

 (
= 2  ln 2 + e
−2 ln 2

2 ) − ( 0 + ) = 2 ( ln 2 +
e0

2
1−1
8 2 ) = 2 ln 2 + 14 − 1 = ln 4 − 43
π /4 1
55. −π /4 cosh(tan θ ) sec
2
θ dθ =  cosh u du where u = tan θ , du = sec2 θ dθ , x = − π4  u = −1, x = π4  u = 1,
−1

= [sinh u ]−1 = sinh(1) − sinh(−1) =

1
( e1 −e −1
2 )−( e−1 − e1
2 )= e − e−1 −e −1 + e
2
= e − e −1

π /2 1
56. 0 2sinh(sin θ ) cos θ dθ = 2 sinh u du where u = sin θ , du = cos θ dθ , x = 0  u = 0, x = π2  u = 1
0

= 2 [ cosh u ]0 = 2(cosh1 − cosh 0) = 2

1
( e + e−1
2 )
− 1 = e + e −1 − 2

Copyright  2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

496 Chapter 7 Integrals and Transcendental Functions

2 cosh(ln t ) ln 2
57. 1 t
dt = 
0
cosh u du where u = ln t , du = 1t dt , x = 1  u = 0, x = 2  u = ln 2

eln 2 −e − ln 2 2 − 12
= [sinh u ]0
ln 2
= sinh(ln 2) − sinh(0) = 2
−0 = 2
= 3
4

4 8cosh x 2
58. 1 dx = 16 cosh u du where u = x = x1/2 , du = 12 x −1/2 dx = dx , x = 1  u = 1, x = 4  u = 2
x 1 2 x

= 16 [sinh u ] 12 = 16(sinh 2 − sinh1) = 16 

 ( e2 −e −2
2 ) − ( ) = 8 ( e
e −e −1
2
2
− e−2 − e + e−1 )
59.
0
− ln 2 cosh ( ) dx = −0ln 2 cosh2x+1 dx = 12 −0ln 2 (cosh x + 1)dx = 12 [sinh x + x]0− ln 2
2 x
2
 ( 1 )− 2
= 1
2 [(sinh 0 + 0) − (sinh(− ln 2) − ln 2)] = 12 (0 + 0) −
 ( e− ln 2 − eln 2
2 )



− ln 2  = 12  − 2 2 + ln 2 =

1
2 (1 − 14 + ln 2)
= 83 + 12 ln 2 = 83 + ln 2

60. 0
ln10
4sinh 2 ( 2x ) dx = 0ln10 4 ( cosh2 x−1 ) dx = 20ln10 (cosh x − 1)dx = 2 [sinh x − x]0ln10
= 2 ( sinh(ln 10) − ln 10 ) − (sinh 0 − 0)  = eln10 − e − ln10 − 2 ln10 = 10 − 10
1 − 2ln10 = 9.9 − 2ln10

61. sinh −1 12 ( )
−5 = ln − 5 +
12 ( 25
144 )
+ 1 = ln ( 23 ) 62. cosh −1 ( 53 ) = ln ( 53 + 25 − 1
9 ) = ln 3
( )
63. tanh −1 − 12 = 12 ln 1+(1/2) = − ln33 ( 1− (1/2)
) 64. coth −1 (1/4) ) 2
( 54 ) = 12 ln ( (9/4) = 1 ln 9 = ln 3

65. sech −1 ( 53 ) = ln  1+ 1(3/5)

− (9/25) 
 = ln 3

66. csch −1 − ( ) = ln  − 3 + (
1
3
4/3
1/ 3

(
 = ln − 3 + 2
)  )

2 3 2 3
67. (a) 0 dx = sinh −1 2x  = sinh −1 3 − sinh 0 = sinh −1 3
4+ x 2  0
(b) sinh −1 3 = ln ( 3 + 3 + 1 = ln ) ( 3+2 )
1/3 1 dx
68. (a) 0 6dx
1+9 x 2
= 2
0 a 2 +u 2
, where u = 3x, du = 3 dx, a =1

( ) = 2sinh −1 1
1
=  2sinh −1 u  = 2 sinh −1 1 − sinh −1 0
 0
(b) 2sinh −1 1 = 2ln 1 + 12 + 1  = 2ln 1 + 2
 
( )
2 2
5/4 1−1x2 dx = coth x  = coth −1 2 − coth −1 54
−1
69. (a)
 5/4
(b) coth −1 2 − coth −1 54 = 12 ln 3 − ln
 ( 9/4
1/4 )  2
 = 1 ln 1
3

Copyright  2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 7.3 Hyperbolic Functions 497

1/2 1 1/2
70. (a) 0 dx =  tanh −1 x  = tanh −1 12 − tanh −1 0 = tanh −1 12
1− x 2  0
 + ( ) 
(b) tanh −1 12
1 1/2
= 12 ln   = ln 3
1
 1−(1/2 )  2

3/13 12/13
71. (a) 1/5 dx
x 1−16 x 2
=
4/5
du
u a 2 −u 2
, u = 4 x, du = 4 dx, a = 1

12/13
=  −sech −1u  = −sech −1 12 + sech −1 45
  4/5 13

(b) −sech −1 12
13
 1+ 1−(12/13) 2
+ sech −1 54 = − ln  (12/13)

  1+
 + ln 
 
1− (4/5)2
(4/5)

 = − ln

( 13+ 169 −144
12 ) + ln ( 5+ 25−16
4 )
= ln ( 5+43 ) − ln ( 1312+5 ) = ln 2 − ln 23 = ln ( 2 ⋅ 23 ) = ln 34

( ) 12 ( csch−1 12 − csch −11)

2 2
72. (a) 1 dx =  − 12 csch−1 x = − 12 csch −11 − csch −1 12 =
x 4+ x 2  2 1

(b) 1
2 ( csch −1 12 − csch −11) = 12 ln ( 2 + (1/2)
5/4
) − ln (1 + 2 ) = 12 ln ( 12++ 25 )
π 0
0 dx = 
cos x
73. (a) 1 du where u = sin x, du = cos x dx;
1+sin x 2 0 1+u 2
0
= sinh −1 u  = sinh −1 0 − sinh −1 0 = 0
 0
(
(b) sinh −1 0 − sinh −1 0 = ln 0 + 0 + 1 − ln 0 + 0 + 1 = 0 ) ( )
e 1 du
74. (a) 1 dx
x 1+ (ln x ) 2
=
0 a 2 +u 2
, where u = ln x, du = 1x dx, a = 1

1
= sinh −1 u  = sinh −1 1 − sinh −1 0 = sinh −1 1
 0

(b) sinh −1 1 − sinh −1 0 = ln 1 + 12 + 1  − ln  0 + 02 + 1  = ln 1 + 2

   
( )
f ( x)+ f (− x ) f ( x)+ f ( − x) f ( x)+ f (− x ) f ( x)− f (− x) 2 f ( x)
75. Let E (x) = 2
and O( x) = 2
. Then E ( x) + O ( x ) = 2
+ 2
= 2 = f ( x).
f ( − x )+ f ( −( − x) ) f ( x)+ f (− x ) f ( − x ) − f ( − ( − x ))
Also, E − x = ( ) 2
= 2
= E ( x)  E ( x) is even, and O (− x) = 2
f ( x)− f (− x )
=− 2
= −O ( x)  O ( x ) is odd. Consequently, f ( x) can be written as a sum of an even and an odd
f ( x)+ f (− x ) f ( x)− f (− x) f ( x)− f (− x )
function. f ( x) = 2
because 2
= 0 if f is even, and f ( x) = 2
because
f ( x)+ f ( − x) 2 f ( x) 2 f ( x)
2
= 0 if f is odd. Thus, if f is even f ( x) = 2 + 0 and if f is odd, f ( x) = 0 + 2

76. y = sinh −1 x  x = sinh y  x = e y − e− y  2x = e y − 1  2 xe y = e2 y − 1  e 2 y − 2 xe y − 1 = 0

2 ey

 ey = 2 x ± 4 x2 + 4
 e y = x + x 2 + 1  sinh −1 x = y = ln  x + x 2 + 1  ⋅ Since e y > 0, we cannot choose
2  
e y = x − x 2 + 1 because x − x 2 + 1 < 0.

Copyright  2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

498 Chapter 7 Integrals and Transcendental Functions

mg  gk  mg  2 gk   gk  2 gk 
77. (a) v = tanh  t  dv = sech  t    = g sech  t  . Thus
k  m  dt k
  m   m   m 
 gk    gk 
m dv = mg sech 2  t  = mg  1 − tanh 2  t   = mg − kv 2 . Also, since tanh x = 0 when x = 0, v = 0
dt  m    m 
when t = 0.
mg  kg  mg  kg  mg mg
(b) lim v = lim tanh  m 
t = lim tanh  m 
t = (1) =
t →∞ t →∞ k  k t →∞  k k

160,000
(c) 160
0.005
= 5
= 400 = 80 5 ≈ 178.89 ft/sec
5

78. (a) s(t ) = a cos kt + b sin kt  ds = −ak sin kt + bk cos kt  d 2s = −ak 2 cos kt − bk 2 sin kt
dt dt 2
= −k 2 (a cos kt + b sin kt ) = −k 2 s(t )  acceleration is proportional to s. The negative constant −k 2
implies that the acceleration is directed toward the origin.
(b) s(t ) = a cosh kt + b sinh kt  ds = ak sinh kt + bk cosh kt  d 2s = ak 2 cosh kt + bk 2 sinh kt
dt dt 2
= k 2 (a cosh kt + b sinh kt ) = k s (t )  acceleration is proportional to s. The positive constant k2 implies
2

that the acceleration is directed away from the origin.

79. V = π 
0
2
( cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x )dx = π  1 dx = 2π
2
0

ln 3  3− (1/ 3 ) 
80. V = 2π  sech 2 x dx = 2π [ tanh x ]0
ln 3
= 2π   =π
 3 +(1/ 3 ) 
0

ln 5 ln 5 ln 5
81. y = 12 cosh 2 x  y ′ = sinh 2 x  L =  1 + (sinh 2 x) 2 dx =  cosh 2 x dx =  12 sinh 2 x 
0 0 0

( )
ln 5
=  12

e2 x − e −2 x
2
0
(
= 14 5 − 15 = 65 )
 ex − 1 
−x ex − 1
 x
1 1− 1

lim  e  ⋅
x
82. (a) lim tanh x = lim e x −e− x = lim ex
= ex
= lim e2 x
= 11−+00 = 1
e x + 1x x →∞  e x 1  +
1 1
x →∞ x →∞ e + e x →∞ x →∞ 1
ex e2 x
e  ex 
 ex − 1 
ex − 1
  x
(b) lim tanh x = lim e x − e− x = lim ex
= lim  ex  e
⋅ x = lim e 2 x −1 = 0−1 = −1
x →−∞
x
x →−∞ e + e
−x
x →−∞ e x + 1x x →−∞  e x + 1  e
2x
x →−∞ e +1 0 +1
e  ex 

e x − ex
( − ) = ∞−0 = ∞
1
(c) lim sinh x = lim e x −e− x = lim = lim ex 1
x →∞ x →∞ 2 x →∞ 2 x →∞ 2 2ex

(d) lim sinh x = lim

x →−∞ x →−∞
e x − e− x
2
= lim ex
x →−∞ 2
( − e2
−x
) = 0 − ∞ = −∞
1 2
x ex
(e) lim sech x = lim 2
−x
= lim 2 ⋅ e1 = lim = 1+00 = 0
x →∞
x
x →∞ e + e
x
x →∞ e +
1
x →∞ 1+ 1
ex ex e2 x

 ex + 1 
−x ex + 1
 x
1 1+ 1

lim  e  ⋅
x
(f ) lim coth x = lim e x +e− x = lim ex
= ex
= lim e2 x
= 11+−00 = 1
x →∞  e − 1 
 −
x 1 1 1
x →∞ x →∞ e − e x →∞ e − x x x →∞ 1
ex e2 x
e  ex 

Copyright  2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 7.3 Hyperbolic Functions 499

x −x ex + 1
x 2x
(g) lim coth x = lim e x + e− x = lim ex
⋅ e x = lim e2 x +1 = + ∞
+ e −e + ex − 1
x →0 +
x →0 x →0 e x →0+ e −1
ex

x −x ex + 1
x 2x
(h) lim coth x = lim e x + e− x = lim ex
⋅ e x = lim e2 x +1 = −∞
− ex − 1
x →0 −
x →0 e −e
−
x →0 e x →0− e −1
ex
x
(i) lim csch x = lim 2 = lim 2 . e x = lim 2e x = 00−1 = 0
x −x x 2x
x →−∞ e −e x →−∞ e − x →−∞ e −1
1
x →−∞ e
ex

83. (a) y= H
w ( ) dx w H H ( )
w x  tan φ = dy = H  w sinh w x  = sinh w x
cosh H
 H ( ) ( )
( )
2
(b) The tension at P is given by T cos φ = H  T = H sec φ = H 1 + tan 2 φ = H 1 + sinh H
w x

( ) ( )
= H cosh Hw x = w Hw cosh H
w x = wy
( )
84. s = a1 sinh ax  sinh ax = as  ax = sinh −1 as  x = 1a sinh −1 as; y = a1 cosh ax = a1 cosh 2 ax
= 1a sinh 2 ax + 1 = a1 a 2 s 2 + 1 = s 2 + 12
a

b b
85. To find the length of the curve: y = a1 cosh ax  y ′ = sinh ax  L =  1 + (sinh ax)2 dx  L =  cosh ax dx
0 0
b
=  a1 sinh ax  = 1a sinh ab. The area under the curve is A =  1a cosh ax dx =  12 sinh ax  = 12 sinh ab
b b
0 0  a  0 a
( )( 1a sinh ab ) which is the area of the rectangle of height 1a and length L as claimed, and which is illustrated
= 1a
below.

86. (a) Let the point located at (cosh u , 0) be called T. Then A(u ) = area of the triangle ΔOTP minus the area
cosh u
under the curve y = x 2 − 1 from A to T  A(u ) = 12 cosh u sinh u −  x 2 − 1 dx.
1

(b) A(u ) = 12 cosh u sinh u − 

1
cosh u
( 
)
x 2 − 1 dx  A′(u ) = 12 cosh 2 u + sinh 2 u −  cosh 2 u − 1  ( sinh u )

= 12 cosh 2 u + 12 sinh 2 u − sinh 2 u = 12 ( cosh 2 u − sinh 2 u ) = ( 12 ) (1) = 12
(c) A′(u ) = 12  A(u ) = u2 + C , and from part (a) we have A(0) = 0  C = 0  A(u ) = u2  u = 2 A

Copyright  2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Chapter 7 Practice Exercises 500

CHAPTER 7 PRACTICE EXERCISES

1. e
x
( )
sin e x dx =  sin u du , where u = e x and du = e x dx

= − cos u + C = − cos e x + C ( )
2. e
t
( )
cos 3et − 2 dt = 13  cos u du, where u = 3et − 2 and du = 3et dt

(
= 13 sin u + C = 13 sin 3et − 2 + C )
π
( 3x ) dx = −3 1/2 1 du, where u = cos x , du = − 1 sin x dx;
π

0 tan ( 3x ) dx =0 (3) (3)

sin
3.
cos( 3x ) 1 u 3
x = 0  u = 1, x = π  u = 1
2

= −3[ ln | u |]1 = −3  ln 12 − ln | 1 | = −3ln 12 = ln 23 = ln 8

1/2
 

1/4 π x dx = 2 1/4 1/ 2 1
4. 1/6 2cot π x dx = 21/6 cos
sin π x π 1/2 u
du, where u = sin π x, du = π cos π x dx;

x= 1
6
 u = 12 , x = 1
4
u= 1
2

= 2x [ ln | u |]1/2 = π2  ln  = 2  ln1 − 1 ln 2 − ln1 + ln 2  = 2  1 ln 2  = ln 2

1/ 2 1 − ln 1
 2 2  π  2  π 2  π

π /6 1/2 1
5. −π /2 1−cossint t dt = −2 u
du, where u = 1 − sin t , du = − cos t dt ; t = − π2  u = 2, t = π6  u = 12

= − [ ln | u |]2 = −  ln − ln 2  = − ln1 + ln 2 + ln 2 = 2 ln 2 = ln 4
1/2 1
 2 

e sec e x dx =  sec u du, where u = e x and du = e x dx

x
6.

= ln sec u + tan u + C = ln sec e x + tan e x + C

ln( x −5)
7.  x −5
dx =  u du, where u = ln( x − 5) and du = 1 dx
x −5

u2 [ln( x −5)]2
= 2
+C = 2
+C

cos(1−ln v )
8.  v
dv = −  cos u du, where u = 1 − ln v and du = − 1v dv
= − sin u + C = − sin (1 − ln v ) + C

73 71
1 = 3 = 3[ ln | x |]1 = 3(ln 7 − ln1) = 3ln 7
7
9. x
dx dx
1 x

( ln 32 − ln1) = 15 ln 32 = ln ( 5 32 ) = ln 2
32 1 1 32 1 dx 32
10. 1 5x
dx = 
5 1 x
= 15 ln x  =
1
1
5

Copyright  2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Chapter 7 Practice Exercises 501

e2 e 2
2
11. e 1 dx =  (ln x) −1/2 1x dx =  u −1/2 du, where u = ln x, du = 1x dx; x = e  u = 1, x = e2  u = 2
x ln x e 1

( )
2
= 2 u1/2  = 2 2 −1 = 2 2 − 2
 1

12.
4 4
2 (1 + ln t )(t ln t )dt = 2 (t ln t )(1 + ln t )dt = 2ln 2 u du,
4 ln 4
( ()
where u = t ln t , du = (t ) 1t + ( ln t )(1) dt = (1 + ln t ) dt ; )
t = 2  u = 2 ln 2, t = 4  u = 4 ln 4
4 ln 4 (2 ln 2)2
= 12 u 2  = 1 (4 ln 4)2 − (2 ln 2)2  = 12 (8ln 2)2 − (2 ln 2)2  = 2 (16 − 1) = 30(ln 2)2
  2 ln 2 2    

13. 3 y = 2 y +1  ln 3 y = ln 2 y +1  y (ln 3) = ( y + 1) ln 2  (ln 3 − ln 2) y = ln 2  ln 32 y = ln 2  y = ln 23

ln ( )
( ) 2

14. 4− y = 3 y + 2  ln 4− y = ln 3 y + 2  − y ln 4 = ( y + 2) ln 3  −2 ln 3 = (ln 3 + ln 4) y
 (ln12) y = −2 ln 3  y = − ln12
ln 9

2 2 2 2
( ) 2
15. 9e 2 y = x 2  e2 y = x9  ln e 2 y = ln x9  2 y (ln e) = ln x9  y = 12 ln x9 = ln x9 = ln 3x = ln | x | − ln 3 ( ) ( )
ln(3ln x ) ln 3+ ln(ln x )
16. 3 y = 3ln x  ln 3 y = ln(3ln x)  y ln 3 = ln(3ln x)  y = ln 3
= ln 3

17. ln( y − 1) = x + ln y  eln( y −1) = e( x + ln y ) = e x eln y  y − 1 = ye x  y − ye x = 1  y 1 − e x = 1  y = 1 x ( ) 1− e

18. ln(10 ln y ) = ln 5 x  eln(10 ln y ) = eln 5 x  10 ln y = 5 x  ln y = 2x  eln y = e x /2  y = e x /2

df  df −1   df −1 
19. = e x + 1   dx  = 1   dx  = 1 = 1 = 1
dx   x = f (ln 2) ( )
df
dx x = ln 2
  x = f (ln 2) ( e +1)
x
x = ln 2
2 +1 3

20. y = f ( x)  y = 1 + 1x  1 = y −1  x = 1  f −1 ( x ) = 1 ; f −1 ( f ( x) ) = 1 = 1 = x and
x y −1 x −1 (1+ 1x )−1 ( 1x )
(
f f −1 ( x ) = 1 + ) ( )
1
1
x −1
= 1 + ( x − 1) = x;
df −1
dx
f ( x)
= −1
( x −1) 2 f ( x )
=
( )
−1
 1+ 1 −1
2
= − x2 ;
 x 
df −1
f ′( x) = − 1  = 1
f ′( x )
x2 dx
f ( x)

21. y = ln x 
dy
dx
= 1x ;
dy
dt
=
dy dx
dx dt

dy
dt
= ( 1x ) x= 1
x

dy
dt e2
= 1e m/sec

( − 14 ) 9− y ( − 14 ) 9− 9

y = 9e− x /3  = −3e− x /3 ; ; x = 9  y = 9e−3  dx e3

dy ( dy / dt )
22. dx =  dx = =
dx dt ( dy / dx ) dt −3e − x /3 dt x =9 − 3 
 3
 e 

= 1
4
e3 e3 − 1 ≈ 5ft/sec

Copyright  2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

502 Chapter 7 Integrals and Transcendental Functions

23. K = ln(5 x) − ln(3 x) = ln 5 + ln x − ln 3 − ln x = ln 5 − ln 3 = ln 53

24 . (a) No, there are two intersections: one at x = 2 and the

other at x = 4

(b) Yes, because there is only one intersection

25.
log 4 x
=
( lnln 4x ) = ln x ⋅ ln 2 = ln 2 = ln 2 = 1
log 2 x ( lnln 2x ) ln 4 ln x ln 4 2 ln 2 2
26. (a) f ( x) = ln 2 , g ( x) = ln x
ln x ln 2

(b) f is negative when g is negative, positive when g is

positive, and undefined when
g = 0; the values of f decrease as those of g increase.

( ( x+2C ) )
2
= dx  2 tan y = x + C  y = tan −1
dy dy
27. dx = y cos 2 y 2
y cos y

3 y ( x +1)2 ( y −1)
28. y ′ = y −1
 y
dy = 3( x + 1)2 dx  y − ln y = ( x + 1)3 + C

( ) = tan x + C  sin
( ) ( y2 ) = 2 tan x + C1
ydy sin y 2
29. yy ′ = sec y 2 sec 2 x  = sec2 x dx 
sec y( )2 2

y2 −2 + C
30. y cos 2 ( x) dy + sin x dx = 0  y dy = − sin2 x dx  2 = − cos(
1 +C  y = ±
x) cos( x ) 1
cos ( x )

Copyright  2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Chapter 7 Additional and Advanced Exercises 503

31. dx = e− x − y − 2  e y dy = e−( x + 2) dx  e y = −e−( x + 2) + C. We have y (0) = −2, so e −2 = −e−2 + C  C = 2e−2 and

dy

e y = −e− ( x + 2) + 2e−2  y = ln −e −( x + 2) + 2e −2 ( )
tan −1 ( x ) + C tan −1 (0) + C
 y ln y = dx 2  ln(ln y ) = tan −1 ( x) + C  y = ee
dy y ln y dy
32. dx
= 2
. We have y (0) = e2  e2 = ee
1+ x 1+ x
−1 tan −1 ( x ) + ln 2
(0) + C
 e tan = 2  tan −1 (0) + C = ln 2  0 + C = ln 2  C = ln 2  y = ee

(
33. x dy − y + y dx = 0  ) dy
( y+ y )
= dx
x
 2ln ( )
y + 1 = ln x + C. We have y (1) = 1  2 ln ( )
1 + 1 = ln1 + C

 2 ln 2 = C = ln 22 = ln 4. So 2 ln ( )
y + 1 = ln x + ln 4 = ln(4 x)  ln ( )
y + 1 = 12 ln(4 x) = ln(4 x)1/2

( ) = eln(4 x)1/ 2 
y +1
( )
ln 2
e y +1 = 2 x  y = 2 x −1

3
(1)3
34. y −2 dx
dy
= 2
e x  e 2 x +1 dx = dy  y = e x − e− x + C. We have y (0) = 1 
x x −2 3
= e0 − e0 + C  C = 13 . So
e +1 3 e y

( ) ( )
y3 1/3
= e x − e− x + 13  y 3 = 3 e x − e− x + 1  y = 3 e x − e− x + 1
3  

A0
35. Since the half life is 5730 years and A(t ) = A0 ekt we have 2
= A0e5730k  12 = e5730k  ln(0.5) = 5730k
ln(0.5) ln(0.5)
ln(0.5) t t
k = 5730
. With 10% of the original carbon-14 remaining we have 0.1 A0 = A0 e 5730  0.1 = e 5730

ln(0.5) (5730)ln(0.1)
 ln(0.1) = 5730 t  t = ln(0.5) ≈ 19,035 years (rounded to the nearest year).

36. T − Ts = (To − Ts ) e − kt  180 − 40 = (220 − 40)e − k /4 , time in hours,  k = −4 ln ( 79 ) = 4ln ( 97 )

 70 − 40 = (220 − 40)e−4 ln(9/7)t  t = ln 6 ≈ 1.78 hr ≈ 107 min, the total time  the time it took to cool
( )
4 ln 97

from 180° F to 70° F was 107 − 15 = 92 min

CHAPTER 7 ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES

( )
t t t t
1. A(t ) =  e− x dx =  −e− x  = 1 − e−t ,V (t ) = π  e −2 x dx =  − π2 e−2 x  = π2 1 − e−2t
0  0 0  0
(a) lim A(t ) = lim 1 − e−t = 1
t →∞ t →∞
( )
(b) lim
V (t )
= lim
π
2 (1−e ) = π
−2 t

−t
t →∞ A(t ) t →∞ 1− e 2
π
(1−e ) =−2 t π
(1−e )(1+e ) = lim
−t −t
(c) lim
t →0
V (t )
+ A( t )
= lim
t → 0+
2
1− e − t
lim
t →0 +
2

(1−e )
−t
t →0 + 2 (
π 1 + e −t = π
)

Copyright  2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

504 Chapter 7 Integrals and Transcendental Functions

2. (a) lim log a 2 = lim ln 2

ln a
= 0;
a → 0+ a → 0+
lim log a 2 = lim ln 2
ln a
= −∞;
a →1− a →1−
lim log a 2 = lim ln 2
ln a
= ∞;
a →1+ a →1+
lim log a 2 = lim ln 2 =0
a →∞ a →∞ ln a

3.

y = tan −1
x + tan −1
(1 / x )  y ′ = +
( −1 / x 2 )
1 y

1 + x 2 (1 + 1 / x 2 ) π
y=
2 2
1 1
= 2
− 2
= 0  tan −1 x + tan −1 (1 / x ) is a
1+ x 1+ x y = tan −1 x + tan −1 (1 / x )
constant and the constant is π / 2 for x > 0; it is − π / 2 x
4 2 0 2 4
−1 −1
for x < 0 since tan x + tan (1 / x ) is odd. Next
π π π
lim  tan −1 x + tan −1(1 / x )  = 0 + = and y=− 2
+  2 2 2
x →0
π π
lim  tan −1 x + tan −1 (1 / x )  = 0 − = −
−  2 2
x →0

4. In the interval π < x < 2π the function

sin x < 0  (sin x)sin x is not defined for all values in
that interval or its translation by 2π .

5. (a) g ( x) + h( x) = 0  g ( x) = − h( x); also g ( x) + h( x) = 0  g (− x) + h(− x) = 0  g ( x) − h( x) = 0

 g ( x) = h( x); therefore −h( x) = h( x)  h( x) = 0  g ( x) = 0
f ( x)+ f (− x ) [ f E ( x ) + fO ( x) ]+[ f E ( − x) + fO ( − x )] f E ( x ) + f O ( x ) + f E ( x ) − fO ( x )
(b) 2
= 2
= 2
= f E ( x);
f ( x)− f (− x ) [ f E ( x ) + fO ( x) ]−[ f E ( − x) + fO ( − x )] f E ( x ) + f O ( x ) − f E ( x ) + fO ( x )
2
= 2
= 2
= fO ( x)
(c) Part b  such a decomposition is unique.

g (0) + g (0)
6. (a) g (0 + 0) = 1− g (0) g (0)  1 − g 2 (0)  g (0) = 2 g (0)  g (0) − g 3 (0) = 2 g (0)  g 3 (0) + g (0) = 0
 
 g (0)  g 2 (0) + 1 = 0  g (0) = 0
 
 g ( x)+ g (h)  − g ( x)
g ( x + h)− g ( x) g ( x ) + g ( h )− g ( x ) + g 2 ( x ) g ( h )
= lim 
1− g ( x ) g ( h ) 
(b) g ′( x) = lim = lim
h →0 h h →0 h h →0 h[1− g ( x ) g ( h)]

g ( h )  1+ g ( x )  2
= lim  h   1− g ( x ) g ( h )  = 1⋅ 1 + g 2 ( x)  = 1 + g 2 ( x) = 1 + [ g ( x)]
2
h →0     

Copyright  2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Chapter 7 Additional and Advanced Exercises 505

= dx  tan −1 y = x + C  tan −1 ( g ( x) ) = x + C ; g (0) = 0  tan −1 0 = 0 + C

dy dy
(c) = 1 + y2 
dx 1+ y 2

 C = 0  tan −1 ( g ( x) ) = x  g ( x) = tan x


( ) 
1 1
dx = 2  tan −1 x  = π2 and M y =  2 x2 dx = ln 1 + x 2  = ln 2  x =
1 2 1 My
7. M =  = ln 2 = lnπ 4 ; y = 0 by
0 1+ x 2  0 0 1+ x  0 M (2)
π

symmetry

( ) dx =  dx = [ln | x |] = (ln 4 − ln ) = ( )
4 2 4 1
8. (a) V = π  1 π π 4 π 1 π ln16 = π ln 24 = π ln 2
1/4 2 x 4 1/4 x 4 1/4 4 4 4 4

(b) M y = 
4
1/4 ( ) dx =  x dx =  x  = ( − ) =
x 1
2 x
1 4 1/2
2 1/4
1 3/2
3
4
1/4
8
3
1
24
64 −1
24
= 24
63 ;

Mx = 
4 1
( )( ) dx =  dx =  ln | x | = ln16 =
1
1/4 2 2 x
1
2 x
1 4 1
8 1/4 x
1
8
4
1/4
1
8
1 ln 2;
2

( )( 23 ) = 1221 = 74 and
4 1 4 1 −1/2 4 M
M = dx =  x dx =  x1/2  = 2 − 1 = 32 ; therefore, x = My = 63
1/4 2 x 1/4 2  1/4 2 24

y=
Mx
M (
= 12 ln 2 ) ( 23 ) = ln32
9. A(t ) = A0 ert ; A(t ) = 2 A0  2 A0 = A0 ert  e rt = 2  rt = ln 2  t = ln 2
r
 t ≈ .7r = 100
70 = 70
r ( r %)

10. In order to maximize the amount of sunlight, we need to maximize the angle θ formed by extending the two red
line segments to their vertex. The angle between the two lines is given by θ = π − (θ1 + (π − θ 2 ) ) . From trig we
have tan θ1 = 450 −x 1 450− x (
350  θ = tan −1 350 and tan π − θ = 200  π − θ = tan −1 200
( 2) x
( 2) x ) ( )
 θ = π − (θ1 + (π − θ 2 )) = π − tan −1 350
450− x
− tan −1 200
x ( ) ( )
 ddxθ = −
1+
1
( 450350− x )
2
⋅ 350
(450− x )2
−
1+
1
( 200x )
2 ( )
⋅ − 200
x 2
= −350
(450 − x )2 +122500
+ 200
x 2 + 40000

dθ
dx
=0 −350
(450 − x )2 +122500
+ 200
x 2 + 40000
(
= 0  200 (450 − x) 2 + 122500 = 350( x 2 + 40000) )
2
 3x + 3600 x − 1020000 = 0  x = −600 ± 100 70. Since x > 0, consider only x = −600 + 100 70. Using the
first derivative test, ddxθ 9 > 0 and dθ
= 3500 −9 < 0  local max when
= 5000
dx x =100 x = 400
x = −600 + 100 70 ≈ 236.67 ft.

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506 Chapter 7 Integrals and Transcendental Functions

Copyright  2016 Pearson Education, Inc.