Table 2.

Fxamples of S

Quantit

Introduction to S.I. Units and area

Conversion Factors volume

speed, velocity

acceleration

wave number

A. INTRODUCTION TO S.I. UNITS

density, mass density
are divided into three classes
S.I., the international system of units concentration (of amount of s
1. Base units activity (radioactive)

2. Derived units
specific volume
3. Supplementary units.
luminance
view division or S.l. units into these classes is to a cert oin
From the scientific point of
essential to the physics of the subject. Neverthelese +
arbitrary, because it is not General Table
Conference, considering the advantages
a single, practical, world-wide svstem
of fa
relations, for teaching and for scientific work, decided to base the international system on a 1oice
below
ofsix wel1-defined units given in Table 1
Table 1. S.I. Base Units Quantity

Quantity Name
Symbol
length metre
m
frequency
mass kilogram kg force

time second pressure

energy, work, quantity of hea

electric current ampere A
radiant flux quantity of electr
thermodynamic temperature kelvin K electric charge
luminous intensity candela electric tension, electric poter
od
amount of substance mole capacitance
mol
electrie resistance
The second class of S.I. units contains derived
units, i.e., units which can be formed by conductance
combining base units according to the algebraic relations linking the
Several of these algebraic expressions in terms of base units can corresponding quantities. magnetic flux
be replaced by special names and
symbols can themselves be used to form other derived units. magnetic flux density
Derived units may, therefore, be classified under three headings. Some of them are given in inductance
Tables 2, 3 and 4. luminous flux
illuminance

()
 APPLIED MECHANIC'S

Table 2. Examples of S.I. Derived Units Expressed in terms of Base Units

S.I. inta
uant
Name Symbol

square metre
ATTA
lme cubic metre m

sped, velocity metre per second m/s

ACceleration metre per second squared m/s

wave number 1 per metre m

density, mass density kilogram per cubic metre kg/m

concentration (of amount of substance) mole per cubic metre mo/m'
activity (radioactive) 1 per second s
specifie volume cubic metre per kilogram m'kg
luminance candela per square metre cd/m2

Table 3. S.I. Derived Units with Special Names

S.I. Units

Quantity Name Symbol Expression Expression

in terms of in terms of
other S.I. base
units units

frequency hertz Hz s-1

force
newton N
m.kg.s-2
pressure pascal Pa Nm2 m-kg.s-2
energy, work, quantity of heat power joule N.m mkg.s?
radiant flux quantity of electricity watt W J/s
electric charge mkg.s
coulomb C A.s s.A
electrie tension, electric
potential volt
W/A
capacitance mkg.s3 A-1
farad F C/V
electric resistance
ohm
mkgs
VIA mkg.s.A-?
Conductance
siemens S AV
magnetic flux
weber
mkgsA?
Wb V.S.
magnetic flux density
tesla
mkg.s2A-1
T Wb/m2
inductance kg.sA-1
henry H
luminous flux Wb/A mkg.s2A2
lumen Im
illuminance cd.sr
lux Ix
m.cd.sr
 TO SIINT5 AND ONVERSION FACTOORS
IN TRODI TION
(iii)
Table 4. Examples of S.I. Derived Units Expressed by means of Special Name

S.I. Units

Quanttty Name Symbol Expression

in terms of
S.I. base
units

dynamic viscosity pascal second Pa-s m'kg.sl

moment of force metre newton N.m m.kg.s2
surface tension newton per metre N/m kg.s-2
heat flux density, irradiance watt per square metre
W/m kg.s-2
heat capacity, entropy
joule per kelvin J/K m-kg.sK-1
specific heat capacity, specific joule per kilogram kelvin
entropy JIkg.K) m.s2K-1
specific energy
joule per kilogram
thermal conductivity J/kg ms-2
watt per metre kelvin
energy density Wm.K) m.kg.sK
joule per cubic metre
electric field strength J/n3
volt per metre mkg.s2
electric charge density Vhm
coulomb per cubic metre m.kg.sA-1
electric flux density C/m3
coulomb per square metre msA
permittivity Cm2
msA
current density farad per metre
Flm
magnetic field strength ampere per square metre
A/m2
mkg-lstA
ampere per metre
permeability A/m
molar energy henry per metre
H/m
molar heat capacity joule per mole m.kg.s-2 A-2
J/mol
joule per mole kelvin mkg.s2mol-1
The S.I. units J mol.K)
as base units or as assigned to third
derived units. Referclass called "Supplementary
mkg.sK'mol-1
Table 5 and Table units" may be
Table 5. S.I.
6. regarded either
Supplementary Units
Quantity
S.I. Units

plane angle Name

solid angle radian Symbol
steradian rad
Sr
 APPL IED MECHANIO

Table 6. Examples of S.I. Derived Units Formed by Using

Supplementary Units
S.I. Units
Quantuty
Name
Symhol
angular velocity radian per second
rad/s
angular acceleration radian per second squared rad/s
radiant intensity watt per steradian
Wlsr
radiance watt per square metre steradian
W-n.sr
Table 7. S.I. Prefixes

Factor Prefix Symbol Factor Prefix Symbol

1012 tera T 10-1 deci d
10 giga G 102 centi C
10 mega M 10 milli
103 kilo k 106
micro
102 hecto h 10
nano
10 deca dA 10-12 pico P
10-15 fasnto
10-18 atto a

B. CONVERSION FACTORS
1. Force
1 newton =
kg-m/sec2 =
0.012 kgf
1 kgf = 9.81 N
2. Pressure:
1 bar =
750.06 Hg =0.9869 atm 105 N/m2
mm =
103
1 N/m2 = 1 pascal =10-5 bar =102 kg/m-sec?
=
kg/m-sec2
1 atm =760 mm Hg 1.03 kgf/cm2 =
1.01325 bar
=
1.01325 x 105 N/m2
3. Work, Energy or Heat:
1 joule = 1 newton metre = 1 watt-sec
2.7778x 10-7 kWh =0.239 cal
=
0.239 10-3 kcal
x

1 cal =
4.184 joule 1.1622 x 10-6 kWh
=

1 kcal =
4.184 x 10 joule 427
kgf m =

1.1622 x 103 kWh

1 kWh 8.6042 x 10 cal =
860.42 kcal 3.6
= x
105 joule
1 kgf-m =
kcal= 9.81 joules
427
 INTRODUCTION TO S.L UNITS AND CONVERSION FAC"TORS

4. Power :
1 watt= 1 joule/sec = 0.86 kcal/h
1 h.p. = 75 m kgl/sec = 0.1757 kcal/sec = 7:35.3 watt
1 kW 1000 watts = 860 kcal/h

5. Specific heat
1 kcal/kg-°K = 0.4184 joules/kg-K
6. Thermal conductivity:
I watt/m-K = 0.8598 keal/h-m-°C
1 kcal/h-m-°C = 1.16123 watt/m-K = 1.16123 joules/s-m-K.
7. Heat transfer co-efficient:
1 watt/m2-K = 0.86 kcal/m2-h-°C
1 kcal/m2h-°C = 1.163 watt/m2-K.

C. IMPORTANT ENGINEERING CONSTANTS AND EXPRESSIONS IN .I. UNITS

Engineering constants MK.S. system S.I. Units

and expressions

1. Value ofs, 9.81 kg-m/kgf-sec2 1 kg-m/N-sec2

2. Universal gas constant 848 kgf-m/kg mole-°K 848 x 9.81 8314 J/kg-mole-°K
( 1 kgf-m = 9.81 joules)

3. Gas constant (R) 29.27 kgf-m/kg-°K 8314 = 287 joules/kg-K

29
29
for air for air
4. Specific heats (for air) c 0.17 kcal/kg.°K C 0 . 1 7 x 4.184
= 0.71128 kJ/kg-K
=0.24 kcallkg-°K C= 0.24 x 4.184
= 1 kJ/kg-K

5. Flow through nozzle-Exit 91.5 U, where Uis in kcal 44.7 U, where U is in kJ

velocity (C,)
6. Refrigeration 1 ton = 50 kcal/min = 210 kJ/min

7. Heat transfer
The Stefan Boltzman = o7 kcal/m-h Q= oT watts/m2-h
Law is given by: where o = 4.9 x 10-* kcal/h-m2-°K4 where o = 5.67 x 10-3 W/m2K

1.1.Introduction to nmechanics. 1.2.
auantities. 1.5. Fundamental units
Objective Type Questions-Exercises.
1
Basic Concepts
Basic definitions. 1.3. Rigid
body. 1.4. Scalar and vector
and derived units. 1.6.
Systems of units-Highlights

1.1. INTRODUCTION TO MECHANICS

In any field the importance of a thorough knowledge of fundamentals cannot be over
emphasised. Fundamentals have always been stressed in the learning of new skills. Similarly, the
mechanics branch of science which deals with the forces and their effect on bodies on which they act
is founded on basic concepts and forms the ground-work for further
study in the
of machines and structures. Mechanics can be divided into two parts. (Fig. 1.1) design
and analysis

) 'Statics which relates to the bodies at rest and (ii)

'dynamics' which deals with bodies in
motion. (In mechanics the term strength of materials refers to the ability of the individual
parts of a
machine or strueture to resist loads. It also permits the determination of dimensions to ensure
sufficient strength of the various parts). Dynamics may be further into the two following groups

Engineering Mechanics

Statics Dynamics
Physical science of
bodies in rest

Kinematics Kinetics

Physical science of Physical science of

motion of points bodies and the forces
which are in motion

Fig. 1.1
a) Kinematics' which deals with the motion of bodies without
motion. any reference to the cause of

6) Kinetics' which deals with the

bodies on which relationship between forces and the resulting motion of
they
act.
The branch of science which deals with the study of different laws of mechanics as applied to
3024tion of
engineering problems is called Applied Mechanics.
 APPLIED MECHANICSs
1.2. BASIC DEFINITIONS

of a
linear dimensions straight or curved line. For exarml
Length. This term is applied to the xample,
which divides the circle into two equal parts ; the
is the length of straight line
the diameter of circle
a

cireumference is the length of its curved perimeter.

Area. The two dimensional size of a shape or a surface is its area. The shape may be flat (li
the surface of a fluorescent bulb, tho
plane) or curved, for example, the size of a plot land,
of or
in a
Cross-sectional size of a shaft.
Volume. The three dimensional or cubic measure of the space occupied by a substance is

known as its volume.

Force. This term is applied to any action on the body which tends to make it move, change its
or pull, a hand such as
its size and shape. A force is usually thought of push
a
motion, or change
pushing against a wall or the pull of a rope fastened to body.
a

Pressure. The external force per unit area, or the total

force divided by the total area on
which it acts, is known as pressure. Water pressure against
the face of a dam, steam pressure in a
boiler, or earth pressure against a retaining wall are some examples.
and for most problems in
Mass. The amount of matter contained in a body is called its mass,
mechanics, mass may be considered constant.
force with which body is attracted towards the centre of earth by the
Weight. The a

gravitational pull is called its weight.

The relation between mass (m) and weight (W) of a body is given by the equation
W m xg ...(1.1)
The value of g is taken 9.81 m/sec2 (usually 9.80 m/sec2 to make the calculation work
as
easier) in M.K.S. system as well as in S.I. units.
is
Density. The weight of a unit volume of a body or substance is the density. This term
sometimes called weight density, to distinguish it from a similary definition (mass density) made in
terms of mass.
Moment. The tendency of a force to cause rotation about some point is known as a moment.

Table 1.1. Difference between Mass and Weight

Mass
1. It is the quantity of matter contained in a body.
2. It is constant at all places.
3. It resists motion in the body.
4. Itis a sealar quantity since it has magnitude only.
5. It can be measured by an ordinary balance.
6. It is never zero.
7. It is measured in kilogram (kg) in M.KS. system
of units as well as in S.I. units.
Weight
1. It is the force with which the body is attracted
towards the centre of earth.
2. It is different at different places.
3. It produces motion in the body.
4. It is a vector quantity since it has magnitude as
well as direction.
5. It is measured by a spring balance.
6. It is zero at the centre of earth.
7.
Itinis measured in kilogram weight (kg wt. or kgf
M.K.S. system of units and in newton (N) in S.I. |
units.

Torque. The action of a force which causes rotation to take place is known as torque. The
action of a belt on a pulley causes the pulley to rotate because of torque. Also if you grasp a piece ot
chalk near each end and twist your hands in opposite directions, it is the developed torque that
causes the chalk to twist and, perhaps, snap.
BAS ONC EPTS

resistanre is known
Wok.The energy developed by force arting through a distance against
a

or along a curved path.

When the distance is
nce may be along a straight line
k. The distance
When the distance is along a circular
work can be found
from work force x distance.
=

the Common forms of work include a weight

Ork can be found from work toque x angle.of substance, and torque causing a shaft to
=
hnea
a pressure pushing a volume
height,
pathrough
Ihfted
a

unit time is called power. For example, a

The rate of doing work, or work done per
rotate.

Power.
of its shaft. A 5 HP motor can raise
of work is required to raise an elevator to the top
certain amount of
1 motor can do the same job four times faster.
but a 20HP
elevator,
he
1.3. RIGID BODY

is which does not change its shape and size under the effect of forces acting
A rigid body
one

an elastic body in the sense that the latter undergoes

deformation under the
i t t differs
from
on it and returns to its original shape and size on
removal of the forces acting
ct of forces acting deformation
a body depends upon the fact that how far it undergoes
the body. The rigidity of
effect of forces acting on it.
on

under the
solid body is perfectly rigid because everybody changes it size and shape
In real sense no and
forces acting on it. It actual practice, the deformation (i.e., change in shape
under the effect of considered
under the effect of forces acting on it) is very small and therefore it may be
un

Size ofa body

as a rigid body.

AND VECTOR QUANTITIES

14. SCALAR
Scalar quantity. A scalar quantity is one that has magnitude only.
Examples. Mass, volume, time and density.
Vector quantity. A vector quantity is one that has magnitude as well as direction.
Examples. Force, velocity, acceleration and moment etc.
A vector quantity is represented by a line carrying an arrow head at one end. The length of
the vector. The line, together with its arrow
the line (to convenient scale) equals the magnitude of
A in Fig. 1.3 at an
head, defines the direction of the vector. Suppose a force of 60 N is applied point
to
its length equals 60 N
angle of 45° to the horizontal. The vector AB represents this force since
(to scale) and its direction is proper. If the vector BA is drawn to same scale (Fig. 1.2) it representsa
60 N force having a direction exactly opposite to vector AB.

60 N 60 N

45 45°
A A
Force vector Force vector

Fig. 1.2 Fig. 1.3

1.5. FUNDAMENTAL UNITS AND DERIVED UNITS

The basic quantities or fundamental quantities ofmechanics are those quantities which eannot
be expressed in terms ofone another. Length, mass, time are usually considered as basic or fundamental
 APPLIED MECHAN
auantities The units of these quantities are called fundamental units and are developed h..
and T respectively.
The units of all other quantities except above are derived with the M
fundamental units and thus they are known as derived units. For
acceleration. density etc. example, units of vel
are derived units
as explained below elocity
Velocity hsplacement
Time
Acceleration = Velocity LT LT-2
Time T
Density = Mass M
Volume 3 ML-3

1.6. SYSTEMS OF UNITS

The four systems of units in
1.
use are given below :
Foot-Pound-Second system (F.P.S. system)
2.
Centimetre-Gram-Second system (C.G.S. system)
3.
Metre-Kilogram-Second system (M.K.S. system)
International system of units (S.I.
4.
units).
Foot-Pound-Second system. In this
foot, pound and second system units of fundamental quantities i.e., length,
mass and time are the

Centimetre-Gram-Second respectively.
expressed as centimetre, system. In this system the
value of
gram and second
respectively. length, mass and time are

kilogramMetre-Kilogram-Second
and second system. In this system units of
respectively. length mass and time are metre,
International system of units. This
electric current, system considers three more
mass and time. temperature and luminous intensity in addition fundamental units of
to the
fundamental units of length,
Important M.K.S. and S.I. system units
are given in
Table 1.2.
Table 1.2.
Important M.K.S. and S.I. system units
S.No.
M.K.S. System
Quantities Units
S.I. System
1. Length Symbols Units
2. Mass
metre
m
Symbols
metre
3. Time kilogram kg m

4. Temperature
second
sec or S
kilogram kg
celsius or kelvin second
5. Plane angle Cor °K kelvin
S

6. Area
radians K
rad
7. Volume square metre radians
m
8. Density cubic metre Square metre
m m
kilogram per cubic metre
kg/m3 m3
cubic metre
9. Velocity kilogram per
cubic metre kg/m3 or
10. Acceleration metre per second
m/sec kg m3
metre per second metre per second
m/sec2 ms-l
per second metre per second
per second
m/sor ms
RASCCON TPIS

radians per
1 . Angular
second per second
rad/sec? radians per rad/s or
aCceleratuon
second per second rads 2

12 Force kilogram weight kgf newton N

13 Moment of kilogram weight kgf m newton metre
metre Nm
force

kilogram metre kg m/sec

14. Momentum

per second
kilogram metre kgms-
per second
-do-
15. Angular kgm/sec -do
kgms
momentum

16. Moment of kilogram metre kg m2 kilogram metre

inertia squared kg m
squared
17. Work w kilogram metre kgf m joule or newton metre J or Nm
18. Torque T -do kgf m -do Jor Nm
19. Power kilogram metre kg m/sec watts or joules
per second
per second W or J/s
20. Energy E kilogram metre kgf m joule or newton metre J or Nm
21. Pressure kilogram per kg/m2 newton per N/m or
intensity square metre
square metre Nm2
22. Specific cubic metre per m kg cubic metre per
volume kilogram mass kilogram mass
mkg or
m kg-l
23. Dynamic kilogram per kg/m-sec newton second Ns/m2 or
viscosity metre per sec per square metre Nsm2
24. Kinematic metre per second m/sec? metre per second m/s2 or
viscosity per second per second ms-2

25. Specific kilocalorie per kcalkg °C joule per unit

heat unit mass per mass per degree J/kg K or
degree celsius kelvin Jkgrl K-

HIGHLIGHTS
1. Statics' is the branch of mechanics which relates to bodies at rest.
2. Dynamics' is the branch of mechanics which deals with bodies in motion. Kinematics deals with the
motion of bodies without any reference to the cause of motion.
Kinetics deals with the relationship between forces and the resulting motion of bodies on which they act.
3. Mass is the amount of matter contained in a body.
4. Weight is the force with which a body is attracted towards the centre of the earth
by the gravitational
pull.
5. Density is the weight of unit volume of a body or substance.
6. Power is the rate of doing work.
7. A rigid body is one which does not change its shape and size under the effect of forces acting over it.
8. A scalar quantity is
that has magnitude only.
one
9. A vector quantity is one that has magnitude as well as direction.
10. The basic quantities or fundamental quantities are those quantities which cannot be expressed in terms
of one another.
l1. System of units. The four system of units in use are :

0) Foot-Pound-Second system (F.P.S. system)

(i) Centimetre-Gram-Second system (C.G.S. system)
 11 Metre- Kilogram Second system (M.K.S. system)
APPLIED MECHANIC
Inte matonal system of units (S.I. units).

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Fill in the Blanks:

( s the branch of mechanics which relates to bodies at rest.
n . s the branch of mechanics which deals with bodies in motion.
2)deals with the motion ofthe bodies without any reference to the cause ofmotion.
r) deals with relationship between forces and the resulting motion of bodies on which
r ) . s the term applied to the linear dimensions of a straight or curved line. ac.
(7) The external force per unit area, orthe total force divided by the total area on which it
it act
as.
acts, which is known
(77) The amount of matter contained in a body is called its..
(vu)...= torque x angle.
(x) The rate of doing work is called...
(a) A scalar quantity is one that has...only.
2. Say Yes' or No':
() The two dimensional size of a shape or a surface is its area.

(i) Mass helps motion.

(7) Velocity is a vector quantity.
(iv) A rigid body is one which undergoes change in its shape and size under the effect of forces at
g
over it.
v) Acceleration is a scalar quantity.
(vi) In real sense, no solid body is perfectly rigid.
between and weight.
(vi) There is no difference
mass

force to rotation about some point is known as a moment.

(vi) The tendency of a cause

(ix) Mass be measured by a spring balance.

can
(x) Weight resists motion in the body.

Answers
(ii) Kinematics (iv) Kinetics (o) Length
1. (i) Staties (ii) Dynamics
(vii) Work (ix) power (x) magnitude.
(vi) pressure (vii) mass
(iv) No (o) No (vi) Yes
2. () Yes (i) No (ii) Yes
(vii) Yes (ix) No x) No.
vi) No

EXERCISES

1. (a) Define theterms:

(i) Statics
(i) Dynamics.
(b) Differentiate between Kinematies' and Kinetics.
2. Define the following terms :
Force, volume, pressure, work and power.
3. Write a short note on 'Rigid body'.
4. (a) Explain the terms Mass' and Weight'
b) How does mass differ from weight?
5. (a) Define 'Scalar and 'Vector quantities.
(b) Which of the following quantities are scalar?
Mass, force, volume, velocity, time, acceleration.
aDescribe the various systems of units. Which system of units is being followed these days and why