GCFCHCL

GKGACOE[O ICQ@OECO TKONKFC^

TKONKFC^CO
CO TCNC FKHJGTJF
TKQ]C^[CO
TKQ]C^[CO TKQC
TKQCU
UC^ (TTO@,C@TO@,C@TN@F@,@N@,@A@ NHH )

JHKL FKHJGTJF =

CQ@B U@ICPC F[][GC (3114144=4120)

P. ]K^PJ GCQEJOJ ( 3114144=412< )

I[Q@ (3114144=4115)

I[OC^@O (3114144=41=1)

[O@RKQ]@^C] G[LCGGCN@PCL F[N[]

 ^CL[O 1413

FC^C TKOECO^CQ

Gkgacoeuo icr`oeco ctcu fjhcajrcs` cotcrc jreco`scs` fksklctco cnchcl luauoeco fkric
n`cotc
n`cotcrc
rc tko
tkocec
cec fks
fksklct
klctco
co nchcg
nchcg gkgakr
gkgakr`fc
`fco
o pkhcyc
pkhcycoco
oco fkpcnc
fkpcnc pcs`ko
pcs`ko ctcu
ctcu fh`ko
fh`ko nch
nchcg
cg
gkhcfufco
gkhcfufco n`sfu
n`sfus`
s` tkotco
tkotcoe
e n`ceojs
n`ceojsc,
c, gkhcfufco
gkhcfufco fkricscgc nchcg csulco fksklctco, sch`o
sch`oe
e
akrfjosuhtcs` ctcu fjguo`fcs` skrtc gcs`oe-gcs`oe akrtcoeeuoe icwca pcnc pkfkriccooyc.
Cpcpuo akotuf nco tkgpctoyc, fjhcajrcs` gkh`put` suctu pkrtufcrco pconcoeco ctcu `nk ycoe
gkgakr`fco
gkgakr`fco pkrsp
pkrspkft`b
kft`b fkpcnc skhur
skhurul
ul icr`o
icr`oeco
eco jreco`scs
jreco`scs`` fksklct
fksklctco.
co. Fjhcajrcs`
Fjhcajrcs` t`ncf a`sc
tkrakotuf nkoeco skon`r`oyc nchcg skaucl jreco`scs`. Gcfc ncr` `tu N`autulfco bcftjr-bcftjr
tkrtkotu uotuf gkguomuhfcooyc. Uchcupuo pcnc fkoyctccoyc gcs`l scoect suh`t nco gkrupcfco
tcotcoeco tkrskon`r` uotuf Fcrkoc skt`cp prjbks` nchcg skaucl t`g gkg`h`f` stconcr nco auncyc
prjbks`joch tkrskon`r`. Fjhcajrcs` ycoe kbkft`b gkomcfup pkokrcpco strctke` n`gcoc skt`cp
prjbks` ycoe akraknc auncycoyc akrfkric scgc nchcg sctu t`g uotuf gkomcpc` tuiuco ycoe scgc
nchcg gkokrcpfco fkskhcgctco pcs`ko.
 ACA @

TKOCL[H[CO

3.3 HC^CQ AKHCFCOE

]`stkg
]`stkg pkh
pkhcyco
cycoco
co fks
fksklct
klctco
co scc
scctt `o`
`o`,, gkoeut
gkoeutcgc
cgcfco
fco pkh
pkhcyco
cycoco
co ycoe akr
akrpus
pusct
ct pcnc

pcs`ko nco fkhucrec uotuf gkgakr`fco pkhcycoco ycoe akrfuch`tcs, fkpucsco pcs`ko, nco
tkr
tkrl`o
l`oncr
ncr ncr
ncr`` fkicn`
fkicn`co
co yco
ycoe
e t`n
t`ncf
cf n`l
n`lcrc
crcpfc
pfco.
o. Fjh
Fjhcajr
cajrcs`
cs` ycoe kbk
kbkft`
ft`bb cot
cotcr
cr coee
coeejtc
jtc t`g
fksklct
fksklctco
co gkg
gkgbcs
bcs`h`
`h`tcs
tcs`` tkr
tkrskh
skhkoee
koeecrc
crcoyc
oyc pkh
pkhcyc
cycoco
oco ycoe akr
akrfuc
fuch`t
h`tcs,
cs, nko
nkoeco
eco nkg`f`c
nkg`f`co
o
pkoekgacoeco fjhcajrcs` `otkrprjbks` nchcg pkhcycoco fksklctco gkoicn` lch ycoe
n`pr`jr`tcsfco jhkl skguc jreco`scs` pkgakr` pkhcycoco fksklctco. Luauoeco fjhcajrcs` nchcg
pkhcycoco fksklctco gkh`actfco skiughcl tkocec prjbks` fksklctco, ocguo fjhcajrcs` cotcrc
njftkr
njftkr nco pkr
pkrcwc
cwctt gkrupcf
gkrupcfco
co bcf
bcftjr
tjr pkokotu
pkokotu ace` pko`
pko`oefc
oefctco
tco fuch`tcs
fuch`tcs prjsks
prjsks pkrcwctco
pkrcwctco
(Hkkvkr,kt.ch 1434).

Tkhcyco
Tkhcycoco
co fksklct
fksklctco
co n` Qugcl
Qugcl ]cf`
]cf`tt gkr
gkrupcf
upcfco
co akot
akotuf
uf pkhcyc
pkhcycoco
oco ycoe n`a
n`akr`
kr`fco
fco
fkpcn
fkpcncc fh`k
fh`ko
o jhkl
jhkl su
suct
ctu
u t`
t`g
g pkhcyc
pkhcycoc
oco
o fks
fksklc
klctc
tco.
o. ^`g pkh
pkhcyc
cycoco
oco fkskl
fksklct
ctco
co gkru
gkrupc
pcfco
fco

skfkhjgpjf prjbks`joch ycoe gkgpuoyc` cturco ycoe ikhcs, tuiuco ugug nco fkclh`co akraknc.
^`g cfco akrichco nkoeco ac`f a`hc skt`cp coeejtc t`g gkgakr`fco fjotr`aus` ycoe ac`f (Bc`z`o
& U`ocrs`l, 144<).

Nchcg
Nchcg fjo
fjotkfs
tkfs fkric
fkric nco jreco
jreco`sc
`scs`
s` skaucl
skaucl `os
`ost`t
t`tus`
us` fks
fksklct
klctco
co n`ichc
n`ichcofco
ofco jhk
jhkl
l t`g
guht`prjbks`joch n`gcoc gkocoeco` akracec` gcmcg prjsknur pkhcycoco pcs`ko. Nchcg lch `o`,
t`g tkrn`r` ncr` akracec` gcmcg prjbks` n`gcoc akrtcoeeuoe icwca ctcs tuecs nco fkwci`aco
ycoe akraknc puhc. Kt`fc fkric ycoe fjhcajrct`b ncpct gkom`ptcfco sucscoc ncgc` n` tkgpct
fkric. Cspkf auncyc `otker`tcs tkrbjfus pcnc mcrc pkoekgacoeco fkpr`acn`co nchcg `otker`tcs
nco kt`
kt`fc
fc uot
uotuf
uf gkom`pt
gkom`ptcfco
cfco fkutul
fkutulco
co fuc
fuch`t
h`tcs
cs n`r`
n`r` nkoe
nkoeco
co fcrcftk
fcrcftkrr gjr
gjrch
ch ycoe fjos`
fjos`stk
stko
o
tkrlcncp fkiuiurco nco kt`fc, tkrgcsuf fkgcgpuco uotuf gkgakotkoe` n`r` ncr` skechc gcmcg
ejncco ycoe akrpjtkos` gkonjrjoe n`r` pcnc t`oefcl hcfu t`ncf tkrpui`. Fkpr`acn`co ycoe skhchu
pctul n`pkrhufco uotuf gkoichcofco pkrcturco, fka`icfco, stconcr, s`stkg, nco kt`fc jreco`scs`
skmcrc prjbks`joch (Nicikonrc, 1431).

Fjhcajr
Fjhcajrcs`
cs` t`ncf
t`ncf a`s
a`scc tkr
tkrakot
akotuf
uf nkoeco
nkoeco sko
skon`r
n`r`oy
`oycc nch
nchcg
cg ska
skaucl
ucl jreco`
jreco`scs
scs`.
`. Nch
Nchcg
cg
gkgakotuf fjhcajrcs` N`autulfco bcftjr-bcftjr tkrtkotu uotuf gkguomuhfcooyc. Fcrkoc skt`cp
prjbks` nchcg skaucl t`g gkg`h`f` stconcr nco auncyc prjbks`joch tkrskon`r`. Fjhcajrcs` ycoe
yco e
kbkft`bb gkomcfup
kbkft` gkomcfup pkokrcp
pkokrcpco
co strctke`
strctke` n`gcoc skt`c
skt`cp
p prjbks
prjbks`` ycoe akraknc auncycoy
auncycoycc akrfkric
akrfkric
scgc nchcg sctu t`g uotuf gkomcpc` tuiuco ycoe scgc. Nchcg fjotkfs fksklctco, skt`cp prjbks`
fksklctco lcrus tkrich`o nchcg crclco ycoe scgc uotuf gkomcpc` v`s` ycoe scgc puhc. ]kt`cp
prjbks` lcrus gkoekrt` pkrco nco tuecs fkric gcs`oe-gcs`oe. ]kjrcoe pkg`gp`o (hkcnkr) iuec
scoect n`autulfco cecr skaucl t`g t`ncf fkl`hcoeco bjfus uotuf gkomcpc` tuiucooyc (Nchr`,

1434).
3.1 ^[I[CO

fjhcajrcs`
fjhcajrcs` t`g jrecco`scs
jrecco`scs`` fksklctco
fksklctco scoect
scoecthcl
hcl pkot`
pkot`oe
oe fcrkoc gcs`oe
gcs`oe-gcs`
-gcs`oe
oe tkocec
fksklctco gkg`h`f` pkoektcluco, fktkrcgp`hco, fkgcgpuco, fkclh`co, nco pkoechcgco ycoe
akraknc. Nchcg fjhcajrcs` t`g fksklctco, gkgpuoyc` tuiuco ycoe scgc yc`tu skaucl
fkskhcgctco uotuf pcs`ko ^uiuco ncr` pkoefci`co Gcocikgko fkskhcgctco nco fksklctco pcs`ko

cnchcl n`euocfco skacec` cmuco uotuf gkgakotuf fjhcajrcs` cotcr tkocec fksklctco nchcg
gkhcfufco pkhcycoco fksklctco.

3.= GK
GK^J
^JNK
NK

Fjhc
Fjhcajr
ajrcs
cs`` cnch
cnchcl
cl luauo
luauoec
eco
o fkri
fkricc n`co
n`cotc
tcrc
rc tkoc
tkocec
ec fk
fksk
sklc
lctc
tco
o nc
nchc
hcg
g gk
gkga
gakr
kr`f
`fco
co
pkhcycoco fkpcnc pcs`ko ctcu fh`ko nchcg gkhcfufco n`sfus` tkotcoe n`ceojsc, gkhcfufco
fkricscgc nchcg csulco fksklctco, sch`oe akrfjosuhtcs` ctcu fjguo`fcs` skrtc gcs`oe-gcs`oe
akrtcoeeuoe icwca pcnc pkfkriccooyc. [otuf gkhcfufco pkokh`t`co pkokrcpco pkoef
pkoefci`co
ci`co nchcg
csulco
csulco fkpk
fkpkrcw
rcwctc
ctco
o n`rugc
n`rugcl
l scf
scf`t
`t yc`tu
yc`tu gkoeeuo
gkoeeuocfco
cfco gktjnk
gktjnk Nks
Nksfr`
fr`pt`
pt`bb nco Tkonkfc
Tkonkfctco
tco..
Nchc
Nchcg
g pko
pkoef
efci
ci`c
`co
o gkoe
gkoeeu
euocf
ocfco
co gktj
gktjnk
nk nksf
nksfr`
r`pt
pt`b
`b yc
ycoe
oe gkoe
gkoeeuo
euocf
cfco
co fk
fkgc
gcgp
gpuco
uco ,
pkoektcluco nco pkgclcgco uotuf gkhcfufco fjhcajrcs` cotcr tkocec fksklctco nchcg
gkokrcpfco fkskhcgctco pcs`ko.

3.> LC
LC]@
]@H
H

Fjhc
Fjhcajr
ajrcs
cs`` cnch
cnchcl
cl luauo
luauoec
eco
o fkri
fkricc n`co
n`cotc
tcrc
rc tkoc
tkocec
ec fk
fksk
sklc
lctc
tco
o nc
nchc
hcg
g gk
gkga
gakr
kr`f
`fco
co
pkhcycoco fkpcnc pcs`ko ctcu fh`ko nchcg gkhcfufco n`sfus` tkotcoe n`ceojsc, gkhcfufco
fkricscgc nchcg csulco fksklctco, sch`oe akrfjosuhtcs` ctcu fjguo`fcs` skrtc gcs`oe-gcs`oe
akrtcoeeuoe icwca pcnc pkfkriccooyc. Cpcpuo akotuf nco tkgpctoyc, fjhcajrcs` gkh`put` suctu
pkrtufcrco pconcoeco ctcu `nk ycoe gkgakr`fco pkrspkft`b fkpcnc skhurul fjhcajrctjr. Lcs`h
ncr`` pkoe
ncr pkoefci
fci`co
`co ycoe gko
gkoeeuo
eeuocfc
cfco
o gktjnk
gktjnk nks
nksfr`
fr`pt`
pt`bb `o` cnch
cnchcl
cl tko
tkocec
cec fksklc
fksklctco
tco gcgpu
gkhcfu
gkhcfufco
fco fjh
fjhcaj
cajrcs
rcs`` cotcr
cotcr tkocec
tkocec fks
fksklc
klctco
tco nch
nchcg
cg gkhcfu
gkhcfufco
fco pkhcyco
pkhcycoco
co nco gkokrc
gkokrcpfco
pfco
fkskhcgctco pcs`ko.
 ACA @@

TKGACLC]CO

Fjhcajr
Fjhcajrcs`
cs` pkr
pkrcwc
cwctt nco njft
njftkr
kr n`pconc
n`pconcoe
oe skacec`
skacec` bcf
bcftjr
tjr pko
pkot`o
t`oe
e nch
nchcg
cg pkg
pkgakr
akr`co
`co
csulco fkpkrcwctco ycoe akrfuch`tcs (Okhsjo, F`oe & Arjn`ok, 144<).

Fjhcajrcs` ncpct akrichco ac`f i`fc skt`cp coeejtc sch`oe gkgclcg` pkrco nco tcoeeuoe
icwca gcs`oegcs`oe prjbks` gkg`h`f` tuiuco ycoe scgc, gkoecfu` fkclh`co gcs`oegcs`oe
prjbks`, sch`oe akrtufcr `objrgcs` nkoeco tkraufc, gkg`h`f` fkgcgpuco uotuf gkoekhjhc nco
gkhcfscocfco tuecs ac`f skmcrc `on`v`nu gcupuo akrscgc fkhjgpjf.

^krwuiunoyc
krwuiunoyc suctu fjhcajrcs`
fjhcajrcs` tkrecotuoe
tkrecotuoe pcnc akakrcp
akakrcpcc fr`t
fr`tkr`c,
kr`c, yc`tu cncoyc sch`oe
pkrmcyc nco gkoeljrgct`, sch`oe gkgclcg` nco gkokr`gc fk`hguco
fk `hguco gcs`oegcs`oe, gkg`h`f`
m`trc n`r` pjs`t`b, gkg`h`f` fkgctcoeco prjbkss`joch ycoe sktcrc ycoe t`gauh ncr` pkon`n`fco nco
pkoechcgco, gkoecfu` skacec` g`trc fkric aufco acwclco, fk`oe`oco uotuf akrokej`scs`.
Cpcpuo akotuf nco tkgpctoyc, fjhcajrcs` gkh`put` suctu pkrtufcrco pconcoeco ctcu `nk ycoe
gkgakr`fco pkrspkft`b fkpcnc skhurul fjhcajrctjr. Fjhcajrcs` t`ncf ncpct n`nkb`o`s`fco ctcu

n`ikhcsfco nkoeco guncl. Fjhcajrcs` cnchcl n`gcoc njftkr nco pkrcwct gkrkomcocfco prcftkf
akrscgc skacec` fjhkec, akfkric sch`oe fktkrecotuoeco nc
nchcg
hcg actcsco- actcsco h`oefup prcftkf
gkrkfc nkoeco akrace` o`hc`-o`hc` nco sch`oe gkoecfu` nco gkoelcrec` tkrlcncp skt`cp jrcoe
ycoe akrfjotr`aus` uotuf gkrcwct `on`v`nu, fkhucrec nco gcsycrcfct.

Trcft`f fjhcajrct`b gkokfcofco tcoeeuoe icwca akrscgc nchcg gcocikgko pkrcwctco

pcs`ko, nkoeco prjsks kgauctco fkputusco a`hctkrch n`ncscrfco pcnc pkon`n`fco nco fkgcgpuco
prcft`s` (]ljrtr`nek, 30<2 nchcg Tcrycotj, 1442).

Tkhcfscocco fjhcajrcs` t`ncf lcoyc akrgcobcct ace` pcs`ko tktcp` iuec cfco gkgakr`fco
fkpucsco fkpcnc tkocec fksklctco fcrkoc fjhcajrcs` cfco gko`oefctfco nco gkoejpt`gchfco
pkrco skrtc cft`b cotcrc pkrcwct nco njftkr nchcg pkoecga`hco fkputusco tkotcoe pkoejactco

nco pkrcwctco akrbjfus pcnc fkautulco pcs`ko skmcrc fjgprklkos`b nkoeco gkgpkrlct`fco
fjotr`aus` gcs`oe-gcs`oe (Lkrakrt, 144; & [sl`rj, 1440).

Fkricscgc `otkrprjbks` njftkr nco pkrcwct ycoe kbkft`b gkgkrhufco cncoyc pkgclcgco
ycoe ako
akocr
cr tkotco
tkotcoe
e fjh
fjhcajr
cajrcs`
cs` `ot
`otkrp
krprjb
rjbks`
ks` nco pko
pkoeucs
eucscco
cco fjg
fjgpkt
pktkos
kos`` cnch
cnchcl
cl `ot`
`ot` prc
prcftk
ftkf
f
fjhcajrcs`. Khkgko nchcg fjhjcajrcs` kbkft`b gkh`put` sch`oe gkoelcrec`, fjguo`fcs`, csskrt`vk,
tcoe
tcoeeuo
euoe
e icwc
icwca,
a, fkric
fkricsc
scgc
gc,, tc
tcoee
oeeuo
uoe
e ic
icwc
wca
a nco
nco jtjo
jtjojg
jg`,
`, Gk
Gkhc
hchu
hu`` fj
fjhc
hcaj
ajrc
rcs`
s` kbkf
kbkft`
t`bb
pkrcwct-njftkr nchcg t`g,cncoyc pkoektcluco nco sf`hh ctcu fkclh`co ncr` njftkr nco pkrcwct
cfco sch`oe gkhkoefcp`. Tcs`ko cfco gkoncpct fkuotuoeco ncr` fjjrn`ocs` ycoe hka`l ac`f
gkhchu` fjhcajrcs` `otkrprjbks`. Fkric scgc t`g nchcg fjhcajrcs` cnchcl prjsks ycoe n`ocg`s
ycoe gkh`actfco nuc ctcu hka`l prjbks` fksklctco ycoe gcs`oe-gcs`oe gkg`h`f` pkoektcluco
nco fkclh`co ycoe akraknc, gkgauct pko`hc`co nco pkrkomcocco akrscgc, skrtc gkoekvchucs`
akrscgc pkrcwctco
p krcwctco yc
ycoe
oe n`akr`fco fkpcnc
f kpcnc pcs`ko. Lch tkrskaut ncpct n`mcpc` gkhchu` fjhcajrcs`
ycoe
ycoe `onk
`onkpk
pkonk
onko,
o, fjg
fjguo
uo`f
`fcs
cs`` ycoe
ycoe tk
tkra
rauf
ufc,
c, nco
nco ak
akra
race`
ce` nc
nchc
hcg
g pk
pkoec
oecga
ga`h
`hco
co fkp
fkput
utus
usco
co
(\yr`oml`s& Qkcg, 144< 9 ULJ, 1434) .

Tkonk
Tkonkfct
fctco
co fjhcaj
fjhcajrc
rcs`
s` ycoe
ycoe gcs`
gcs`l
l akrfkg
akrfkgac
acoe
oe sc
scct
ct `o`
`o` yc
yc`t
`tu
u `otk
`otkrp
rprj
rjbk
bkss
ss`j
`joc
ochh
mjhhcajrct`jo (@TM) skacec` wcncl nchcg upcyc gkwuiunfco prcft`f fjhcajrcs` ycoe kbkft`b
cotcr
cotcr prjbks
prjbks`.
`. ^krfc`t
krfc`t lch `tu gcfc
gcfc pkr
pkrhu
hu n`cncfc
n`cncfcooyc
ooyc prcft`
prcft`f
f fjh
fjhcajr
cajrcs`
cs` ski
skicf
cf n`o`
n`o` nkoe
nkoeco
co
gkhchu`` prjsk
gkhchu prjskss pkgakh
pkgakhcicrco
cicrco yc`tu nkoeco gkhct`l gclcs`swc
gclcs`swc Tkon`n`fco
Tkon`n`fco fksklctco. ]kaucl
ercon nks`eo tkotcoe pkgakotufco fcrcftkr fjhcajrcs` nchcg prcft`f skaucl akotuf pkon`n`fco
yc`tu
yc`tu `ot
`otkrp
krprjb
rjbkss
kss`jo
`joch
ch knumct
knumct`jo
`jo (@TK)
(@TK) (ULJ,
(ULJ, 1434,
1434, Nkp
Nkpcrt
crtgko
gkott jb Lugco
Lugco Qksjur
Qksjurmks
mks bjr
Lkchtl).@TM
Lkchtl).@TM gkrupcfco wcncl fjhcajr
fjhcajrcs`
cs` kbkft`b
kbkft`b uotuf gko`oefctfco
gko`oefctfco pkhcyco
pkhcycoco
co fksklctco
fkpcnc pcs`ko ycoe n`nchcgoyc tkrncpct prjbks` tkocec fksklctco gkh`put` njftkr, pkrcwct,
bcrgcs
bcrgcs`,
`, clh
clh`` e`z
e`z`,
`, nco b`s`jt
b`s`jtkrc
krcp`
p` (Lkcht
(Lkchtl
l Trjbks
Trjbkss`j
s`joch
och Knu
Knumct
mct`jo
`jo Such`t
Such`ty
y (LT
(LTKS)
KS),, 143
1433).
3).
Lcgactco nchcg fjhcajrcs` cotcr pktuecs fksklctco tkrutcgc cotcrc njftkr nco pkrcwct gkoicn`
pkoykaca fkicn`co ycoe cfco gko`gauhfco fkrue`co nco aclcyc, aclfco ncpct gkoecomcg i`wc
pcs`ko. Lcgactco nchcg fjhcajrcs` ncpct gkoicn` pkoykaca utcgc tkricn`oyc gkn`mch krrjr,
ours`oe krrjr ctcu fkicn`co t`ncf n`lcrcpfco (F^N).
 ACA @@@

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pkrmcyc nco gkoeljrgct`, sch`oe gkgclcg` nco gkokr`gc fk`hguco
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ak rokej`scs`.
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o Fksklc
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@gphkgkotcs
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]jhjf. Iuroch Fksklctco Gcsycrcfct. Rjh 2, Oj. 1. ]`gcgjrc Q. L (1430) Njmugkotct`jo jb
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