NAMES: Salapang, Pureza Maye M.

GRADE: BSN – 1 DATE: October 7, 2020

Taghap, Gerard Lixel M.

SEXUALLY COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (sexually transmitted

infections/diseases)
1. Chlamydia

Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted disease (STD) that can be easily cured.
If left untreated, chlamydia can make it difficult for a woman to get pregnant.

SIGNS:
- pain or discomfort during sex or urination

- green or yellow discharge from the penis or vagina

- pain in the lower abdomen

SYMPTOMS:

- infections of the urethra, prostate gland, or testicles

- pelvic inflammatory disease

- infertility

TREATMEANT:

- Antibiotics
 2. HPV (human papillomavirus)

HPV is a quite common sexually transmitted disease that, in some cases, may increase
the risk of developing cervical, penile, vulvar, vaginal, or anal cancers.

SIGNS:
- Genital warts. These appear as flat lesions, small cauliflower-like bumps, or tiny stemlike
protrusions. In women, genital warts appear mostly on the vulva but can also occur near the
anus, on the cervix or in the vagina.

SYMPTOMS:

- oral cancer - cervical cancer - rectal cancer

- vulvar cancer - penile cancer

TREATMEANT:

- Salicylic acid. - Podofilox.

- Imiquimod. - Trichloroacetic acid.

 3. Syphilis

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection that can cause serious health problems if it
is not treated. You can get syphilis by direct contact with a syphilis sore during vaginal, anal,
or oral sex. You can find sores on or around the penis, vagina, or anus, or in the rectum, on
the lips, or in the mouth. Syphilis can spread from an infected mother to her unborn baby.

SIGNS:

 loss of vision  infections of the brain or spinal

 mental illness cord
 loss of hearing  heart disease
 loss of memory  death

SYMPTOMS:

 rash  fever  joint pain

 fatigue  headaches  weight loss

 hair loss

TREATMEANT:

 Penicillin
 antibiotics
 4. Pubic lice (‘crabs’)

Pubic lice, commonly called crabs, are tiny insects found in your genital area. They
are a different type of louse from head lice and body lice. Measuring 1/16 inch (1.6
millimeters) or less, pubic lice received their nickname because their bodies resemble tiny
crabs.

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:

 itching around the genitals or anus

 small pink or red bumps around the genitals or anus
 low-grade fever
 lack of energy
 irritability

TREATMEANT:

You can use over-the-counter topical treatments and tweezers to remove them from your
body. It is also important to clean your clothes, bedding, towels, and home.
 5. Gonorrhea

Infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae can lead to serious medical complications in

both men and women, such as infertility, infection of the urogenital tract, meningitis, arthritis,
or disseminated (whole body) infection.

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:

 a white, yellow, beige, or green-colored discharge from the penis or vagina

 pain or discomfort during sex or urination
 more frequent urination than usual
 itching around the genitals
 sore throat

TREATMEANT:

 antibiotics
 METHODS OF FAMILY PLANNING

Natural Family Planning

The natural family planning methods do not include any chemical or foreign body

introduction into the human body. Most people who are very conscious of their religious

beliefs are more inclined to use the natural way of birth control. Some want to use natural

methods because it is more cost effective.

Some Types of Natural Family Planning:

Calendar Method of Family Planning

Calendar methods of family planning are based on calculating a woman’s fertile period. This

calculation is done using recorded data on the length of her previous menstrual cycles. Once

the fertile period is calculated, the woman can either abstain from sex on her fertile days or
use an alternative method of contraception on those days, such as a diaphragm, spermicide

or condom.

Advantages of Calendar-Based Fertility Awareness Methods

 They do not cost money.

 They do not cause side effects like the hormonal methods of contraception do.

 Women are better aware of their menstrual cycle as they have to monitor it closely to

calculate their fertile period. This is helpful in keeping track of their general

reproductive health.

Disadvantages of Calendar-Based Fertility Awareness Methods

 The Standard Days method works only for women who have regular menstrual cycles.

 The rhythm method will not work for women whose menstrual cycles are shorter than

27 days.

 Will not work for women who suffer from conditions like polycystic ovaries.

 The exact timing of ovulation can be affected by stress, medications, and illness. This

can make the prediction of the fertile period inaccurate.

 Additional contraception or abstinence is necessary for the entire fertile period of the

menstrual cycle.

 The actual effectiveness of the Standard Days method is 88%, and that of the rhythm

method is 86%, which is a lot less than hormonal or barrier methods of contraception.

 The calendar method of family planning only prevents pregnancies. It cannot prevent

sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Women who have multiple partners or women
 whose partners are not in a monogamous relationship are at risk of contracting STIs

without the use of condoms.

Facts:

According to Philippine Statistics Authority (2001), the calendar/rhythm method is more

popular in the Visayas and Mindanao regions (except for ARMM) than in Luzon.

Sources:

Khan, A. (2019, May 14). Calendar Method of Family Planning: Calculations,

Effectiveness & more. Retrieved October 11, 2020, from
https://parenting.firstcry.com/articles/calendar-method-of-family-planning-
types-effectiveness-and-more/

Philippine Statistics Authority. (2013, May 09). Contraceptive Use Among Filipino
Women (Based from the ... Retrieved from
https://psa.gov.ph/content/contraceptive-use-among-filipino-women-based-
results-2011-family-health-survey-0
 Pull Out Method (Withdrawal)

The pull-out method is a form of birth control in which a man takes his penis out of a

woman's vagina before he ejaculates so fewer sperm get inside. It’s also known as coitus

interruptus or the withdrawal method. The man needs a lot of control to time it right. It

doesn't work if he can't feel when he's close to orgasm or if he’s so caught up in the

moment that he doesn't pull out in time.

Advantages of Pull Out Method

 They don’t want to use other types of birth control for religious or philosophical

reasons.

 They need some kind of birth control right away, and it’s too late to use other methods.

 They don’t have sex very often.

 It's free and convenient.

 It doesn’t involve any hormones or other chemicals.

 It has no side effects or health risks.

 You don't need to see a doctor or get a prescription.

Disadvantages of Pull Out Method

 It takes a lot of control for the man to pull out before ejaculation.

 The woman has no control over it at all.

 You may feel that it gets in the way of sexual pleasure.

 Even if he pees before sex, the man can still release fluid before he ejaculates. This pre-

ejaculate does contain sperm.

Facts:

Pulling out isn’t a very reliable way to prevent pregnancy. It works about 78% of the time,

which means that over a year of using this method, 22 out of 100 women -- about 1 in 5 --

would get pregnant. By comparison, male condoms are 98% effective when used correctly

every time.

Sources:

Nazario, B. (2020, July 24). Pull-Out Method: Effectiveness, Benefits, and

Disadvantages. Retrieved October 11, 2020, from
https://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/pull-out-withdrawal
 Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM)

The Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM) is a modern, temporary family planning method

that has been developed as a tool to help support both breastfeeding and family planning

use. It is based on the natural infertility resulting from certain patterns of breastfeeding.

“Lactational” means related to breastfeeding; “Amenorrhea” means not having menstrual

bleeding; and “Method” means a technique for contraception.

LAM is defined by three criteria:

 the woman’s menstrual periods have not resumed, AND

 the baby is fully or nearly fully breastfed, AND

 the baby is less than six months old.

When any one of these three criteria is no longer met, another family planning method

must be introduced in a timely manner to ensure healthy birth spacing.

Advantages of Lactational Amenorrhea Method

 Very effective

 Provides up to 0.5 CYPs (Couple Years Protection)

 Has no side effects

 Does not require insertion of any device at the time of sexual intercourse

 May attract new family planning users

 Contributes to family planning prevalence directly and through increased acceptance

rates

 Can be initiated immediately postpartum

 Is economical and requires no commodities or supplies

 Contributes to optimal breastfeeding practices and therefore enhances maternal and

infant health and nutrition

 Acceptable to all religious groups

Disadvantages of Pull Out Method

 Can only be used for a short period (up to six months postpartum)

 Requires breastfeeding frequently both

day and night

Facts:
LAM provides family planning protection comparable to other family planning methods.

Sources:

(n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2020, from https://breastcrawl.org/breastfeeding-faq-

lam.shtml
Artificial Family Planning

Artificial birth control can be defined as any product, procedure or practice that uses

artificial or unnatural means to prevent pregnancy. Barrier methods such as condoms and

diaphragms, hormonal methods such as the pill and IUDs, and surgical sterilization

procedures such as a vasectomy or hysterectomy are all considered to be artificial birth

control methods. The withdrawal method is considered by some to be artificial birth control,

as well.

Some Types of Artificial Family Planning:

Hormonal Contraceptives Method

Hormonal contraceptives (the pill, the patch, and the vaginal ring) all contain a small

amount of man-made estrogen and progestin hormones. These hormones work to

inhibit the body's natural cyclical hormones to prevent pregnancy. The hormonal

contraceptive usually stops the body from ovulating.

Advantages of Hormonal Contraceptives

 They are all highly effective.

 Their effects are reversible.

 They do not rely on spontaneity and can be used in advance of sexual activity.

Disadvantages of Hormonal Contraceptives:

 The necessity of taking medications continuously

 The cost of the medications

 Women must remember to take them regularly or use them exactly as prescribed

 A doctor’s visit and prescription are required.

 They do not protect a woman against STDs or sexually transmitted diseases

 Women must begin using hormonal contraceptives in advance before they become

effective.

 For some women, hormonal preparations are associated with unpleasant side effects or

increased health risks.

Facts:

CPR drops to 47.0 percent in 2000

According to Philippine Statistics Authority (2001), the contraceptive prevalence rate

(CPR) or the proportion of married women 15-49 years reporting current use of

contraceptives drops to 47.0 percent in 2000 from the 49.3 percent recorded in 1999.
Sources:

Philippine Statistics Authority. (2001, October 19). Contraceptive Use in the Philippines |
Philippine ... Retrieved October 11, 2020, from https://psa.gov.ph/content/contraceptive-
use-philippines

Staff, M., & Staff, A. (2017, December 13). What Is the Meaning of Artificial Birth
Control? Retrieved October 11, 2020, from
https://www.modernmom.com/2c29a41c-051f-11e2-9d62-404062497d7e.html

Belleza, M., & -. (2017, January 18). Family Planning: Methods of

Contraception. Retrieved October 11, 2020, from https://nurseslabs.com/family-
planning-methods/

Permanent Contraception
 Permanent contraception, sometimes called sterilisation, prevents all future

pregnancies. Tubal ligation or tubal implants for women, and vasectomy for men are

permanent methods of birth control.

Tubal Ligation and Vasectomy

Tubal ligation and vasectomy are outpatient, surgical procedures that do not usually require
an overnight stay in the hospital. These are considered low risk procedures. Local, regional
or general anesthesia may be used.

 However, as with any surgical procedure, infections, bleeding and reactions to the
anesthetics may occur.
 Most patients are back to their normal routine within 2 to 3 days, although patients may
need to avoid strenuous physical work, exercise, and sex for a few days to about a week or
two.
 Your doctor will explain your limitations and time-frame based upon the procedure and your
medical condition.

Advantages of Permanent Contraception:

 Permanent birth control.

 Immediately effective.

 Requires no daily attention.

 Cost-effective in the long term.

 Does not affect sexual pleasure.

Disadvantages of Permanent Contraception:

 Requires surgery and has risks associated with surgery.

 More complicated than male sterilisation.

 May not be reversible, resulting in possible regret

 Does not protect against sexually-transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV/AIDS.

Facts:

Vasectomy is safe and effective form of male contraception. However, in the Philippines

only one percent of Filipino men have undergone vasectomy although 16 percent of men in

union are willing to undergo this procedure after they have reached their desired number of

children.

Sources:

Johnson, T. (2020, May 29). Permanent Birth Control: Essure, Tubal Ligation and
Vasectomy. Retrieved October 14, 2020, from
https://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/birth-control-sterilization

Family Planning Module: 9. Permanent Family Planning Methods or Voluntary

Surgical Contraception (VSC). (2020). Retrieved October 14, 2020, from
https://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=144