” v v vv % v Biopharmaceuties: Biopharmaceutics involves the study of the interrelationship of the physicochemical properties of the drug, the dosage form in which the drug given and the route of administration on the rate and extent of systemic drug absorption. Absorption: it is the process of movement of unchanged drug from the site of administration to the systemic circulation, Passive Diffusion: it comprises the transport of a drug against concentration gradient from areas of low drug concentrations to higher concentrations until the equilibrium. Absolute Solubility or intrinsic solubility: it is the maximum amount of solute dissolved in the given solvent under standard coaditions of temperature, pressure and pH. Endocytosis: It is the process of capturing a substance or particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane, and bringing it into the cell. Or It includes consuming extracellular materials within a segment of the cell membrane to form a saccule or a vesicle. Phagocytosis involves engulfiment of larger particles or macromolecules. Pinocytosis involves the engulfment of small molecules or fluid, Gastric emptying time is the time required for the stomach contents empty (othe intestine, Dissolution is a process in which solid substances solubilize in a given solvent i.e. mass transfer from the solid surface to the liquid phase. Polymorphism: When a substance exists in more than one crystalline form, the different forms are «designated as polymorphs and the phenomenon as polymorphism. Drug distribution: It refers the reversible movement of the drug to and from the blood and various tissue of the body. Apparent volume of distribution: It is defined as the hypothetical volume of body fluid into which a drug is dissolved or distributed. Protein binding of drugs: The phenomenon of complex formation of drugs with proteins, Elimination: It is the process of removal of « medi ion from the body. Clearance: It is defined as the hypothetical volume of body fluids containing drug from which the rug is removed or cleared completely in a speci period of time Renal Clearance (CI): It is the volume of plasma that is completely cleared of a unchanged drug by kidney per unit time.e , $0 v sy BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS (BP604TT) Renal Clearance ratio: It is measured by comparing the ratio of clearance value of a drug with clearance value of an agent (Creatinine or inulin) that is cleared by glomerular filtration only. Non renal route of excretion: When the drug is excreted by organs other than kidney or renal route, this is called non renal route of excretion. Biotransformation or metabolism: It the process by which a substance changes from one chemical form to another jn the body. First pass metabolism: The loss of drug through biotransformation by eliminating organ during its passage to blood is called first pass metabolism. Pharmacokinetics is defined as the kinetics of drug absorption, distritsution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) and their relationship with the pharmacological, therapeutic or toxicological response in man and animals. Peak Plasma Concentration (Cmax): The point of maximum concentration of drug in plasma is called as the peak and the concentration of drug at peak is known as peak plasma concentration. Time of Peak Concentration (tmax): The time for drug to reach peak concentration in plasma (after extravascular administration) is called as the time of peak concentration. Area under the Curve (AUC): It represents the total integrated area under the plasma level-time profile and expresses the total amount of drug that comes into the systemic circulation after its administration Rate: The velocity with which a reaction or a process occurs is called as its rate. Order of reaction: The manner in which the concentration of drug (or reactants) influences the rate of reaction of process is called as the order of reaction or order of process. MRT is defined as the average amount of time spent by the drug in the body before being eliminated, Biological half-life: \t is defined as the time taken for the amount of drug in the body as well as plasma concentration to decline by one-half or 50% its initial value. Extraction ratio (FR) is an index of how efficiently the eliminating organ clears the blood flowing through it of drug. Bioavailability is defined as the rate and extent (amount) of absorption of unchanged drug from its dosage form. Absolute bioavailability: When the systemic availability of a drug administered orally is determined {in comparison to its intravenous administration, itis called as absolute bioavailability. Relative bioavailability: When the systemic availability of a drug after oral administration is compared with that of an oral standard of the same drug (such as an aqueous or non-aqueous solution or a suspension), its referred to as relat e or comparative bioavailability ‘Faculty of Phannacy, Dr. Subhash Technical Campus, Junagadh Page 8BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS (BP604TT) » Bioequivalence: It is a relative term which denotes that the drug substance in two or more identical dosage forms, reaches the systemic circulation at the same relative rate and to the same relative extent i, their plasma concentration-time profiles will be identical without significant statistical differences.