SYMBIOSIS DEAD-END HOST

PHORESIS REFRACTORY HOST

COMMENSALISM SUSCEPTIBLE HOST

MUTUALISM ACCIDENTAL/INCIDENTAL HOST

PARASITISM BIOLOGIC HOST/VECTORS

DEFINITIVE HOST MECHANICAL HOST/FOMITES

INTERMEDIATE HOST CARRIER/TRANSPORT HOST

RESERVOIR HOST PARATENIC HOST

 INFECTION ANTHROPOZOONOSIS

INFESTATION ZOOANTHROPONOSIS

PARASITOSIS ENDEMIC

SUPERINFECTION EPIDEMIC

MIXED INFECTION PANDEMIC

AUTOINFECTION EPIZOOTIOLOGY

EUZOONOSIS EPIZOOTIC

PARAZOONOSIS ENZOOTIC
 PANZOOTIC INTERMITTENT PARASITE

HABITAT SPURIOUS/CORPOZOIC PARASITE

EFFECT TO THE HOST PARASITOIDS

FACULTATIVE PARASITE EXPOSURE

OBLIGATE PARASITE TISSUE TROPISM

ACCIDENTAL/INCIDENTAL PARASITE INCUBATION PERIOD

TEMPORARY PARASITE PREPATENT PERIOD

PERMANENT PARASITE INGESTION

 PENETRATION OF THE SKIN PSEUDOCOELOM

OTHER MODES OF TRANSMISSION: CUTICLE

SOURCES OF INFECTIONS: EPICUTICLE

FACTORS AFFECTING PARASITIC

EXOCUTICLE
INFECTION

HOST FACTORS MESOCUTICLE

CHARACTERISTICS OF NEMATODA
ENDOCUTICLE
(ROUNDWORMS)

OUTER TUBE HYPODERMIS

INNER TUBE CORDS

 LATERAL CORDS RECTAL COMMISSURE

DORSAL AND VENTRAL CORDS PHASMIDS

SOMATIC MUSCULATURE AMPHIDS

POLYMYARIAN MECHANORECEPTORS

HOLOMYARIAN MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

MEROMYARIAN COPULATORY BURSA/SPICULE

BODY WALL 4 STAGES OF MOLTING

CIRCUMESOPHAGEAL COMMISSURE LARVAL FORMS

 STICHOCYTES
RHABDITIFORM LARVA
STICHOSOME

Enterobius vermicularis
 Common name:
 Habitat:
FILARIFORM LARVA  Female:
 Infective Stage:
 Diagnostic Stage:
 Mode of Transmission

Strongylids
 Common name:
PHASMIDIA WHICH PARASITIZE THE  Habitat:
 Female:
LARGE INTESTINE  Infective Stage:
 Diagnostic Stage:
 Mode of Transmission

Ascaris lumbricoides
 Common name:
 Habitat:
 Female: Necator americanus
 Infective Stage:
 Diagnostic Stage:
 Mode of Transmission:

CAUSED BY THE CALCIFICATION FROM

Ancylostoma duodenale
THE DEATH OF THE WORMS

INFECTIVE STAGE OF FILARIA TO HUMANS Ancylostoma ceylanicum

Trichuris trichiura
 Common name:
 Habitat:
 Female: Ancylostoma braziliense
 Infective Stage:
 Diagnostic Stage:
 Mode of Transmission

TENESMUS INVASION (CUTANEOUS PHASE)

 Trichinella spiralis
 Common name:
 Habitat:
MIGRATORY PHASE (PULMONARY PHASE)  Female:
 Infective Stage:
 Diagnostic Stage:
 Mode of Transmission

INTESTINAL PHASE URBAN TRICHINELLOSIS

CUTANEOUS LARVA MIGRANS PERIORBITAL EDEMA

Strongyloides stercoralis
 Common name:
 Habitat: THE MAIN DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR
 Female:
 Infective Stage: Trichinella spiralis
 Diagnostic Stage:
 Mode of Transmission

HARADA MORI TECHNIQUE
Capillaria philippenensis
 Common name:
 Habitat:
 Female:
 Infective Stage:
 Diagnostic Stage:
 Mode of Transmission

3 NEMATODES THAT FOLLOW THE

INTERMEDIATE HOST OF C. philippinensis
HEART/LUNG MIGRATION

UNHOLY TRIAD (soil-transmitted nematodes) INTERMEDIATE HOST OF T. spiralis

NEMATODE THAT CAUSES COCHIN CHINA NEMATODE WITH D-SHAPED OR PEANUT-

DIARRHEA/DISEASE SHAPED EGG
 Wuchereria bancrofti
 Common name:
 Habitat:
THE INFECTIVE STAGE OF THE VECTOR  Female:
 Infective Stage:
 Diagnostic Stage:
 Mode of Transmission

Brugia malayi
 Common name:
 Habitat:
 Female: ‍
 Infective Stage:
 Diagnostic Stage:
 Mode of Transmission

Onchocerca volvulus
 Common name:
 Habitat:
 Female: ‍
 Infective Stage:
 Diagnostic Stage:
 Mode of Transmission

Loa loa
 Common name:
 Habitat:
 Female: ‍
 Infective Stage:
 Diagnostic Stage:
 Mode of Transmission

CALABAR SWELLING ‍

INTERMEDIATE HOST OF LOA LOA ‍

RIVER BLINDNESS ‍

Ancylostoma caninum ‍
  life cycle ceases in that particular host; no  Living together
further development takes place  Heterogenic associations

 Simply together
 host not readily/easily infected; asymptomatic
 2 non-similar organisms
host
 Do not benefit nor harm one another

 “Eating at the same table”

 host readily infected/easily infected
 Benefits but do not harm the host

 not the usual host; can be infected under

 Metabolically dependent on one another
certain circumstances

 a host, usually an arthropod, in which the

parasite undergoes a significant change and is  Host specific
actively transmitted to the next host, usually  Parasites are dependent on the host
by a bite.

 an inanimate object that may serve as  where the adult stage (sexual mature) of
contaminants and have the capability to parasites develops / where they reproduce;
transmit diseases to others usually a vertebra

 harbors the organism; they can infect others

but does not exhibit the signs and symptoms  host in which the parasite undergoes larval
of the disease. development
 Carries either the larva or adult stage

 no parasitic development but the parasite

 non-human definitive host which maintains
continues to live and is infective to the next
the parasite for possible human infection
host; usually larval stage
  for infections acquired by man from other
 parasite lives within its host; endoparasite
vertebrates.

 parasitic disease that is primarily of human

 parasite lives on the surface of its host;
origin that may be acquired by other
ectoparasite
vertebrates.

 a parasite is present in the human population

 the state of infection or infestation with an
at a stable rate of prevalence in a certain
animal parasite
geographical area

 a parasite is present in the human population

 when an individual harboring a parasite is
at an unusually high rate of prevalence in a
reinfected with the same species
certain geographical area.

 communicable diseases that have been

disseminating over extensive areas of the  infected with a mix of parasites
world.

 KNOWLEDGE OF THE FREQUENCY OF  the infected person is his own direct source of
DISEASES IN ANIMAL COMMUNITIES. the re-exposure

 a parasite is present in the non-human

population at an unusually high rate of  common to man and reservoir host
prevalence in a certain geographical area

 a parasite is present in the non-human

population at a stable rate of prevalence in a  man is an infrequent host
certain geographical area
 they only know their host during feeding time  Wide dissemination

 endoparasite - parasites that lives in tissues

and organs of the host
 they just bridge
 ectoparasite - parasites that lives mostly on
the skin or surface

 immature stage feeds on the host then kill the  Pathogenic

host once they grew  Non-pathogenic

 act or process of incubation  can either be parasitic or free living

 when the parasite does not arrive to its

 they cannot survive without a host
specific target tissue/organ

 focus is the infected host

 the time where the signs and symptoms  parasite went to the wrong host
manifest

 development of the parasite  they live in the host for a short period of time

 the most common mode of transmission of  they live their whole lives in their host; once
most intestinal parasites separated they die
 body cavity that is not entirely lined with  covers the body surface of the nematodes;
mesoderm, periodically molted

 acts as a protective barrier; outermost layer
 links the epicuticle to the mesocuticle
 provides flexibility
 comes in contact with the body
 beneath the basal lamina lies a thin
hypodermis which secretes the cuticle
 divides the muscle layer
 How some parasites actively enter the body;
either from soil or contaminated water
 Bite of blood-sucking insect vectors
 Inhalation of eggs
 Transplacental
 Through sexual intercourse
 Contaminated food and water
 Foods that contains the infective stage of the
parasite
 Undercook meat
 Strain of parasite
 Number of parasites
 Size of parasites
 Sites occupied by the parasites
 Age and level of natural immunity at the time of
infection
 Immune response to the infection
 Presence of co-existing disease
 Nutritional status of the host
 Lifestyle and work of person exposed/infected
 Elongated body
 Cylindrical
 Dimorphic
 Tapered at both ends
 Body = tube within a tube
 Body wall and underlying muscles
 digestive fluid filled in between the tubes,
digestive system, reproductive system tract
 surrounds the junction of the rectum
 posterior nerve endings; chemoreceptor
  one or more layers of longitudinally arranged
 anterior nerve endings; chemoreceptors muscle cells within and closely associated
with hypodermis

 located around the mouth  an arrangement of multiple longitudinal rows

 Labial and Caudal Papillae (5 and up) of muscles cells in each quadrant

 Vas deferens extends distally to the cloaca

 Non-motile sperms
 one with no more than 2 rows of cells
 They have certain structures that ensure they
can fertilize

 Found in male hookworms; keeps the vagina

open/ serves as a guide the sperm cells to  2-5 rows of muscle cells
ensure successful fertilization

1. Formation of new cuticles Made up of:

2. Loosening of the old cuticles  Body wall
3. Rupturing of the old cuticle  Hypodermis
4. Escape of the larva  Somatic musculature

 Larval stages preceding each molt of the molts in

the life cycle of parasitic nematodes are generally
 The nerve ring that surrounds the esophagus
referred to as first-, second-, third, and fourth-stage
larvae (e.g., L1, L2 ,L3, L4).

 glandular cells in the esophageal wall

 Primarily contain the excretory canal; largest
 the entire structure

 Seatworm/pinworm
 Large intestine
 Ovoviviparous
 contain the longitudinal nerve trunks  Embryonated ova
 Perianal swab
 Ingestion of embryonated egg
 Hookworms
 Ovoviviparous
 Trichuris trichiuria
 Filariform larvae
 Enterobius vermicularis
 S
 Penetration of the filariform larvae

 Common name: New world hookworm; American  Large Intestinal Round worm
killer  Small intestine
 Cervical curvature appears like a hook or S shape  Oviparous
 Characterized by the VENTRAL pair of  Embryonated ova
SEMILUNAR CUTTING PLATES  Ova in the stool
 Human hookworm  Ingestion of embryonated egg
 Common name: old world hookworm
 it’s body contours tends to follow the general
curvature of the body (C-curve)
 Elephantiasis
 Characterized w/ 2 pairs of curved ventral teeth
similar in size
 Human hookworm

 Equipped with 2 pairs of curved ventral teeth

with the other pair being larger than the
 3rd stage larvae
inner pair
 Animal hookworm

 Whipworm
 2 pairs of ventral teeth, the outer being  Large intestine
larger, and a pair of small, very  Oviparous
inconspicuous median teeth.  Embryonated eggs
 Animal hookworm  Ova in the stool
 Ingestion of embryonated egg

 Commences when infective larvae penetrate

 Feeling of defecation but you cannot defecate
the human skin

 Pork worm
 Small intestine
 Larviparous
 First stage larva; feeding stage  Encysted larvae
 Muscle biopsy
 Ingestion of encysted larvae from undercooked or raw
meat

 the cycling of the disease among humans, rats,

 3rd stage larva; infective/penetrating stage and pigs
  Also known as “creeping eruption”
 Swelling of the eyes/face
 Caused by A. brazieliense and A. caninum

 Threadworm
 Small intestine
 Ovoviviparous
 Muscle biopsy
 Filariform larvae
 Larvae in the stool
 Penetration of filariform larvae
 Pudoc worm
 Small intestine
 Oviparous;Larviparous
 culture method for stools that are found
positive to hookworm ova; not routinely done,
 Encysted larvae from an infected fish
usually for research purposes only
 Ova in the stool
 Ingestion of encysted larvae

 Ascaris lumbricoides
 FISH/ISDA/ASAN  Strongyloides stercoralis
 Hookworms

 Hookworms
 PORK/BABOY/BABI  Ascaris
 Trichuris

 C. philippinensis  Strongyloides stercoralis

 Bancrofti’s filarial worm

 A period during which larvae escape from
capillary beds in the lung, enter the alveoli
and progress up the bronchi to the throat.
 Lower lymphatics
 Ovoviparous
 3rd stage larvae (L3)
 Presence of microfilariae in the blood
 Bite of infected vector

 The most serious stage of hookworm infection

occurs when the parasites are established in
 ‍
the host’s intestine.
 Involves loss of blood due to hemorrhage
  Malayan filaria
 Upper lymphatics
 Ovoviparous
‍
 3rd stage larvae (L3)
 Presence of microfilariae in the blood
 Bite of infected vectors

 Blinding worm
 Subcutaneous tissue
 Ovoviparous
‍
 3rd stage larvae (L3)
 Skin snip test
 Bite of infected vectors (black flies)

 African eye worm

 Subcutaneous tissue
 Ovoviparous
‍
 3rd stage larvae (L3)
 Blood smear
 Bite of infected vectors (mango fly)

 Caused by loiasis; non-itchy subcutaneous

‍
swellings in the body

‍  Chrysops flies

 A.K.A. Onchocerciasis; caused by the bite of

‍
infected black flies

 1st stage larvae  Strongyloides stercoralis

 Means “living together”
 Heterogenic associations
ACCIDENTAL/INDENTAL HOST

 2 nonsimilar organisms (symbionts);

they do not benefit/harm one another
 they are simply together
 not associated in any way

 "Eating at the same table"

 both can exist independently
 they can benefit but do not cause harm
to the host

 both parties benefit from one another

 metabolically dependent on one another.

 Parasitos (para=beside; sitos= grain or

food)
 more intimate than commensalism and
phoresis

 where the adult stage (sexual maturity)

of parasites develop / where they
reproduce
 the definitive host is usually a vertebrae

 host in which the parasite undergoes

larval development
 SYMBIOSIS

PHORESIS BIOLOGIC HOST/ VECTORS

COMMENSALISM MECHANICAL HOST/FOMITES

MUTUALISM CARRIER/TRANSPORT HOST

PARASITISM

DEFINITIVE HOST

INTERMEDIATE HOST

RESERVOIR HOST

DEAD-END HOST
REFRACTORT HOST